Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Arts/archaeology

bog iron / Scandinavian settlement

沼鐵礦附近的定居點(diǎn)

①Bowles et al. posit a positive relationship between Scandinavian settlement locations during the period of Viking expansion, beginning in the 8th?century, and availability of bog iron at these locations. ②They cite Eriksson’s 1961 map that plots locations of major settlements in relation to known areas where bog iron could have been extracted. ③Two settlements in particular, Telemark and Bergslagen, were near numerous pockets of available bog iron. ④The map shows a lack of settlements where evidence for bog iron deposits is lacking. ⑤Trondheim is the only settlement of a noticeable distance from any deposit. ⑥It may be that our knowledge is incomplete regarding the location of bog iron deposits at that time, or Trondheim may have been used to gather?other resources.

鮑爾斯等人認(rèn)為在 8 世紀(jì)開始的維京人擴(kuò)張期間斯堪的納維亞定居點(diǎn)與這些地點(diǎn)的沼鐵礦供應(yīng)之間存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。他們引用了埃里克森 1961 年的地圖，該地圖繪制了主要定居點(diǎn)的位置與已知的可能是沼鐵礦的區(qū)域的關(guān)系。 特別是兩個(gè)定居點(diǎn)，泰勒馬克和伯格斯拉根，靠近大量可用的沼鐵礦。 該地圖顯示鐵礦床少的地方定居點(diǎn)也少。 特隆赫姆是唯一一個(gè)距離任何礦床都有明顯距離的定居點(diǎn)。 可能是我們對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)沼澤鐵礦的位置的了解不完整，或者特隆赫姆可能已被用來收集其他資源。

1.?The author mentions “other resources” primarily in order to

功能題 目的題 易

解釋Tr不在沼鐵礦附近的一個(gè)可能原因

E

A. acknowledge that bog iron was only one of many resources required by Viking settlements 沒有only的證據(jù)

B. provide an interpretation of a particular ambiguity in Erikson’s map of Viking settlements 沒有ambiguity的證據(jù)

C. offer a possible explanation for differences in the ways in which various Viking settlements exploited natural resources 沒有開采能源方式不同的證據(jù)

D. challenge a particular assumption about the resemblance of Trondheim to Telemark and Bergslagen 沒有resemblance的證據(jù)，或者相反。

E. introduce a possible explanation for a discrepancy between the evidence provided by Erikson’s map and the view put forth Bowles et al. 符合

2.?The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about Trondheim?

態(tài)度題 易

對(duì)應(yīng)最后一句。

B

A. It was likely established as a settlement before the Vikings began to use bog iron. 推不出來時(shí)間。

B. It could possibly have resembled Telemark and Bergslagen in its proximity to bog iron deposits. 有可能。符合最后一句前半句。

C. It was more distant from other population centers than were Telemark and Bergslagen. 沒有證據(jù)。

D. Its inhabitants likely had access to a wider range of natural resources than did those who lived in Telemark and Bergslagen. 沒有比較的證據(jù)。

E. Its location may have prevented it from becoming as important a settlement as were those nearer to bog iron deposits.? 沒有重要性的證據(jù)。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage:

Arts/archaeology

human colonization / hand axes /?archaeological record / Europe

50萬年前的歐洲人類居住地很難確認(rèn)

①The human colonization of Europe took place in at least two stages. ②After half a million years ago, settlement is widespread and well documented in both the northern and the southern regions of Western Europe. ③Sites in most regions yield hand axes and the skeletal remains of people who appear to have been ancestral to the Neanderthals. ④But prior to 500,000 years ago, the pattern of settlement is different. ⑤Firmly dated sites are extremely rare and currently confined to southern Europe. ⑥Although scarce, human skeletal remains must be assigned to other hominid taxa. ⑦Hand axes and other bifacial tools are largely—if not wholly—absent.

①The earlier phase of occupation, which began at least 800,000 years ago, appears to represent one or more colonization events by relatively small numbers of humans. ②Both their skeletal morphology and their tools suggest that they may have had little connection with the people who colonized Europe after 500,000 years ago, and they might have failed to establish long-term settlement. ③The lack of known sites in northern Europe suggests that the initial occupants may have been unable to cope with environments above 41?-?42? North (that is, above latitudes already settled by?Homo erectus?in Asia.)

①Documenting the early phase of European colonization is difficult because of its limited visibility in the archaeological record. ②The density of the early European population was probably low, and occupation sites may have been small. ③Few of the sites are likely to have been preserved, and even these may be particularly difficult to find. ④Most caves and rock shelters—which protect archaeological remains and are easy to identify as potential sites—erode away in a few hundred thousand years. ⑤The majority of the early European sites are?buried in sediments deposited by streams, lakes, or springs.

①The lack of hand axes presents a special problem for the European sites that antedate half a million years. ②Such tools are unmistakable products of the human hand, and their presence in later deposits—even in isolated settings—is firm evidence of human occupation. ③But prior to 500,000 years ago, Europeans were making simple pebble and flake tools that differed little from the original Oldowan industry (the earliest tools in human history). ④These artifacts are often difficult to distinguish from naturally fractured rock, and they are frequently recovered from geologic contexts (such as high-energy stream deposits) likely to contain naturally chipped and broken cobbles and pebbles. ⑤As a consequence, most of the reported European sites dating to more than?500,000 years ago are highly problematic.

歐洲的人類定居至少分兩個(gè)階段進(jìn)行。?在定居的五十萬年之后，西歐的北部和南部地區(qū)，定居點(diǎn)很普遍并且有據(jù)可查。?大多數(shù)地區(qū)的遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)了手斧和似乎是尼安德特人祖先的骨骼遺骸。?但在?50?萬年前之前，聚居的格局有所不同。 確定日期的遺址極為罕見，目前僅限于南歐。 雖然稀有，但人類骨骼遺骸歸屬于其他原始類群。手斧和其他雙面工具在很大程度上（如果不是完全）并不存在。

至少在?80?萬年前開始的早期定居階段似乎體現(xiàn)出人數(shù)較少的人群的一個(gè)或多個(gè)定居現(xiàn)象。 他們的骨骼形態(tài)和工具都表明，他們可能與?50?萬年前定居歐洲的人們幾乎沒有聯(lián)系，他們可能沒能建立長期定居點(diǎn)。北歐沒有多少已知的定居點(diǎn)這個(gè)事實(shí)表明最初的居住者可能無法應(yīng)對(duì)北緯?41°-42° 以上的環(huán)境（即亞洲直立人已經(jīng)定居的緯度以上）。

記錄歐洲殖民的早期階段是困難的，因?yàn)榭脊庞涗浀娜狈ΑＴ缙跉W洲人口的密度可能很低，居住地點(diǎn)可能很小。很少有遺址可能被保存下來，即使是這些遺址也可能特別難以找到。?大多數(shù)洞穴和巖石庇護(hù)所——這些地方能保留考古遺跡并且很容易被識(shí)別為潛在遺址——會(huì)在幾十萬年內(nèi)被侵蝕掉。大多數(shù)早期的歐洲遺址都埋在溪流、湖泊或泉水的沉積物中。

對(duì)于早在?50?萬年前的歐洲遺址來說，沒有找到手斧是一個(gè)特別的問題。這些工具無疑是人工的產(chǎn)物，它們?cè)诤髞淼某练e物中的發(fā)現(xiàn)——即使在孤立的環(huán)境中——是人類定居的有力證據(jù)。 但在50萬年前，歐洲人正在制造簡單的鵝卵石和薄片工具，這與最初的奧爾多瓦工業(yè)（人類歷史上最早的工具）幾乎沒有區(qū)別。這些人工制品通常很難與自然斷裂的巖石區(qū)分開來，并且它們經(jīng)常能從可能包含自然碎裂和破碎的鵝卵石和鵝卵石的地質(zhì)環(huán)境（例如高能流沉積物）中被發(fā)現(xiàn)。 因此，大多數(shù)認(rèn)為可追溯到?50?萬年前的歐洲遺址都存在很大問題。

3.?The primary purpose of the passage is to

功能題 主旨題 易

文章討論了50萬年前的歐洲人類遺址很難判定。屬于現(xiàn)象解釋類文章。

B

A. highlight differences between the two stages of European colonization 不是主旨

B. explain why doing research into early European colonization is difficult 符合

C. reconcile two competing theories regarding the colonization of Europe 沒有reconcile的證據(jù)

D. discuss recent investigations into colonization 不僅是在討論調(diào)查研究

E. argue for the relevance of new evidence regarding colonization of Europe 并不在支持新證據(jù)

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about people who colonized Europe after?500,000 years ago?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 難

注意審題，問的是50萬年之后，信息來自第一段。

E

A. Their settlements are based to accurately date. 這個(gè)可不敢這么說，50萬年后的定居點(diǎn)是不是都日期明確，沒有證據(jù)。

B. Their settlements were quite small. 早期的小，后來的小不小不知道。

C. Their settlements were less densely populated than those of earlier colonizers. 后來比更早的人少。沒有證據(jù)

D. They used stone tools that closely resembled naturally fractured rock. 相反。這是50萬年之前的情況。

E. They were able to survive in locations where there is no evidence of earlier colonizers. 因?yàn)?0萬年之前沒發(fā)現(xiàn)手斧，能發(fā)現(xiàn)的石頭工具也可能是自然產(chǎn)生的，所以這之前可能真沒有人住過。

5. The passage implies which of the following about hand axes??

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

手斧出現(xiàn)在第一第四段，是人類存在的證據(jù)。

A

A. They cannot be mistaken for naturally occurring rocks. 是的

B. They were not used by the Neanderthals. 沒有證據(jù)

C. They have been found in sites associated with the earliest Europeans. 相反

D. They are usually found buried in sediments deposited by lakes and streams. 無關(guān)，與三段信息信息雜糅

E. They make dating European sites that postdate half a million years ago difficult. 沒有證據(jù)或相反

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

6. The passage supports which of the following statements about the tools used by Europeans prior?to 500,000 years ago?

細(xì)節(jié)題 易

信息來自最后一段。

ABC

A. They look very similar to naturally broken rocks. 符合

B. They closely resemble the original Oldowan industry. 符合

C. They have not been found above 41?- 42? North. 符合

Question 7 is based on this passage:

Sciences

whooping cough / public health threat

成人百日咳沒大事

The infectious disease known as whooping cough is commonly thought to be a childhood illness, but a recent study suggests that more adults contract this illness than was previously suspected. Although the disease is life threatening in children, in adults it typically causes only a persistent cough which, though annoying, is?rarely serious. Therefore, the incidence of whooping cough in adults poses no significant public health threat.

被稱為百日咳的傳染病通常被認(rèn)為是一種兒童疾病，但最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明，感染這種疾病的成年人比以前認(rèn)為的要多。盡管這種疾病在兒童中會(huì)危及生命，但在成人中，它通常只會(huì)引起持續(xù)的咳嗽，雖然很煩人，但并不嚴(yán)重。 因此，成人百日咳的發(fā)病率不會(huì)對(duì)公眾健康構(gòu)成重大威脅。

7. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 中

假設(shè)題。找大前提。這個(gè)前提一旦不成立，上面的論斷就不成立了。

B

A. Whooping cough is more difficult to diagnose in adults than in children. 成人百日咳難診斷。好不好診斷，跟影不影響公眾健康沒關(guān)系。

B. Adults with whooping cough do not readily transmit the disease to children. 成人不傳染給小孩。如果容易傳染給小孩，那就麻煩了，還就真危害公共健康了?？蛇x。

C. Most adults who contract whooping cough get the disease from children with whom they are in close?contact. 反正大人得了沒事。不算前提。

D. A disease poses no significant public health threat unless it is life-threatening. 除非有生命危險(xiǎn)，否則一種疾病是不會(huì)有公共健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。是嘛。。那性病呢？你這個(gè)前提本身就不成立。

E. Under comparable conditions of exposure, adults whooping cough more readily than do children. 相同條件下，成人更容易的百日咳。得就得唄，反正得了不影響。就算不容易得，反正也沒公共健康危機(jī)。不是前提。

Questions 8 - 10 are based on this passage:

Arts/music

jazz / John Coltrance / poems / artistic self-definition

悶騷的JC

①Although American jazz musician John Coltrane reportedly wrote other poems, the fact that to date only “A Love Supreme” has been made available to the public assures its literary significance: cast in relief as an accomplishment to his best-selling and most celebrated recording, the poem represents the sole authorized and generally accessible discursive component of what would otherwise be a wholly abstract body of creative output. ②This has had the effect of heightening its perceived significance for interpreting Coltrane’s artistic motivations and his larger spiritual and intellectual interests. ③The effect seems to have been at least partly by design: by this point in his career, Coltrane was suspicious of any kind of verbal framing for his music, saying he preferred to put out his albums without liner notes and let the music “speak for itself.”?④He declined, for instance, to be profiled in what became?Spellman’s widely discussed 1966 volume?of jazz biography as social critique,?Four Lives in the Bebop Business. ⑤In this respect he contrasted with, for instance, his contemporaries and labelmates Charles Mingus and Archie Shepp,?older and younger representatives of the jazz avant-garde, respectively, who were much more?apt to frame their music with expository text, and even to integrate the latter into the former.?⑥So the inclusion of the poem in the liner notes to?A Love Supreme,?a suite in four parts for Coltrane’s working?quartet, represented a deliberate and conspicuous gesture of artistic self-definition.

盡管美國爵士音樂家約翰·科爾特蘭據(jù)說還寫了其他詩歌，但迄今為止只有大眾熟知的“至高無上的愛”證明了它的文學(xué)意義：為他最暢銷、著名的唱片的成就而做的這首詩是唯一官方且普遍可訪問的文字創(chuàng)作，否則我們就只剩下抽象的音樂作品了。這就更顯得解讀 Coltrane?的藝術(shù)動(dòng)機(jī)和他更大的精神和知識(shí)興趣的重要了。這種效果似乎至少部分是有意為之的：在他的職業(yè)生涯的那個(gè)階段，Coltrane 懷疑任何對(duì)于音樂做出的文字評(píng)價(jià)，他說他更喜歡在沒有襯里注釋的情況下推出專輯，讓音樂“自己說話” 。例如，他拒絕在Spellman1966 年廣受討論的爵士傳記中被描述為像《Bebop 商業(yè)中的四種生活》一樣的社會(huì)評(píng)論。這樣來看，他與他的同門查爾斯·明格斯（Charles Mingus）和阿奇·謝普（Archie Shepp）形成對(duì)比，這兩人分別是爵士先鋒派的年長和年輕代表，他們更傾向于用解釋性的文字來闡述他們的音樂，甚至將文字包含進(jìn)音樂。因此，將這首詩包含在組曲《A Love Supreme》的內(nèi)襯中，代表了一種有意為之且引人注目的藝術(shù)自我定義姿態(tài)。

8. The author mentions “Spellman’s widely discussed 1966 volume” primarily to

功能題 目的題 難

JC不愿意在Spellman1966 年廣受討論的爵士傳記中被描述為像《Bebop?商業(yè)中的四種生活》一樣的社會(huì)評(píng)論。

C

A. compare Coltrane’s influence to that of his peers 無關(guān)

B. point to a source of misconception about Coltrane 干擾項(xiàng)。沒有misconception的證據(jù)。

C. cite a pattern to which Coltrane was an exception 符合。

D. comment on a change in Coltrane’s musical style 沒有change的證據(jù)

E. evaluate the social impact of Coltrane’s recording 沒有impact的證據(jù)

9. The highlighted sentence includes evidence for which of the following statements?

細(xì)節(jié)題 難

這樣來看，他與他的同門查爾斯·明格斯（Charles Mingus）和阿奇·謝普（Archie Shepp）形成對(duì)比，這兩人分別是爵士先鋒派的年長和年輕代表，他們更傾向于用解釋性的文字來闡述他們的音樂，甚至將文字包含進(jìn)音樂。

C

A. Coltrane later regretted his decision not to be profiled in Spellman’s book of jazz biography. 沒有后悔的證據(jù)

B. Recordings that included expository text were generally better received than those that did not. 沒有這個(gè)比較

C. Coltrane’s reluctance to speak about his music did not represent a generational shift in jazz. 是的，JC與他同時(shí)代的人做法不同。

D. Members of the jazz avant-garde differed in the approach from other jazz musicians. 沒有這種不同

E. The inclusion of a poem with?A Love Supreme?was a result of influence of Coltrane’s peers. 沒有influence的證據(jù)。

10. In the context in which it appears, “frame” most nearly means

詞匯題 中

frame: 這里是裝進(jìn)，裝框的意思。就是在唱片里放入文字性說明。

C

A. direct: 引導(dǎo)

B. prescribe: 開處方；推薦

C. enclose: 隨信附上

D. contextualize: 置于語境

E. negotiate: 談判