- whereby is commonly used in formal writing instead of by which, by means of which, and through which. where 通常用于正式寫作，而不是 by which, by which, and through which。

1. Here are two final pieces of advice about writing formal definitions. First, if possible, avoid using any form of your term in the definition. Using the term itself in the definition can result in a circular or uninformative definition. 以下是關(guān)于編寫正式定義的最后兩條建議。 首先，如果可能，避免在定義中使用任何形式的術(shù)語。在定義中使用術(shù)語本身可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致循環(huán)或無信息定義。

例如：Erosion is a process during which the surface of the earth erodes. 侵蝕是地球表面侵蝕的過程

修改為：Erosion is a process during which the surface of the earth is degraded by the effects of the atmosphere, weather, and human activity. 侵蝕是地球表面因大氣、天氣和人類活動(dòng)的影響而退化的過程。

基于Swales & Feak, 2012,73