passage1

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

? ? ? ??①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any?competitor，giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.③Its scientists were the worlds best；its workers the most skilled.④1America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

? ? ? ??①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)⑦(12) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes.③For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

? ? ? ?①All of this caused a crisis of confidence.② Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry afteranother into the causes of America's industrial decline.⑤ Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

? ? ? ? ?①How things have changed!②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.③(14) Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.④Self-doubt has yieldedto blind pride.⑤"American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,"according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.⑥"It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,"says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington, DC.⑦ And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."

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一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

? ? ? ? ? 本文題材涉及美國經(jīng)濟。全文通過描述二戰(zhàn)后到90年代美國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展所經(jīng)歷的“興旺

——衰退一—復(fù)興”三個階段，論證了作者在文章首句闡明的觀點?？忌鷳?yīng)根據(jù)時間發(fā)展順序這一論述主線來把握文章的脈絡(luò)。

? ? ? ? ? ?第一段首句：闡述作者的觀點。第一段②句至段木：描述二戰(zhàn)后美國毫不費力就取得了經(jīng)濟霸主地位及其原因。

? ? ? ? ? ?第二至三段：描述80年代美國經(jīng)濟霸主地位的喪失及其影響。第二段使用舉例論證法加以證明。第三段分析影響，即美國作出了反思和調(diào)整。

? ? ? ? ? ? 第四段：描述90年代美國經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇及隨之而來的盲目樂觀情緒。該段最后引用一些專家的話來證明這種盲目樂觀的存在。

11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because.

[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before

[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

11.二戰(zhàn)后美國取得霸主地位是由于。

[A]它為實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)付出了艱辛的努力

[B]其國內(nèi)市場比以前大八倍

[C]戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大多數(shù)潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟

[D]空前規(guī)模的勞動力促進(jìn)了其經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展

12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.

[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

12.20世紀(jì)80年代美國喪失了世界經(jīng)濟霸主地位，可以被事實證明。

[A]電視產(chǎn)業(yè)已萎縮到國內(nèi)市場

[B]半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)已被外國公司接管

[C]機床制造業(yè)已自取滅亡了

[D]汽車工業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場

13.What can be inferred from the passage?

[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

[D]Along history of success may pave the way for further development.

13.從文章中可以推出什么？

[A]在自我懷疑與盲目驕傲之間來回轉(zhuǎn)變是人的本性。

[B]激烈競爭有可能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。

[C]經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇取決于國際合作。

[D]持續(xù)成功的歷史可能為進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展鋪平道路。

14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.

[A]turning of the business cycle?

[B]restructuring of industry

[C]improved business management

[D] success in education

14.作者似乎認(rèn)為美國20世紀(jì)90年代的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇可以被歸結(jié)為。

[A]經(jīng)濟的周期性變化

[B]產(chǎn)業(yè)改組

[C]企業(yè)管理的改善

[D]教育的成功

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

核心詞匯：

①.at a loss困惑，不知所措

例：I'm at a loss what to do next.我對下一步做什么心里沒譜。

②.casualty n.

1.[C]（事故或戰(zhàn)斗中的）傷亡人員

*2.[C]（某特定事件或情況造成的）受害者，損壞物

例：Small shops have been a casualty of the recession.小商店在經(jīng)濟蕭條中深受其害。

3.[U]急救室，急診室

③.fade?

vi.*1.to gradually disappear 逐漸消失

例：Her beauty has faded a little.她的美貌已有點失色。

2.to become weaker physically（身體）變得虛弱（尤指因此導(dǎo)致重病或死亡）

vt.&vi.（使）褪色；（使）失去光澤

例：The sun had faded the curtains.太陽把窗簾曬得褪了色。

④.glowing?a.

1.發(fā)紅光的，白熱的

2.熱烈贊揚的，熱情洋溢的，

例：a glowing account/report熱情洋溢的敘述/報道

*3.光明的，輝煌的；

glow v.發(fā)熱，發(fā)光，發(fā)紅 n.光亮，光輝

⑤.handicap

vt.give or be a disadvantage to sb/sth對（某人、某物）設(shè)置不利條件；被施加不利條件例：

be handicapped by a lack of education 因文化水平低而吃虧

n.[c]

1.（由于受到損壞而產(chǎn)生的身體或智力上的）殘障，殘疾

*2.障礙，不利條件

例：Illiteracy is a serious handicap in life.不能讀寫是生活中的嚴(yán)重障礙。

3.（比賽或競賽中加給強手的）不利條件（以示公平）

例：She had a handicap of 7 in golf.她在高爾夫球比賽中讓了7桿。

⑥.on the ropes炭炭可危，即將滅亡，處于困境

⑦.predominance n.優(yōu)勢，主導(dǎo)地位；

predominant a.占優(yōu)勢的；主要的；突出的（predominance? over）

⑧.quick-witted a.機敏的，富于機智的

⑨.retreat?

n./vi.

1.[U]（承諾的）撤回，（立場的）改變，放棄

例：a retreat from hard-line policies放棄強硬政策

*2.[C，U]a movement away from a place or an enemy because of danger or defeat 撤退，退卻，撤離

例：Napoleon's retreat from Moscow拿破侖從莫斯科的撤退

3.[C]（對某個環(huán)境的）逃避，躲避，隱退

⑩.shrink?

vt.&vi.

1.（使）（衣物）縮水

*2.（使）（數(shù)量、體積或價值）變小，減少，縮小

例：The number of students has shrunk from 120 to 70.學(xué)生人數(shù)已從120減至70人。

vi.（尤指因恐懼而）退縮，畏縮

例：I will not shrink from my duties.我不會逃避責(zé)任。

⑩①.take for granted?認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的

1.take it for granted（that…）認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然

*2.take sb/sth for granted（因習(xí)以為常）對……不重視，（因視為當(dāng)然而）不把……當(dāng)回事例：We take having an endless supply?of clean water for granted.我們想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為潔凈水的供應(yīng)無窮無盡而不予以珍惜。

⑩②.think-tank n.智囊團(tuán)，思想庫

⑩③.yield to

1. to stop resisting屈服，讓步

例：He reluctantly yielded to their demands.他不情愿地屈從于他們的要求。

*2.to be replaced by 被……取代

例：Barges yielded to road vehicles for transporting goods.在貨物運輸方面，駁船讓位給了公路車輛。

三、閱讀答案：C?D B A

四、全文翻譯：

? ? ? ?一段毫不費力就可以獲得持久成功的歷史可能成為一種可怕的障礙，但若處理得當(dāng)，它也有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為一種推動力。（句式1）二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國恰好進(jìn)入了這樣的一段輝煌時期，當(dāng)時，它擁有比任何競爭者大八倍的市場，使其產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟達(dá)到了前所未有的規(guī)模。（句式2）它已擁有世界上最優(yōu)秀的科學(xué)家和技術(shù)最嫻熟的工人。美國的國富民強是那些經(jīng)濟遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法想像的。

? ? ? ?隨著其他國家日益強盛，美國的這一領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢逐漸縮小，這是不可避免的。領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢的喪失同樣不可避免地令人感到痛苦。到了80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措。面對國外競爭，一些大型的美國產(chǎn)業(yè)，如消費電子業(yè)，已經(jīng)萎縮或倒閉。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith這一家電視生產(chǎn)商（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith已于7月被韓國LG電器公司收購）。外國制造的汽車和紡織品正在大舉進(jìn)入美國國內(nèi)市場。美國的機床產(chǎn)業(yè)也發(fā)炭可危。半導(dǎo)體是美國人發(fā)明的，并在計算機新時代處于核心地位，但有一段時間，半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)似乎將要成為下一個“受害者”。（句式3）

? ? ? ?所有這一切引發(fā)了一場信心危機。美國不再視繁榮為理所當(dāng)然之事。他們開始相信自己的商業(yè)經(jīng)營方式不靈了，也相信不久他們的收入會因此而下降。80年代中期，人們不斷地探究美國產(chǎn)業(yè)衰退的原因。偶爾一些聳人聽聞的發(fā)現(xiàn)中充滿著對海外競爭壓力日益增長的警告之詞。

? ? ? ?情況變化尤為神速！1995年，當(dāng)日本還在奮力掙扎的時候，美國卻可以對五年的穩(wěn)固發(fā)展作一回顧了。很少有美國人將此僅僅歸因于美元貶值或經(jīng)濟的周期循環(huán)這些顯而易見的原因。于是，自我懷疑被盲目樂觀所取代。用哈佛大學(xué)肯尼迪管理學(xué)院行政院長理查德·卡佛納的話說就是：“美國產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)調(diào)整了其結(jié)構(gòu)，進(jìn)行了精簡，反應(yīng)也更敏捷了”。（句式4）華盛頓特區(qū)的智囊團(tuán)——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫爾也說：“我們的企業(yè)正在提高生產(chǎn)率，作為一個美國人，我感到自豪?！惫鹕虒W(xué)院的威廉·薩爾曼相信人們回顧這段時期時，將把它視為“美國企業(yè)管理的黃金時代”。