The Portuguese colonization of the Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) Islands began from 1462. Initially envisaged as a base to give mariners direct access to West African trade, the Central Atlantic islands soon became a major hub of the Atlantic slave trade. Slaves were used on the sugar plantations of the islands and sold on to ships sailing to the Americas.

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄牙對佛得角群島的殖民始于1462年。最初的目的是將其作為一個基地，使航海者能夠直接進(jìn)入西非貿(mào)易，但大西洋中部群島很快成為大西洋奴隸貿(mào)易的主要樞紐。島上的蔗糖種植園使用奴隸，并將奴隸賣給駛往美洲的船只。

Unlike the other Atlantic islands under Portuguese control, the Cape Verde group was subject to arid winds and irregular rainfall, which made life there precarious. Given trading concessions for the African coast, Cape Verdeans did manage to make their agriculture sustainable, and their cotton textiles, in particular, were in great demand on the mainland. Cape Verde was strategically important as a base for resupply for ships sailing to and from Portuguese territories in the East Indies and Brazil. The islands sent African slaves across the Atlantic and used them to such a degree in the Cape Verde archipelago that eventually the population became racially mixed with few cultural ties to Europe by the 17th century. The islands gained independence from Portugal in 1975.

? ? ? ? ? 與葡萄牙控制下的其他大西洋島嶼不同，佛得角群島受干旱風(fēng)和不規(guī)則降雨的影響，生活環(huán)境不穩(wěn)定。由于獲得了非洲海岸的貿(mào)易特許權(quán)，佛得角人設(shè)法使他們的農(nóng)業(yè)變得可持續(xù)發(fā)展，特別是其棉紡織品在非洲大陸上需求量很大。佛得角作為往返葡萄牙東印度群島和巴西領(lǐng)土船只的補(bǔ)給基地，具有重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。這些島嶼將非洲奴隸送往大西洋彼岸，并在佛得角群島大量使用這些奴隸，以至于到17世紀(jì)時，佛得角人種混雜，與歐洲幾乎沒有文化聯(lián)系。1975年，佛得角群島脫離葡萄牙獲得獨(dú)立。

地理及氣候

Located some 500 kilometres (310 mi) off the coast of West Africa (Mauritania and Senegal), the Cape Verde Island group is named after the westernmost cape of the African continent. There are nine inhabited islands today, the capital being Praia on Santiago (S?o Tiago). The most important port is Mindelo on S?o Vicente. The other islands are Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, Santo Ant?o, S?o Nicolau, and Sal. Santa Luzia is an uninhabited island, and there are several islets.

? ? ? ? ? 佛得角群島距離西非海岸（毛里塔尼亞和塞內(nèi)加爾）約500公里，因非洲大陸最西端的海角而得名。目前有九個有人居住的島嶼，首府是圣地亞哥（S?o Tiago）島的普拉亞。最重要的港口是圣維森特島上的明德盧。其他島嶼是博阿維斯塔島、布拉瓦島、福古島、馬約島、圣安唐島、圣尼古勞島和薩爾島。圣盧西亞島（Santa Luzia）是一個無人居住的島嶼，島上還有一些沚。

The islands are varied in topography, with some being relatively flat and others mountainous. Pico is an active volcano on Fogo and the highest point in the group at 2,829 metres (9,281 ft). The islands are divided into two groups: the Windward (Barlavento) and Leeward (Sotavento), names which indicate the strong winds which can blow in from across the Atlantic.

? ? ? ? ? 這些島嶼地形各異，有些相對平坦，有些則多山。皮科（Pico do Fogo 在德語中被稱為“Berg des Feuers”，或簡稱為 Feuerberg）是福古島上的一座活火山，也是群島的最高點(diǎn)，海拔2829米（9281英尺）。群島分為兩組：迎風(fēng)群島（Barlavento）和背風(fēng)群島（Sotavento）。這些名稱表明，強(qiáng)風(fēng)可能從大西洋彼岸吹來。

The islands are not blessed with abundant water sources and rainfall is irregular, although often torrential when it does come. The soil is shallow but rich thanks to the volcanic origins of the islands. The climate is usually moderate, but the arid winds meant wheat, vines, and olives could not be grown as on other Portuguese territories. There were few meat sources on the island, the only indigenous mammal being bats. One source of meat was the sea turtles which nest on some of the islets.

? ? ? ? ? 這些島嶼沒有豐富的水源，降雨也不規(guī)律，但降雨時往往暴雨如注。由于島嶼的火山起源，這里的土壤淺薄但肥沃。氣候通常溫和，但干旱的風(fēng)意味著無法像葡萄牙其他領(lǐng)土那樣種植小麥、葡萄和橄欖。島上的肉類來源很少，唯一的本土哺乳動物是蝙蝠。肉類的一個來源是在一些小島上筑巢的海龜。

探? ? ?索

It is likely that Cape Verde was known to ancient mariners such as the Phoenicians, and to Islamic sailors and Africans. However, it was not until the 15th century that anyone took a serious interest in populating the islands. Two Genoese mariners, sailing under the flag of Portugal, discovered the archipelago in 1460. Their names were Antonio and Bartolomeo da Noli.

? ? ? ? ? 佛得角很可能為腓尼基人等古代航海家以及伊斯蘭和非洲水手所熟知。然而，直到 15世紀(jì)，才有人對該群島的居民產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。1460年，兩名懸掛葡萄牙國旗的熱那亞水手發(fā)現(xiàn)了該群島。他們分別是安東尼奧·達(dá)·諾利 (Antonio da Noli) 和巴爾托洛梅奧·達(dá)諾利 (Bartolomeo da Noli)。

The Portuguese Crown was keen to gain direct access to the gold of West Africa and the Cape Verde islands provided a handy means by which they could sail down the coast and avoid the Islamic states in North Africa who were themselves intent on monopolising African trade. The first major obstacle was a geographical one: how to sail around Cape Bojador and be able to make it back to Europe against the prevailing north winds? The answers were better ship design - caravels using lateen sails - and a bold course setting out away from the African coastline and using winds, currents, and high-pressure areas to sail back home.

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄牙王室渴望直接獲取西非黃金，而佛得角群島則為他們提供了一個便捷的途徑，他們可以沿海岸線航行，避開北非的伊斯蘭國家，因?yàn)檫@些國家本身就想壟斷非洲貿(mào)易。第一個主要障礙是地理問題：如何繞過波哈多角，頂著盛行的北風(fēng)返回歐洲？答案是更好的船只設(shè)計（帶有大帆的輕快帆船）和大膽的航向，遠(yuǎn)離非洲海岸，利用風(fēng)、洋流和高壓區(qū)返回家園。

Prince Henry the Navigator (aka Infante Dom Henrique, 1394-1460) had sponsored expeditions of discovery that led to the Portuguese colonization of Madeira (1420) and the Azores (1439). These islands proved useful stepping stones for mariners intent on expeditions of discovery further south. In 1462, it was the turn of Cape Verde to be added to Portugal’s maritime and agricultural assets.

? ? ? ? ? 航海家亨利王子（又名Infante Dom Henrique，1394-1460年）曾資助過葡萄牙人的探險活動，這些探險活動促使了葡萄牙人在馬德拉島（1420年）和亞速爾群島（1439年）建立了殖民地。事實(shí)證明，這些島嶼是水手們向南探險的跳板。1462年，佛得角成為葡萄牙海洋和農(nóng)業(yè)資產(chǎn)的一部分。

In 1462 Portuguese settlers arrived on Santiago and founded Ribeira Grande, which would be the capital for the next 250 years. Initially, the islands were granted to Prince Fernando, nephew and heir of Prince Henry, but in 1495, they returned to the full control of the monarch, then King Manuel I of Portugal (r. 1495-1521).

? ? ? ? ? 1462年，葡萄牙定居者抵達(dá)圣地亞哥島，并建立了大里貝拉（Ribeira Grande），并成為此地未來250年的首都。起初，這些島嶼被授予亨利王子的侄子和繼承人斐迪南親王，但在 1495年，它們又回到了君主的完全控制之下，即當(dāng)時的葡萄牙國王曼努埃爾一世（1495-1521年）。

While West Africa was, for the moment, Portugal’s to monopolize, there were some squabbles with Spain over the Atlantic islands, particularly over who should have possession of the Canary and Cape Verde Islands. The 1479-80 Treaty of Alcá?ovas-Toledo set out that the Canaries were Spain’s domain while Portugal controlled the Cape Verdes, Azores, and Madeiras. There were also some additional vague clauses to the treaty that would cause trouble later such as Portugal’s right to future discoveries in Africa and Spain’s to islands beyond the Canaries, interests which were eventually identified as the Caribbean and even the Americas.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管葡萄牙暫時壟斷了西非，但葡萄牙與西班牙在大西洋島嶼問題上，尤其是在加那利群島和佛得角群島歸誰所有的問題上發(fā)生了一些爭執(zhí)。1479-80 年簽訂的《阿爾卡索瓦什和約》（也稱為《阿爾卡索瓦什-托雷多和約》，Alcaocvas）規(guī)定，加那利群島歸西班牙所有，而葡萄牙則控制佛得角、亞速爾群島和馬德拉群島。此外，條約中還有一些含糊不清的條款，這些條款后來引起諸多問題，如葡萄牙未來在非洲的探索發(fā)現(xiàn)權(quán)和西班牙在加那利群島以外島嶼的探索發(fā)現(xiàn)權(quán)，這些利益最終延伸到加勒比海甚至美洲。

殖 民 化

As with the Portuguese colonization of the Azores and Madeira, the Crown partitioned the islands and gave out 'captaincies' (donatarias) as part of the system of feudalism to encourage nobles to fund their development. The first 'captain' of Santiago was Antonio da Noli. Each 'captain' or donatario was given the responsibility of settling and developing their area in return for financial and judicial privileges, Accordingly, 'captains', in turn, distributed parts of their estates to their followers for development, parcels of land known as semarias. Men given such land had the responsibility of clearing it and beginning cultivation within a set period. The captaincies became hereditary offices in many cases. The model of donatarias would be applied to other Portuguese colonial territories in the future, notably in Brazil.

? ? ? ? ? 正如葡萄牙對亞速爾群島和馬德拉群島的殖民統(tǒng)治一樣，國王分割了這些島嶼，并授予“captaincies”（donatarias），作為封建制度的一部分，以鼓勵貴族為其發(fā)展提供資金。圣地亞哥的第一任“captain”是安東尼奧·達(dá)·諾利（Antonio da Noli）。每個“captain”或“donatarias”都被賦予定居和開發(fā)其所在地區(qū)的責(zé)任，以換取財政和司法特權(quán)。因此，“captain”反過來將其莊園的一部分分配給其追隨者進(jìn)行開發(fā)，這些地塊被稱為 semarias。獲得這些土地的人有責(zé)任在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)開墾這些土地并開始耕種。在許多情況下，“captain”成為世襲職位?！癲onatarias”模式后來也應(yīng)用于葡萄牙的其他殖民地，特別是巴西。

Settlers were a mix of mostly Portuguese (particularly from the Azores and the Algarve region of Portugal), some Jewish migrants seeking religious freedom, undesirables from Portugal such as deportees, and a number of Italians and French. Later, English and African settlers came, too.

? ? ? ? ? 此地定居者主要是葡萄牙人（尤其是來自亞速爾群島和葡萄牙阿爾加維地區(qū)的葡萄牙人）、一些尋求宗教自由的猶太移民、葡萄牙的不受歡迎者（如被驅(qū)逐出境者）以及一些意大利人和法國人。后來，英國人和非洲移民也來到了這里。

As with the Portuguese colonization of Madeira and the Azores, sugar cane was planted with high hopes. However, the aridity of the islands limited yields. Droughts and famine were not infrequent due to the highly irregular rainfall. Settlers introduced such animals as goats and cattle, and forests were cut down to make way for agriculture, much to the detriment of the soil in the long term. Besides sugar, products of the Cape Verde islands included a red dye from the lichen orchil, salt deposits (on Maio, Sal, and Boa Vista), grains and roots of African origin, maize introduced from the Americas, manioc, and sweet potatoes. Horses were reared on Santiago in the 15th century which were then shipped to the African coast. The cotton textiles produced on the islands were in great demand on the mainland coast and were designed specifically for that market using traditional African patterns. There was, too, a specific Cape Verdean design - six stripes of white, black, and blue - and cloth strips of this design were even used as a form of currency on the islands.

? ? ? ? ? 與葡萄牙殖民馬德拉群島和亞速爾群島時一樣，葡萄牙人對甘蔗的種植寄予厚望。然而，群島的干旱限制了甘蔗的產(chǎn)量。由于降雨極不規(guī)律，干旱和饑荒時有發(fā)生。定居者引進(jìn)了山羊和牛等動物，并砍伐森林為農(nóng)業(yè)讓路，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這對土壤非常不利。除蔗糖外，佛得角群島的特產(chǎn)還包括從地衣中提取的紅色染料、鹽礦（在馬約、薩爾和博阿維斯塔）、原產(chǎn)于非洲的谷物和根莖作物、從美洲引進(jìn)的玉米、木薯和紅薯。15世紀(jì)在圣地亞哥飼養(yǎng)的馬匹被運(yùn)往非洲海岸。島上生產(chǎn)的棉紡織品在非洲大陸海岸需求量很大，這些紡織品是專門為非洲市場設(shè)計的，采用了傳統(tǒng)的非洲圖案。還有一種特定的佛得角設(shè)計（六種白色、黑色和藍(lán)色條紋），帶有這種設(shè)計的布料甚至被用作島上的貨幣。

The Portuguese Crown had granted Cape Verdeans the right to trade with the African coastal communities in 1466, and they were given tax exemptions. There were some conditions such as only residents who had been on the islands for four years could trade and they could only do so with goods from the Cape Verde islands. These favours were likely granted because the agriculture on the island was not dependable. The arrangement meant that Portuguese trade settlements were established on the continent, which could take advantage of the well-organised African trade that saw goods travel from the interior along the major rivers (e.g. Gambia and Senegal) to the coast. Goods acquired included gold, slaves, ivory, pepper, beeswax, gum, and dyewoods. At this stage, the Portuguese made no attempt at conquest since they lacked the manpower and it was, in any case, unnecessary since the existing trade networks were so well-established and organised. Sometimes fortifications were built to protect trade centres, but these were always constructed with permission from the local chiefs. The good trade relations between the islands and coast brought other advantages such as the possibility to lease land for cultivation when there were poor harvests on the islands and for the Cape Verdeans to offer refuge to exiles during tribal warfare on the mainland.

? ? ? ? ? ?1466年，葡萄牙王室授予佛得角人與非洲沿海社區(qū)進(jìn)行貿(mào)易的權(quán)利，并給予他們免稅待遇。但也有一些條件，比如只有在島上居住滿四年的居民才可以進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，并且只能與來自佛得角群島的貨物進(jìn)行貿(mào)易。之所以給予這些優(yōu)惠，可能是因?yàn)閸u上的農(nóng)業(yè)并不可靠。這種安排意味著葡萄牙人在非洲大陸建立了貿(mào)易定居點(diǎn)，可以利用組織良好的非洲貿(mào)易，將貨物從內(nèi)陸沿主要河流（如岡比亞和塞內(nèi)加爾）運(yùn)往海岸。葡萄牙人獲得的商品包括黃金、奴隸、象牙、胡椒、蜂蠟、樹膠和染料。在這一階段，葡萄牙人沒有試圖進(jìn)行征服，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)狈θ肆?，而且現(xiàn)有的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)非常完善，因此無論如何都沒有必要進(jìn)行武力征服。葡萄牙人有時會修建防御工事來保護(hù)貿(mào)易中心，但這些工事都是在征得當(dāng)?shù)厍蹰L同意后修建的。島嶼和海岸之間良好的貿(mào)易關(guān)系還帶來了其他好處，比如在島嶼歉收時可以租地耕種，佛得角人還可以在大陸部落戰(zhàn)爭期間為流亡者提供避難所。

The islands continued to be of strategic value to mariners. Vasco da Gama’s historic voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1497-8 stopped off at the islands. Ferdinand Magellan’s epic expedition also called in for resupply at the Cape Verde Islands during the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519-22.

? ? ? ? ? 這些島嶼對航海家一直具有戰(zhàn)略價值。1497-8年，瓦斯科·達(dá)·伽馬（Vasco da Gama）繞過好望角前往印度的歷史性航行曾在這些島嶼停留。1519-22年，費(fèi)迪南德·麥哲倫史詩般的探險也曾在佛得角群島?？垦a(bǔ)給。

奴 隸 制

The islands really gained wider prominence when the slave trade to the Americas took off. Cape Verde was ideally located to ship slaves from the African continent and then put them aboard the slave ships that crossed the Atlantic to be used as labour in plantations in the Caribbean, North America, and Brazil. On the return journey, these ships brought back trade goods which were then marketed through Cape Verde and on to Africa and Europe.

? ? ? ? ? 佛得角群島在美洲奴隸貿(mào)易興起時才真正受到廣泛關(guān)注。佛得角地理位置優(yōu)越，可以從非洲大陸運(yùn)送奴隸，然后將他們送上橫渡大西洋的販奴船，在加勒比海、北美和巴西的種植園中充當(dāng)勞動力?；爻虝r，這些船只帶回貿(mào)易商品，然后通過佛得角銷往非洲和歐洲。

Slaves also worked on the sugar and cotton plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and in the industry producing indigo die. All three products were exported, along with island-made fabrics, to the African mainland and exchanged for slaves, which were then shipped to the Americas. Slaves were given a number of basic lessons in Portuguese and Christianity, both of which made them more valuable if they ever made it to the Americas. These lessons also eased traders’ consciences that they were somehow benefitting the slaves and giving them the opportunity of what they considered eternal salvation. Around 3,000 slaves a year took the terrible and often deadly voyage across the Atlantic. Many free Cape Vedereans went, too, attracted by the possibilities of Portugal’s new presence in Brazil.

? ? ? ? ? 奴隸還在佛得角群島的蔗糖和棉花種植園以及靛藍(lán)模具生產(chǎn)行業(yè)工作。這三種產(chǎn)品與島上生產(chǎn)的織物一起出口到非洲大陸，換取奴隸，然后運(yùn)往美洲。奴隸們要學(xué)習(xí)葡萄牙語和基督教的一些基本課程，這兩門課程使他們在到達(dá)美洲后更有價值。這些課程還能減輕商人的良心負(fù)擔(dān)，讓他們覺得自己在某種程度上是在造福奴隸，讓他們有機(jī)會獲得他們認(rèn)為是永恒的救贖。每年大約有3000名奴隸踏上可怕的、往往是致命的大西洋航程。許多自由的佛得角人也離開了，他們被葡萄牙在巴西的殖民地所吸引。

The Florentine merchant and slaver Francesco Carletti visited the Cape Verde Islands in 1594. He gives the following vivid description of the slave trade on Santiago:

…we bought seventy-five slaves, two-thirds men and one-third women, both young and old, large and small. All were mixed together according to the custom of the country in a flock, just as in our country we would buy sheep, having first taken all the necessary precautions to make sure that they were in good health, had good constitutions and had no bodily defects. Each owner then marks them, or to say it more appropriately, brands them with his own brand mark. This is made of silver and is heated in the flame of a candle made of tallow with which the burn is anointed. The mark is made on the breast, or the arm or the back so that they be recognised.

…The slaves were embarked in the ship we had hired, the men below decks pressed and squeezed together one against the other in such a way that they had great difficulty in turning from one side to the other when they wanted to. The women were lodged after their own fashion on deck wherever they could find room in the ship. (Newitt, 156-8)

? ? ? ? ? 佛羅倫薩商人兼奴隸販子弗朗西斯科·卡萊蒂于1594年訪問了佛得角群島。他對圣地亞哥的奴隸貿(mào)易作了如下生動的描述：

......我們買了75個奴隸，三分之二是男人，三分之一是女人，有老有少，有大有小。按照該國的習(xí)俗，它們?nèi)炕旌显谝黄?，形成一個群體，就像在我們國家購買羊一樣，首先要采取一切必要的預(yù)防措施，確保他們身體健康、體質(zhì)良好、沒有身體缺陷。接下來，每個主人都會給它們打上標(biāo)記，或者更恰當(dāng)?shù)卣f，給它們打上自己的烙印。烙印是用銀制成的，在用牛油制成的蠟燭火焰中加熱，然后在烙印上涂上油膏。標(biāo)記打在胸前、手臂上或背上，以便識別。

......奴隸們被安置在我們租用的船上，甲板下的男人們一個挨著一個擠在一起，想從一邊轉(zhuǎn)到另一邊都非常困難。女人們則按照自己的方式住在甲板上，只要船上有地方，她們就住在那里。(Newitt, 156-8)

As Cape Verde was much further from Portugal than the other Atlantic colonies (about two weeks sailing), so the islands attracted fewer European settlers, especially women. As a consequence, Europeans and Africans intermarried on the islands, creating an Afro-Portuguese culture which had a strong African religious and artistic influence. It was very often these free mixed-race Cape Verdeans who settled in the trading posts on the coast of Africa.

? ? ? ? ? 由于佛得角距離葡萄牙比其他大西洋殖民地遠(yuǎn)得多（大約兩周的航程），因此這些島嶼吸引的歐洲定居者較少，其中大多數(shù)是女性。結(jié)果，歐洲人和非洲人在這些島嶼上混居，創(chuàng)造了一種對非洲宗教和藝術(shù)具有強(qiáng)烈影響的非裔葡萄牙文化。這些自由的佛得角混血兒在非洲海岸的貿(mào)易站定居下來。

Another cultural influence was from the Portuguese ships sailing from the East which stopped off at the islands on their way back to Europe. As the major junction between the Portuguese African, American, and Indian empires, the Cape Verdes were certainly a cultural melting pot. In addition, the number of resident slaves steadily increased to eventually greatly outnumber the free settlers. By 1582, the populations of Fogo and Santiago, still the two main islands, were made up of 1,600 whites and mixed-race mulattoes, 400 free blacks, and 13,700 slaves.

? ? ? ? ? 另一種文化影響來自從東方航行并在返回歐洲途中?？窟@些島嶼的葡萄牙船只。作為葡萄牙非洲帝國、美洲帝國和印第安帝國的主要交匯點(diǎn)，佛得角無疑是一個文化大熔爐。此外，常住奴隸的數(shù)量不斷增加，最終大大超過了自由定居者的數(shù)量。到1582年，福古島和圣地亞哥島（仍是兩個主要島嶼）的人口由1600名白人和混血黑白混血兒、400名自由黑人和13700名奴隸組成。

The wealth going through the islands and their strategic value inevitably attracted unwanted attention from other European powers, notably England and Spain, but also pirates of various nationalities. Pirates attacked the archipelago in 1541, and the English came in 1585 and 1592. The first English raid was led by Francis Drake (c. 1540-1596 CE) and resulted in the sacking of several settlements on Santiago. These latter raids had developed since Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598) had taken over Portugal in 1580 and so the Cape Verde Islands were seen as a legitimate target by Spain’s enemies. In 1598, a Dutch fleet attacked the islands as the international competition around West Africa became ever more intense. Trade routes also moved to the direct passage between Europe and West Africa so that the islands went into decline. A series of droughts throughout the 16th century further impoverished the islands. In 1712, the French pirate Jacques Cassard attacked the islands with the consequence that Praia became the capital in a gradual process not fully completed until 1770.

? ? ? ? ? 群島上流淌的財富及其戰(zhàn)略價值不可避免地吸引了其他歐洲列強(qiáng)的關(guān)注，尤其是英國和西班牙，同時也吸引了不同國籍的海盜。1541年，海盜襲擊了群島，1585年和 1592年，英國人也來了。英國人的第一次襲擊由弗朗西斯·德雷克（Francis Drake，1540-1596年）率領(lǐng)，洗劫了圣地亞哥的幾個定居點(diǎn)。西班牙腓力二世（公元 1556-1598年）于 1580 年接管葡萄牙后（1580年，腓力二世派遣阿爾瓦公爵率軍強(qiáng)行合并葡萄牙），佛得角群島被西班牙的敵人視為合法的襲擊目標(biāo)。1598年，隨著圍繞西非的國際競爭日趨激烈，一支荷蘭艦隊襲擊了佛得角群島。貿(mào)易路線也轉(zhuǎn)向歐洲和西非之間的直接通道，因此佛得角群島逐漸衰落。整個16世紀(jì)的一系列干旱使群島更加貧困。1712年，法國海盜雅克·卡薩爾（Jacques Cassard）襲擊了群島，后來普拉亞逐漸成為該地首都，直到1770年才完全建成。

后來的歷史

As the fortunes of the islands declined, many Cape Verdeans migrated to the Portuguese islands of S?o Tomé and Principe or to North America where the whaling industry offered employment. This was especially so with the end of the slave trade in 1876. The islands have always been strategically important and now they became useful as a refuelling base for steamships heading across the Atlantic and down the coast of Africa, even if the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant that east-bound ships no longer had to go around the Cape of Good Hope. An important coaling station was developed for passing ships at Mindelo on S?o Vicente.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著佛得角群島的衰落，許多佛得角人移民到葡萄牙的圣多美和普林西比群島或北美，因?yàn)槟抢锏牟饿L業(yè)提供了就業(yè)機(jī)會。隨著1876年奴隸貿(mào)易的結(jié)束，這種情況變得更加頻繁。盡管1869年蘇伊士運(yùn)河的開通意味著向東航行的船只不必再繞道好望角，但這些島嶼一直以來都具有重要的戰(zhàn)略意義，它們成為橫跨大西洋和非洲海岸的蒸汽輪船的加油基地。在圣維森特島的明德盧（Mindelo），建有一個重要的過境船舶補(bǔ)給站。

The various national groups on the islands intermarried early on in the island’s history and so the majority of today’s islanders are of mixed European and African descent, known as mesti?o or Crioulo, which is also the name of the language spoken (with Portuguese still dominating in more formal contexts). Roman Catholicism remains the dominant religion, and the Iberian Peninsula still dominates imports and exports. Cape Verde gained independence from Portugal in 1975 in a less tumultuous handover than was seen in Portuguese colonies on the African continent. The islands then became the Republic of Cabo Verde. Cidade Velha (formerly Ribeira Grande) on Santiago is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for its rich colonial architecture.

? ? ? ? ? 島上的各民族在歷史上很早就通婚了，因此今天島上的大多數(shù)人都是歐洲和非洲混血兒，被稱為“mesti?o”或“Crioulo”，這也是島上使用語言的名稱（在更正式的場合，葡萄牙語仍占主導(dǎo)地位）。羅馬天主教仍是主要宗教，伊比利亞半島仍主導(dǎo)著進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。1975年，佛得角于 1975 年從葡萄牙手中獲得獨(dú)立，其移交過程比葡萄牙在非洲大陸的殖民地要溫和一些。佛得角群島隨后成為佛得角共和國。圣地亞哥的 Cidade Velha（原名 Ribeira Grande）因其豐富的殖民時期建筑而被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。

參考書目：

Bergreen, Laurence. Over the Edge of the World Updated Edition. William Morrow Paperbacks, 2019.

Disney, A. R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Disney, A. R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Ki-Zerbo, Joseph & Niane, DjiBril Tamsir. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition. University of California Press, 1998.

Newitt, Malyn. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Ogot, B. A. UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. V, Abridged Edition. University of California Press, 1999.

Oliver, R. A. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa . Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Oliver, Roland. The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Russell-Wood, A. J.R. The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808. JHUP, 1998.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/2-1762/la-colonizacion-portuguesa-de-cabo-verde/