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【趣味數(shù)學題】約翰·伯努利的積分趣題

2022-06-10 07:57 作者:AoiSTZ23  | 我要投稿

鄭濤(Tao Steven Zheng)著


【問題】?

1697 年,瑞士數(shù)學家約翰·伯努利(Johann Bernoulli,1667 –?1748)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個非常有趣的微積分結(jié)果:

%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ex%7D%20dx%20%3D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5En%7D.%20

證明這個有趣的結(jié)果!

提示

(1) 最初使用此變換:?%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ex%7D%20%3D%20%7Be%7D%5E%7B-x%20%5Cln%20x%7D?。

(2)??使用此泰勒級數(shù):e%5Ex%20%3D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7Bx%5En%7D%7Bn!%7D

【題解】?

該積分問題是一個含有不定式(indeterminate form)?0%5E0?異常積分(improper?integral)。?知到?%5Clim_%7Bx%20%5Crightarrow%200%7D%20x%5Ex%20%3D%201?就能得到

%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ex%7D%20dx%20%3D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Be%7D%5E%7B-x%20%5Cln%20x%7D%20dx%E3%80%82


使用泰勒級數(shù)?e%5Ex%20%3D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7Bx%5En%7D%7Bn!%7D?得


%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ex%7D%20dx%20%26%3D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B%7B(-x%20%5Cln%20x)%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%7D%7Bn!%7D%20dx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%26%3D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn!%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7B(-x%20%5Cln%20x)%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20dx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%26%3D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B%7B(-1)%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%7D%7Bn!%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20x%5En%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%5Cend%7Balign%7D%20


使用分部積分法來推算:%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20x%5En%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx。

設?u%20%3D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20x,?du%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7Bx%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-1%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx,?dv%20%3D%20x%5En%20dx%20, 和?v%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%2B1%7D%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D。


因此,

%20%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20x%5En%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%26%3D%20%5Cleft(%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%2B1%7D%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20x%20%5Cright)_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20-%20%5Cfrac%7Br%7D%7Br%2B1%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%2B1%7D%7D%7Bx%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-1%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%26%3D%20-%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-1%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%5Cend%7Balign%7D%20


繼續(xù)部分積分法來推算%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-1%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx?:

%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D%20%0A%0A%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-1%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%26%3D%20-%5Cfrac%7Bn-1%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-2%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-2%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%26%3D%20-%5Cfrac%7Bn-2%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-3%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%2C%20%5C%3B%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%5C%5C%0A%0A%5Cend%7Balign%7D



所以,

%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D%20%0A%0A%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-1%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%26%3D%20-%5Cfrac%7Bn-1%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-2%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-2%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%26%3D%20-%5Cfrac%7Bn-2%7D%7Bn%2B1%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn-3%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%2C%20%5C%3B%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%5C%5C%0A%0A%5Cend%7Balign%7D


所以,

%5Cbegin%7Balign%7D%0A%0A%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20x%5En%20%7B%5Cln%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20x%20%5C%3Bdx%20%26%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%7B(-1)%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dn!%7D%7B%7B(n%2B1)%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%7D%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%20dx%20%5C%5C%0A%0A%26%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%7B(-1)%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dn!%7D%7B%7B(n%2B1)%7D%5E%7Bn%2B1%7D%7D%20%0A%0A%5Cend%7Balign%7D


因此,

%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ex%7D%20dx%20%3D%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5En%7D.%20




【趣味數(shù)學題】約翰·伯努利的積分趣題的評論 (共 條)

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