2001年考研英語閱讀真題及解析【第一篇】
passage1

注解:標(biāo)題為紅色,翻譯為藍(lán)色,分析為綠色。
?? ? ? ?Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
????????No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
????????A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional?geological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
????????Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這是一篇論述科學(xué)發(fā)展的專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的文章。全文客觀地描述這一過程,并且以英國地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展為例說明專業(yè)化發(fā)展導(dǎo)致專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間的分化越來越明顯。
第一段:科學(xué)知識的積累導(dǎo)致知識的進(jìn)一步分類和分化,即專業(yè)化發(fā)展。與專業(yè)化發(fā)展同時(shí)并存的另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動的日益職業(yè)化。
第二段:專業(yè)化的發(fā)展給業(yè)余研究者的進(jìn)入帶來了困難,這種趨勢在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤為突出。
第三、四段指出:以英國地質(zhì)學(xué)研究為例,說明專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間分化越來越明顯。而這種專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的分化過程早在19世紀(jì)英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域就已經(jīng)開始形成。
21.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as.
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology?
[C] sociology and psychology?
[D] physics and chemistry?
21.19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化的發(fā)展在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域更為顯見。
【A】社會學(xué)、化學(xué)
【B】物理學(xué)、心理學(xué)
【C】社會學(xué)、心理學(xué)
【D】物理學(xué)、化學(xué)
22.We can infer from the passage that.
[A]there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones?
22.從文中,我們可以推斷出
【A】專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化過程幾乎沒有區(qū)別
【B】業(yè)余研究者可以在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域與專業(yè)研究者相匹敵
【C】專業(yè)人員傾向于歡迎業(yè)余人員加入他們的科學(xué)團(tuán)體
【D】非專業(yè)研究人員擁有全國性的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu),但是沒有地方性的機(jī)構(gòu)
23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate.
[A]the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C]the change of policies in scientific publications?
[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
23.作者提到地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展的目的是為了說明.
【A】職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化形成的過程
【B】業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究中碰到的困難
【C】科技出版物出版方針的變化
【D】專業(yè)研究者對業(yè)余研究者的歧視
24.The direct reason for specialisation is____________?.
[A]the development in communication?
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D]the splitting up of academic societies
24.造成專業(yè)化的直接原因是___________?
【A】交流的發(fā)展
【B】職業(yè)化的發(fā)展
【C】科學(xué)知識的擴(kuò)展
【D】學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分裂
二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
1.specialisation
(n.)專業(yè)化;
specialize
(v.)(in)專攻,專門研究,使專用于;
specialized(a.)專門的,??频?/span>
2.accumulation
(n.)積累,積聚(物);
accumulate(v.)
3.split
(v./n.)裂開,劈開;分裂,分離;
split up(使)分裂;(使)分離;分成(小組);【美】吵架;離婚
(4)professionalisation
(n.)職業(yè)化;
professionalize(v.)(使)職業(yè)化/專業(yè)化;
professional
(a.)專業(yè)的,職業(yè)的
(n.)自由職業(yè)者,專業(yè)人員
(5)clear-cut(a.)明確的,清晰的
(6)amateur(n.)業(yè)余愛好者;外行
(a.)業(yè)余的;非職業(yè)的;外行的
amateurship(n.)業(yè)余者的資格或身份
amateurish(a.)業(yè)余的,非職業(yè)的,不熟練的
amateurismn.(n.)業(yè)余性,非職業(yè)的作為
(7)conmotation(n.)含義,內(nèi)涵,隱含意義;言外之意
(8)integrate(v.)(into,with)(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起,(使)合并;
integration(n.)綜合;
integrative(a.)綜合的,一體化的
(9)participation(n.)參與,參加;
participate(v.)(in)參加,參與;分享,分擔(dān);
participator(n.)參與者,合作者;
participatory(a.)供人分享的
(10)primacy(n.)首位,首要,首席
(11)in one's own right 憑本身的權(quán)利(能力、實(shí)力,資格)
(12)reinforce(v.)加強(qiáng),增援,增加,強(qiáng)化
(13)referee(v.)審閱,鑒定;裁判,仲裁(n.)仲裁人,調(diào)解人,【體】裁判員
(14)reckon(v.)認(rèn)為,估計(jì);指望,想要;測算,依靠
reckon as認(rèn)為,視為,把……看作
三、閱讀答案:D?B?A?C
四、全文翻譯:
? ? ???專業(yè)化可被視為針對科學(xué)知識不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過將學(xué)科細(xì)化成小單元,人們能夠繼續(xù)處理這些不斷膨脹的信息并將它們作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動的日益職業(yè)化。
????????在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)人員與業(yè)余人員之間沒有絕對的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確有含義:那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,特別是,他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,以及隨之而來的對訓(xùn)練的長期性和復(fù)雜性的要求,對業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。這一趨勢在以數(shù)學(xué)訓(xùn)練或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里自然表現(xiàn)得最為突出,英國地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展可以說明這一問題。
????????把英國最近一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物作一比較,人們發(fā)現(xiàn),不僅研究的重要性越來越受到強(qiáng)調(diào),而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也在不斷地發(fā)生變化。因此,在19世紀(jì),局部的地質(zhì)學(xué)研究本身就代表了一種有價(jià)值的科研;而到了20世紀(jì),局部的研究只有在包含或考慮到更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌時(shí)才越來越被專業(yè)人員接受。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。結(jié)果是,業(yè)余人員更難在專業(yè)地質(zhì)刊物上發(fā)表論文。這種結(jié)果因?yàn)樵u審制度的引入表現(xiàn)得更突出。開始是19世紀(jì)國家級雜志的引入,后來是20世紀(jì)數(shù)家地方地質(zhì)雜志的引入。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來,形成一兩個(gè)全國性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國性的團(tuán)體。
????????雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過程在19世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界中己經(jīng)開始形成,但是它的效果卻延遲到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來。然而,從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來看,I9世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
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