句法學(xué)-4-5[End]-外應(yīng)筆記-英專研考
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對接上期,
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對「Phrase Structure Rule」, 有專門的【名詞解釋】——A certain word can only concur with certain other words. There must be certain grammatical mechanism that ensures the appropriate positions that specifiers, heads, and complements occupy in phrase structure. Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called「Phrase Structure Rule」.
某種特定的詞只能與另一類特定的詞一起出現(xiàn)!這必然存在語法機(jī)制確保標(biāo)志語、中心詞和補語在短句結(jié)構(gòu)中處在恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?。這種規(guī)定各成分排列而構(gòu)成短語的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做<短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則>!
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關(guān)于XP, 內(nèi)部也有相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)記載!如[星火]給了倆,該研究領(lǐng)域基于樹狀圖研究的!
「Government and C-command」

兩個樹狀圖代表了什么?
(a). Speak governs The Language, 即<管轄>。而至于為什么這是管轄,到底研究了個啥結(jié)論,咱也不敢多說,咱也不敢多問。
這個應(yīng)該與<意義一致>有關(guān),而非結(jié)構(gòu),并非所有這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)都是V<管轄>NP.
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(b). Speak <管轄> About the Language, while About <管轄> The Language, 這叫Speak <C-command統(tǒng)制>了所有!
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看看就行了,沒啥意思!
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「Binding Theory」&指代詞
三句話——
1. An anaphora(照應(yīng)語) is bound in itself governing category;
2. A pronominal(指代語) is free in itself governing category;
3. A r-expression is free.
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The term <Anaphora> is used in a narrow sense to include only reflexives like “myself” and reciprocals like “each other”.
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<Pronominal> refers to pronouns other than reflexives and reciprocals.
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<R-expression> is the abbreviation of “referential expression”, covering all the other r-expressions except anaphors and pronominal, e.g. “John”, “the man”.
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(a). John likes himself
(b). They hit each other.
(c). John doesn’t likes Bill’s criticism of himself.
(d). John likes him.
(e). Bill says John likes him.
(f). Bill say John likes the man.
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術(shù)語自己記!
然后,分析與結(jié)論自己推——
(a)(b).指代詞之間相互照應(yīng)!
(c). himself在<Bill’s criticism of himself>這個范疇里指代Bill!
(d).代詞指代范疇之外的人!
(e). him與John不同指,但可以與Bill同指!
(f). him與Bill以及John都不同指!
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再聊一聊IC, 即Immediate constituent, 即XP畫圖上省去了標(biāo)注,而是直接畫線!

由此還延伸出Bracket(括號法),等價!((Poor John) (ran away) )
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經(jīng)典一張圖,展示了“my small child’s cot”三重歧義,“我的兒童式的小床”“我小兒子的床”“我兒子的小床”



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來個復(fù)雜的,( (my mother) (said (Mary (liked (the handbag) ) ) ) ).
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關(guān)于[胡]涉及到的<功能語法-布拉格學(xué)派><系統(tǒng)功能語法-韓立德>就到[胡-第十二章]再說!
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<生成學(xué)派>的創(chuàng)始人Noam Chomsky by publishing《Syntactic Structures》in 1957.
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「Syntactic Category」分為「Lexical Category」, e.g. noun, verb, adjective and adverb.以及「Phrasal Category」, e.g. NP, VP, PP, AP.
顧名思義!自己圓話!&履行某一特定語法功能的詞或短語。
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<句法動態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換>有四種「NP-movement」、「Aux-movement」and「Wh-movement」、「Do insertion」.
<Syntactic movement>, 又可作為<transformational rule>.
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「Aux-movement」

轉(zhuǎn)換僅僅只能改變成分的位置,而不能改變詞的范疇,也不能消除短語結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則創(chuàng)造的結(jié)構(gòu)的任何部分。因此,will盡管被移到了C位置卻保留了Infl的標(biāo)記。它之前所處的位置仍然存在于樹形結(jié)構(gòu)中,由符號e(空)來標(biāo)記。
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[雜談]——我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個現(xiàn)象,不敢說多么奇妙、多么啟迪,而可能多此一舉吧——它的意思就是說,一般疑問句有變化,需要標(biāo)記出它變位前的位置!至于<為什么will=C?>, 不知道,小概率的可能是因為原作者圓話實在是圓不過來了,加補丁去圓話。是因為,<CP→C+S>才合理,其他任何N, V, P, A都不行!
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【名詞解釋】——Such type of inversion operation involving the movement that the head position in one phrase into the head position in another is known as <Head movement≈前置>.
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然后是「Do insertion」, Do在此是<interrogative疑問詞>.
Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position and move it toward head position.

我學(xué)出來一種感覺,把大象放進(jìn)冰箱需要幾步?三步!三部曲!把冰箱打開,再把大象放進(jìn)去,最后關(guān)閉冰箱。
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「Wh-movement」, wh-詞開頭的問句又稱特殊疑問句(wh-question).
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無獨有偶,分析方法同樣<大象冰箱式理解法>,
You will talk about what.→What will you talk about?
You can speak what language.→What language can you speak?
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<Wh-Movement>將一個wh短語移到CP中的標(biāo)志語位置上。
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關(guān)于<Deep Structure> and <Surface Structure>, 屬于<generative grammar>里面的內(nèi)容,用動態(tài)、轉(zhuǎn)化、生成的方式去看待句子。
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深層結(jié)構(gòu)即<變化之前的結(jié)構(gòu)>?。?!
表層結(jié)構(gòu)即<變化及變化之后的結(jié)構(gòu)>?。?!
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這樣理解就行,但答題術(shù)語是這樣寫的?。?!
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「Deep Structure」is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence——an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.
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「Surface Structure」is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input of the phonological component through appropriate transformation, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.
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皇上的新衣,學(xué)廢了沒有!強行放空前置,哪怕在前位也前置。
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[戴]佬寫著寫著估計寫迷糊了,寫的就他自己能看得懂,審核員也不懂,就應(yīng)該是whom而不是who.
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關(guān)于畫圖,天賦自己加吧。還是因為畫圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不唯一,且可以簡化得當(dāng),而非形式主義。
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我補充一點就是,論述題經(jīng)常說哪些句子有歧義,請說明歧義,在哪些語境下沒有歧義等問題。
我建議畫圖,無論<IC-倒金字塔圖>或[戴]佬用的樹狀圖都屬于<Tree Diagram>
你甚至可以簡化到只表示有歧義的地方,如圖,

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