作者：John·F· Haldon? 約翰·F·哈爾頓
出版商：1979年維也納奧地利科學(xué)院出版

B. THE “MILITARY LANDS” ACCORDING TO THE NINTH- AND TENTH-CENTURY EVIDENCE

B. 九世紀(jì)和十世紀(jì)證據(jù)中的“軍事土地”

Recent analyses of the evidence — notably those of Lemerle, Karayannopoulos and Ahrweiler — have generally promoted a viewpoint which, in the extreme form expressed by Karayannopoulos, denies any connection between the themes, military service and military lands altogether before the ninth and tenth centuries.57 I should like here to go over once more the evidence for these assertions. Beginning with the tenth-century material, I will attempt to follow the system as it appears in the surviving sources back to its origins.

????????? 最近對證據(jù)的分析——尤其是 Lemerle、Karayannopoulos 和 Ahrweiler 的分析——普遍促進了一種觀點，即 Karayannopoulos 表達(dá)的極端形式，否認(rèn) 9 世紀(jì)和 10 世紀(jì)之前的軍區(qū)、兵役和軍事土地之間有任何聯(lián)系。我想在這里再次回顧一下這些斷言的證據(jù)。 從 10 世紀(jì)的材料開始，我將嘗試追蹤在現(xiàn)存資料中出現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)，回到它的起源。

The key texts with which to open the discussion are the legal pronouncements of the tenth century which relate to the “military lands”. Leaving aside for the moment the reasons for their promulgation and their effectiveness, we can elicit certain fundamental details.

????????? 開啟討論的關(guān)鍵文本是 10 世紀(jì)與“軍事土地”相關(guān)的法律聲明。 暫且不談頒布的理由和效力，我們可以引出一些基本的細(xì)節(jié)。

The first text is a novel of Constantine VII issued between 945 and 959,Περ? των στρατιωτ?ν .58 The author begins by noting that what has previously been a custom — namely that those lands which support the strateia or military obligations should not be sold by the stratiotai — is now to be fixed by law.59 The constitution then proceeds to fix the value of a property which supports a mounted soldier at four pounds of gold, and in addition of those which support a naval strateia in the Aegean, Samiot and Cibyr- rhaiot fleets, where the service is particularly heavy. For the sailors of the imperial fleet and the other fleets, the older rate is henceforth fixed by law, the value of the holdings supporting each strateia to be of not less than two pounds of gold. Those enrolled for either of these strateiai—ο? ?ν ?κατ?ραι? στρατε?αι? κατειλεγμ?νοι— who have maintained their property whole can bequeath or donate it as they wish, dividing it equally or unequally among their heirs or others, excluding αξιω ματικ ο ?; it following, of course, that the strateia remains attached to the property. Each section of the property must support a corresponding proportion of the strateia.

?????一個文本是君士坦丁七世的小說，于 945 年至 959 年間發(fā)行，Περ? των στρατιωτ?ν .（關(guān)于士兵） 作者首先指出，以前的習(xí)俗——即那些支持戰(zhàn)略或軍事義務(wù)的土地不應(yīng)被政府出售 Straiotai — 現(xiàn)在將由法律確定。 59 然后憲法將支持騎兵的財產(chǎn)的價值固定為四磅黃金，此外還有支持愛琴海、薩米奧特和西比爾的海軍戰(zhàn)略的財產(chǎn) - rhaiot 艦隊，在那里服務(wù)特別繁重。 對于帝國艦隊和其他艦隊的水手，從今以后法律規(guī)定了較早的費率，支撐每條領(lǐng)地的財產(chǎn)的價值不少于兩磅黃金。 登記在這些戰(zhàn)略中的任何一個——ο? ?ν ?κατ?ραι? στρατε?αι? κατειλεγμ?νοι（所有被軍隊占領(lǐng)）——的人可以按照自己的意愿遺贈或捐贈，在繼承人或其他人之間平等或不平等地分配，不包括μαικι； 當(dāng)然，隨之而來的是該 Stratia 仍然附屬于該財產(chǎn)。 物業(yè)的每一部分必須支持相應(yīng)比例的地塊。

The novel goes on to discuss the case of a στρατι?τη? having more lands than are required. Three examples are envisaged — (a) where all the properties of the man are registered: he is henceforth not permitted to sell any of them, especially to any στρατι?τη?(of whom a comprehensive hst is included) ; (b) where not all the properties are registered, in which case the owner can dispose of them as he wishes, providing that the minimum required for the strateia is in no way reduced; (c) where none of the land is registered — ε? δ? ο?δ?λω? ?πογεγραμμ?να εισι τ? του στρατι?του ακ?νητα — then the best, up to a value of four pounds of gold, is to be entered on the κ ? δ ιξ, the rest is freely disposable. A fourth case, whose importance Lemerle rightly stresses, is where a man is subject to a partial strateia, in which case a proportional part of his property is registered.

????????? 小說繼續(xù)討論了 στρατι?τη? 擁有比所需土地更多的土地的情況。 設(shè)想了三個例子——(a) 該人的所有財產(chǎn)均已登記：此后他不得出售任何財產(chǎn)，尤其是向任何 στρατι?τη?（士兵）（其中包括全面的 hst）； (b) 并非所有 財產(chǎn)已登記， 在這種情況下，所有者可以按照自己的意愿處置它們，前提是該地契的最低要求不會降低；? (c) 在沒有土地登記的情況下——ε? δ? ο?δ?λω? ?πογεγραμμ?να εισι τ? του στρατι?του ακ?νητα（在任何情況下，士兵的財產(chǎn)都不會未經(jīng)登記）——那么最好的，最多四磅黃金的價值，是自由輸入的，剩余的 ξ δ 是自由輸入的 一次性的。 第四種情況，Lemerle 正確地強調(diào)了其重要性，即一個人受到部分財產(chǎn)的約束，在這種情況下，他的財產(chǎn)的一部分被登記。

There follows the assertion that not only those who serve in the “sacred legions of soldiers”, but also those who have fallen on hard times, are unable to fulfil their obligations and are therefore granted an exemption, are to be legally classified as stratiotai, with the attendant privileges (which include protection from the sale of their land by the fisc).

????????? 隨之而來的斷言是，不僅那些在“神圣的士兵軍團”中服役的人，而且那些陷入困境、無法履行義務(wù)并因此獲得豁免的人，在法律上都應(yīng)歸類為階層， 附帶特權(quán)（其中包括保護他們的土地不會被稅務(wù)員出售）。

Next come a series of provisions aimed at preventing a military holding from becoming unoccupied and uncultivated, and hence of failing to provide both for its strateia and the state taxes to which it was subject.Finally, the novel deals with the case of stratiotai who have been forced into a greater or lesser degree of servitude, and whose lands have been absorbed into the estates of the dynatoi; with those who are illegally exempted from their strateia in return for handing over their lands to the protection of powerful military officers; and with those whose services have been usurped by the powerful. Important for our purpose is to note that the action of re-directing the services of an active strati dies is qualified as?των φουσ?των το?του? ?ποστερ?σαντε?, while the military holdings are repeatedly qualified as τ? εξ ?ν ? στρατε?α ?πηρετε?ται κτ?ματα or τ? ?ξ ?ν αι στρατειαι ?πηρετο?νται . From the existence of partial strateiai, it is clear that the stratiotes or holder of the military land(s) need not himself be a soldier — as Lemerle notes, the first novel of Romanns I (April 922 ?) distinguishes the στρατι?τη? from the στρατευ?μενο?, the latter being the actual soldier.The military holding could be divided between heirs or as a gift; in which case the equipment and horse for ton strateuomenon must have been provided from contributions from each of the new holders of the land in proportion.

???????接下來是一系列旨在防止軍事控股成為無人居住和無人耕種的規(guī)定，從而未能同時提供其地稅和其所受的州稅。 被迫或多或少地被奴役，其土地已被并入王朝的莊園； 與那些因?qū)⑼恋亟唤o有權(quán)勢的軍官保護而被非法豁免的人； 以及那些服務(wù)被強者篡奪的人。 重要的是我們的目的是要注意的重新定向的積極分層模具的服務(wù)動作限定為των φουσ?των το?του? ?ποστερ?σαντε?（這些泡沫被剝奪），而軍事儲備是為τ? εξ ?ν ? στρατε?α ?πηρετε?ται κτ?ματα or τ? ?ξ ?ν αι στρατειαι ?πηρετο?νται （外國或軍隊服務(wù)于莊園或外國軍隊服務(wù)）. 從部分 strateiai 的存在來看，很明顯，軍事土地的持有者或持有者不需要自己是一名士兵——正如 Lemerle 所指出的，羅曼斯一世的第一部小說（922 年 4 月？）將 στρατι?τη? （士兵）與 στρατευ?μενο?（入伍） 區(qū)分開來 ，后者是實際的士兵。軍事控股可以在繼承人之間分配或作為禮物; 在這種情況下，用于 ton strateuomenon 的設(shè)備和馬匹必須由每個新的土地所有者按比例提供。

Further texts confirm that the holder of the land need not be the active soldier who serves with the army. A novel of Romanus II appears to refer to those who hold military land but do not serve, as well as to those who might be expected to serve actively.68 In addition, we have also the undated novel of Nicephorus II which announces the increase of the minimum value of a military holding for cavalry soldiers from four pounds of gold to twelve pounds (a result of the establishment of new, heavily-armed cavalry regiments), and consequently the amount of the lands registered.69 This novel makes it clear that the revenue of a holding was designed to maintain a soldier and his equipment. But it also raises a problem. Lemerle argued that the novel is not to be understood as compulsorily raising the value of military holdings; but rather of safeguarding the lands of the strati otai by establishing a much higher margin within which the land was to be inalienable and which, in the event of its being illegally sold off, had to be restored without recompense.

????????? 進一步的文本證實，土地的所有者不一定是在軍隊中服役的現(xiàn)役士兵。 羅曼努斯二世的小說似乎指的是那些擁有軍事土地但不服役的人，以及那些可能被期望積極服役的人。 騎兵的最低軍事資產(chǎn)價值從 4 磅黃金到 12 磅不等（這是建立新的全副武裝的騎兵團的結(jié)果），以及因此登記的土地數(shù)量。 69 這部小說清楚地表明， 控股的收入旨在維持一名士兵及其裝備。 但這也帶來了一個問題。? Lemerle 認(rèn)為，不應(yīng)將小說理解為強制提高軍事資產(chǎn)的價值； 而是通過建立一個更高的界限來保護地層的土地，在該界限內(nèi)土地不可轉(zhuǎn)讓，如果土地被非法出售，則必須無償恢復(fù)。

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