作者生平：

? ? ? ? ? 安德魯·達(dá)爾比（Andrew Dalby）是一位古典學(xué)者、歷史學(xué)家、語言學(xué)家和翻譯家，以他關(guān)于食物史（尤其是希臘和羅馬帝國）的書籍而聞名。 《Siren Feasts》 是安德魯·達(dá)爾比的第一本美食書籍，獲得了 Runciman（朗西曼）獎，他的第二本書《dangerous Tastes》在2001年獲得了美食作家協(xié)會年度美食書籍。他還是《The Classical Cookbook》和《Empire of Pleasures》以及巴克斯和維納斯的傳記的作者。

《Tastes of Byzantium ：The Cuisine of a Legendary Empire》于 2003 年首次出版

ISBN: 978 1 84885 165 8

本書完整的 CIP 記錄可從大英圖書館、美國國會圖書館獲得

由 Thomson Press India Ltd 在印度印刷和裝訂?

[3] On wine drinking

關(guān)于飲酒

?Wine made from ripened, fully sweet grapes is hot and wine made from unripe and not fully sweet grapes has less heat. White wine, too, is lower in heat. Red wine is thick and indigestible because of the excess of earthy substance in the black grape and because of its astringency. Golden, austere wine, midway between sweetness and astringency, is the hottest of all wines and the most nourishing: this type of wine is suitable for the old and for those with a cold temperament. Those with a hotter temperament are advised to drink light and white wine, while, for people who are exhausted, black, sweet and astringent wine is suitable because of their slow digestions. Young wine is more nutritious, and produces the full quantity of blood. Old wine is more rapidly digested, drier, and less nourishing than young.

? ? ? ? ? Wine heats the stomach, discharges the thinned product of digestion to the veins throughout the body, encourages digestion and thins food residues; it also rekindles natural heat and makes plenty of blood. Drinking wine to repletion, and continual drunkenness, harm certain parts of the body such as the liver, the brain and the nerves. They produce a tremor of the whole body and cause heavy and disgusting diseases: they cause heartburn, regurgitation, weakening of the eyes, general paralysis. Wine drunk in moderation restores the constitution and nourishes the body, in all age groups.

? ? ? ? ? Wine made from raisins is excellent to drink. It has very great heat, and is suitable for those who eat a lot of meat.

? ? ? ? ? Mead has more heat and dryness than any wine. It is suited to those with cold and moist temperaments and constitutions, and in cold weather and in cold climates. It is cleansing and purgative of thick and phlegmatic residues in the stomach. [472] It produces urine and encourages urination remarkably, and gives a good facial complexion. Some people mix in hot spices when making mead.

? ? ? ? ? 用成熟的、完全甜的葡萄釀造的葡萄酒，熱量較高；用未成熟的、不完全甜的葡萄釀造的葡萄酒，熱量較低。白葡萄酒的熱量也較低。由于黑葡萄中的泥土物質(zhì)過多，以及紅葡萄酒的澀味，所以用黑葡萄釀出的葡萄酒很稠，難以消化。金色、樸素的葡萄酒，介于甜味和澀味之間，是所有葡萄酒中熱量最多的，也是最有營養(yǎng)的：這種類型的葡萄酒適合老年人和性情冷淡的人。性情較熱的人建議喝淡酒和白酒，而對于疲憊不堪的人來說，由于他們消化緩慢，適合喝黑、甜、澀的酒。較新的葡萄酒更有營養(yǎng)價值，并且能夠促進血液的循環(huán)與更新?lián)Q代。老酒的促消化速度更快，但沒有新酒有營養(yǎng)。??

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄酒可以使胃部溫和（甚至變熱），刺激血液將消化后的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)運輸?shù)饺淼撵o脈中，促進消化和稀釋食物殘渣；它還可以重新釋放自身的熱量，使血液具有活性。飲酒過量和持續(xù)醉酒會傷害身體的某些部分，如肝臟、大腦和神經(jīng)。它們會使全身的顫抖，并導(dǎo)致沉重和令人厭惡的疾?。核鼈儠?dǎo)致胃灼熱、反胃、眼睛變?nèi)?、全身癱瘓。適量飲用葡萄酒可以恢復(fù)體質(zhì)，滋養(yǎng)身體，適用于所有年齡段的人。

? ? ? ? ? 用葡萄干釀造的葡萄酒非常好喝。它有非常大的熱量，適合那些吃肉很多的人。

? ? ? ? ? 蜂蜜酒比任何葡萄酒都具有更多的熱量和干燥度。它適合那些有寒冷和濕潤氣質(zhì)和體質(zhì)的人，在寒冷的天氣或氣候中。它能清潔和凈化胃中的沉積物和痰液的殘留物。[472] 它能刺激產(chǎn)生尿液并明顯地促進排尿，并使人的面部膚色良好。有些人在制作蜂蜜酒時往往摻入熱香料。

[4] On fruits

關(guān)于水果

?[Figs and grapes are the best of all fruits, more nourishing than any others and less productive of bad humours so long as they are fully ripe. Grape pips should be removed before eating: they cannot be digested.]

? ? ? ? ? Fresh figs have natural heat and moistness. The dried ones are extremely hot and dry: thus they produce a lot of blood and menstrual blood, move the bowels, produce gas, and harm the digestive system in those with a rather hot constitution. The harm is prevented if honey vinegar and fish sauce are taken after eating the dried figs. [When eaten with hyssop or pennyroyal they are very helpful in correcting a blocked or roughened digestive system. Those who eat them together with other foods are seriously harmed, but also effectively nourished, which is why in the ancient world they were given to athletes.] Figs also produce in the body digestive residues, lice and itches.

? ? ? ? ? Grapes are hot and moist. As they increase in sweetness, so they increase in heat. White grapes have more heat than black: they nourish and thicken the body.

? ? ? ? ? Dates have thickness and heat and are very nourishing. They produce headache and blockages of the digestive system; they produce a lot of seed and spermatic fluid.

? ? ? ? ? Raisins produce good humours and are nourishing.

? ? ? ? ? Sweet, ripe plums are lighter in moistness and coldness. Acid ones are colder, and also drier: they stop yellow bile and the overheating of the blood, they move the bowels, and assist in acute fevers. They are not suitable to the old or to those with moist constitutions.

? ? ? ? ? ?Apricots have a moist and cold nature. They quickly decompose in the stomach and turn to decay, producing moistness, fevers and headache

? ? ? ? ? ?Cherries are cold and moist. They quench thirst and lessen yellow [473] bile and the heat of the constitution. They move the bowels. They often cause stomach ache and turn to black bile.

? ? ? ? ? ?Peaches are moist and cold, and thus quench thirst. They suit those with a rather hot constitution. Because of their moistness they spoil the digestion of food and harm the sinews of the stomach. Their ill effects, as well as those of apricots and cherries, are prevented if one drinks austere wine or honey water, with ginger, after eating the fruit.

? ? ? ? ? ?The zest of lemons is hot, the peel cold and indigestible, the flesh cold, watery and acid.

? ? ? ? ? [Both medlars and sorbs are astringent and stop diarrhoea. Sorbs are the more astringent of the two, though with a more pleasant flavor.]

? ? ? ? ? Sweet pomegranates are hot and moist, and are advisable in diseases of the thorax and lungs. Acid ones are cold and moist, soothing overheating in the body and quenching thirst.

? ? ? ? ? Sweet apples have a moist and cold nature: they invigorate the liver and the heart. The acid ones quench thirst, encourage the digestion of food, alleviate yellow bile, and neutralize dangerous drugs of a hot nature.

? ? ? ? ? Quinces are cold and dry. They invigorate the stomach and the liver, and help those with bowel disorders. Conserved with honey and spices they strengthen the digestion and the stomach and dissolve residues. [They are very astringent: similarly, if their juice is boiled with honey to make a conserve. We are told the same of strouthomela.]

? ? ? ? ? ?Pears are cold and moist. Acid ones tend towards coldness and dryness. If eaten after a meal they clean the food residues from the stomach. Eaten before the meal they stop the movement of the bowels, dry the excrement in the intestines and block its progress. Thus they invigorate the stomach and prepare it for food.

? ? ? ? ? Sweet mulberries have a hot and moist nature and move the bowels. The sharp ones tend towards coldness and are suited to yellow bile.

? ? ? ? ? Sweet melons predispose towards and produce 'cholera'.2 They have a moist and cold nature: they quench thirst and cool the heat of the liver and stomach. They are unsuited to those with [474] cold constitutions. [They have a cleansing quality: they provoke urination, moisten the bowels and produce semen. When not fully ripe they act as emetics, especially if eaten in large quantity.

? ? ? ? ? Watermelons are not as moist or as productive of bad humors as melons, and are not so diuretic or so effective as emetics. Although not as good to eat as other fruits, they are better to eat than melons.

? ? ? ? ? [無花果和葡萄是所有水果中最好的，比其他任何水果都更有營養(yǎng)，只要它們完全成熟，就不會產(chǎn)生制造壞情緒的味道。葡萄的果核應(yīng)在食用前去除：它們不能被消化。］

? ? ? ? ? 新鮮的無花果有天然的能量和潤口感。干燥的無花果吃起來非常干燥：因此會刺激人體加速血液和經(jīng)血的制造，使腸胃蠕動，易產(chǎn)生氣體，這對體質(zhì)比較熱的人的消化系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生較大的負(fù)擔(dān)。如果在吃完無花果干后服用蜂蜜醋和魚露，就可以避免這種傷害。[當(dāng)與牛膝草或金銀花一起吃時，它們對糾正堵塞或粗糙的消化系統(tǒng)非常有幫助。那些與其他食物一起吃的人，會受到嚴(yán)重傷害，但也會得到有效的滋養(yǎng)，這就是為什么在古代世界，運動員常吃這些水果。］ 無花果也會在體內(nèi)消化道產(chǎn)生殘留物、刺激物。

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄是熱的和濕的。隨著它們的甜度增加，它們的熱量也在增加。白葡萄比黑葡萄具有更多的熱量：它們能滋養(yǎng)身體并使之變強壯。

? ? ? ? ? 棗子熱量也很高，非常滋補。它們也容易產(chǎn)生頭痛、使消化系統(tǒng)堵塞等問題；不過它們能補充精液。

? ? ? ? ? 葡萄干可以讓人保持良好心情，且具有滋養(yǎng)作用。

? ? ? ? ? 甜的、成熟的李子在濕潤度和冷度方面都比較輕。酸性的更冷，也更干燥：它們能阻止黃色膽汁和血液過熱，它們能幫助腸道運動，并有助于治療急性發(fā)燒。但它們不適合老年人或體濕的人。

? ? ? ? ? ?杏子具有濕潤和寒冷的性質(zhì)。它們在胃里很快就會被分解，變得腐爛，進食過多容易在胃內(nèi)產(chǎn)生氣體、引誘發(fā)燒和頭痛。

? ? ? ? ? ?櫻桃性寒、濕潤。它們能解渴，減少 [473] 黃色膽汁和體質(zhì)過多的熱量。它們能使腸子蠕動。它們經(jīng)常引起胃痛并變成黑色的膽汁。

? ? ? ? ? ? 桃子是濕潤和寒冷的，因此可以解渴。它們適合體質(zhì)較熱的人。由于其濕潤性，它們會破壞食物的消化，損害胃部蠕動。如果在吃完水果后喝些淡酒或蜂蜜水，再加上生姜，就能避免它們以及杏和櫻桃的不良影響。

? ? ? ? ? ?檸檬的皮是熱的，果皮是冷的，不容易消化，果肉是冷的，水樣的，酸的。

? ? ? ? ? ?[枸杞子和蘇木都有收斂作用，可以止瀉。醋栗是這兩種食物中比較澀的，但味道比較好。］

? ? ? ? ? ?甜石榴是熱的和濕的，對胸腔和肺部疾病有好處。酸性的石榴冷而濕潤，可舒緩身體的過熱，并可解渴。

? ? ? ? ? ?甜蘋果具有濕潤和寒冷的性質(zhì)：它們能使肝臟和心臟恢復(fù)活力。酸性特性可以解渴，促進食物消化，緩解黃膽，并中和熱性的危險藥物。

? ? ? ? ? ?榅桲是寒冷和干燥的。它們能使胃和肝臟恢復(fù)活力，并幫助那些有腸道疾病的人。與蜂蜜和香料一起保存，可以加強消化和胃部溶解殘渣的能力。[它們非常收斂：同樣，如果將它們的汁液與蜂蜜一起煮成湯汁，也是如此。我們被告知，strouthomela也是如此。］

? ? ? ? ? ?梨是寒冷和濕潤的。酸性的傾向于寒冷和干燥。如果在飯后吃，它們有助于消化胃中的食物殘渣。如果在飯前吃，它們會阻礙腸子的運動，使腸子里的排泄物變干，并阻止其前進。因此，它們能促進胃部蠕動，也會阻礙消化。

? ? ? ? ? ?甜的桑葚具有熱和濕的性質(zhì)，能促進腸道運動。酸澀的則傾向于寒冷，適合于黃膽。

? ? ? ? ? ?甜瓜容易誘發(fā) "傷寒"。它們具有濕潤和寒冷的性質(zhì)：它們可以解渴并冷卻肝臟和胃的熱量。它們不適合體質(zhì)寒冷的人。[它們具有清潔的特性：它們能促進排尿，濕潤腸道并產(chǎn)生精液。如果沒有完全成熟，它們會起到催吐的作用，尤其是在大量食用的情況下。

? ? ? ? ? ?西瓜不像甜瓜那樣濕潤，也不像甜瓜那樣能產(chǎn)生壞的體液，也不像催吐劑那樣利尿或排泄。雖然口感不如其他水果，但比甜瓜更好吃。

未完待續(xù)！