A brief history of goths

哥特人簡史

來源視頻

What do fans of atmospheric ?post-punk music

have in common with ancient barbarians?

Not much.

So why are both known as goths?

Is it a weird coincidence

or a deeper connection stretching ?across the centuries?

充滿神秘感的后朋克音樂的粉絲們

與古代野蠻人有什么共同之處呢？

雖然看上去毫無關(guān)聯(lián)，

但為何他們都被稱為哥特人。

這是個奇怪的巧合？

還是二者間有長達(dá)幾個世紀(jì)的深層聯(lián)系？

The story begins in Ancient Rome.

As the Roman Empire expanded, it faced raids and invasions

from the semi-nomadic populations ?along its borders.

Among the most powerful were a Germanic people known as Goths

who were composed of two tribal groups,

the Visigoths

and Ostrogoths.

故事開始于古羅馬。

隨著羅馬帝國不斷擴(kuò)張，它面臨著

國境線附近半游牧民族的入侵和襲擊。

其中最強(qiáng)大的勢力是一伙德國人——哥特，

他們由兩個部落構(gòu)成：

東哥特人，

西哥特人。

While some of the Germanic tribes remained Rome's enemies,

the Empire incorporated others into the imperial army.

As the Roman Empire split in two,

these tribal armies played larger roles in its defense

and internal power struggles.

雖然一些德國部落始終與羅馬為敵，

但羅馬帝國將其他部落收歸整合入軍隊。

當(dāng)羅馬帝國一分為二時，

這些部落軍隊在防御和內(nèi)部權(quán)力斗爭上

起到了很大作用。

In the 5th century, a mercenary revolt lead by a soldier named Odoacer

captured Rome ?and deposed the Western Emperor.

Odoacer and his Ostrogoth successor Theoderic

technically remained under the Eastern Emperor's authority

and maintained Roman traditions.

But the Western Empire would never be united again.

Its dominions fragmented into kingdoms ruled by Goths

and other Germanic tribes

who assimilated into local cultures,

though many of their names still mark the map.

5世紀(jì)時，由一名名叫 Odoacer 的士兵領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了 一次雇傭兵反叛，

他們抓住并廢黜了西羅馬國王。

Odoacer 及東哥特首領(lǐng) Theoderic

理論上仍受東羅馬皇帝統(tǒng)治，

并保持著羅馬的傳統(tǒng)。

但此時西羅馬帝國不在團(tuán)結(jié)，

并分裂成不同的國家，

其統(tǒng)治者為哥特人以及

融入當(dāng)?shù)匚幕钠渌聡柯洌?/p>

即使在現(xiàn)在的地圖上仍能夠反映出當(dāng)時部落的名稱。

This was the end of the Classical Period

and the beginning of what many call the Dark Ages.

Although Roman culture was never fully lost,

its influence declined and new art styles arose

focused on religious symbolism and allegory

rather than proportion and realism.

這標(biāo)志著古典時期的終結(jié)，

以及黑暗時期的開始。

盡管羅馬文化從未完全消失，

但它的影響力不斷減少， 新的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格逐漸產(chǎn)生，

它們關(guān)注宗教符號和寓言

而不是和諧的比例和現(xiàn)實意義。

This shift extended to architecture

with the construction of the Abbey of Saint Denis in France in 1137.

Pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large windows

made the structure more skeletal and ornate.

That emphasized its open, ?luminous interior

rather than the sturdy walls and columns of Classical buildings.

Over the next few centuries,

this became a model for Cathedrals throughout Europe.

這種轉(zhuǎn)變也延伸到了建筑風(fēng)格。

1137年法國圣丹尼斯修道院建立，

尖拱、飛拱、大窗這樣的設(shè)計

使得建筑結(jié)構(gòu)顯得更加瘦削豪華。

它強(qiáng)調(diào)室內(nèi)要開放、明亮

而不是充滿古典建筑中的結(jié)實墻面和柱子。

在接下來的幾個世紀(jì)，

這成為歐洲教堂風(fēng)格的范本。

But fashions change.

With the Italian Renaissance's renewed admiration for Ancient Greece and Rome,

the more recent style began to seem crude and inferior in comparison.

Writing in his ?book, ?"Lives of the Artists,"

Giorgio Vasari was the first to describe it as Gothic,

a derogatory reference to the Barbarians

thought to have destroyed ?Classical civilization.

The name stuck, and soon came to describe the Medieval period overall,

with its associations of darkness, superstition, and simplicity.

但是時尚易變，

意大利文藝復(fù)興重新燃起了 對古希臘古羅馬的崇敬，

哥特這種近代風(fēng)格 相比之下顯得原始簡陋。

1550年，在《藝術(shù)家的生活》中

作者 Giorgio Vasari 首次將這種風(fēng)格稱為哥特。

但這是一種意指野蠻人的貶義說法，

并認(rèn)為這種思想毀了古典文明。

這個詞語一直存在， 并且開始用于描述整個中世紀(jì)時期，

因為它讓人聯(lián)想到黑暗、迷信以及原始。

But time marched on, as did what was considered fashionable.

In the 1700s, a period called the Enlightenment came about,

which valued scientific reason ?above all else.

Reacting against that, Romantic authors like Goethe and Byron

sought idealized visions of a past of natural landscapes

and mysterious spiritual forces.

Here, the word Gothic ?was repurposed again

to describe a literary genre that emerged as a darker strain of Romanticism.

時間推進(jìn)，時尚也在推進(jìn)。

1700年代，啟蒙時期到來，

科學(xué)理性最受推崇。

與此相對，浪漫主義作家例如歌德與拜倫，

則尋求將自然景觀理想化的視角

以及神秘的精神力量。

于此，哥特一詞的含義被重新定義，

它用來描述由浪漫主義衍生的 一種更黑暗的文學(xué)體裁。

The term was first applied ?by Horace Walpole

to his own 1764?novel, ?"The Castle of Otranto"

as a reference to the plot ?and general atmosphere.

Many of the novel's elements became genre staples

inspiring classics and the countless movies they spawned.

The gothic label belonged to literature and film until the 1970s

when a new musical scene emerged.

Horace Walpole 于1764年

在他的小說《奧特蘭托堡》中 首次使用這個詞，

用來描述小說情節(jié)及整體氛圍。

小說中的眾多元素成為了哥特體裁的典型，

并啟發(fā)了眾多經(jīng)典故事及改編電影。

直到上世紀(jì)70年代，哥特一直是文學(xué)和電影的風(fēng)格，

之后，一種新的音樂劇開始出現(xiàn)。

Taking cues from artists like The Doors and The Velvet Underground,

British post-punk groups,

like Joy Division,?Bauhaus, and The Cure,

combined gloomy lyrics ?and punk dissonance

with imagery inspired ?by the Victorian era,?classic horror,?and androgynous glam fashion.

By the early 1980s, similar bands were consistently described

as Gothic rock by the music press,

and the stye's popularity brought it out of dimly lit clubs

to major labels and MTV.

受到門戶樂隊，地下絲絨樂隊的啟發(fā)，

英國的大量后朋克群體，

例如 Joy Division 樂隊，Bauhaus 樂隊，The Cure 樂隊，

他們的音樂混合了 陰郁的歌詞，朋克的不協(xié)調(diào)音樂，

維多利亞時代的意象，經(jīng)典的恐懼元素，以及中性魅力。

直到上世紀(jì)80年代早期，這類風(fēng)格相似的樂隊

都被音樂媒體稱為哥特?fù)u滾。

這種風(fēng)格日漸流行， 表演也由燈光陰暗的俱樂部

轉(zhuǎn)向主流唱片公司和音樂電視。

And today, despite occasional negative media attention and stereotypes,

Gothic music and fashion continue as a strong underground phenomenon.

They've also branched into sub-genres,

such as cybergoth,

gothabilly,

gothic metal,

and even steampunk.

如今，盡管偶爾會有媒體的 負(fù)面評價和刻板印象，

哥特音樂和時尚仍然是活躍的地下現(xiàn)象。

并出現(xiàn)了更多的細(xì)分種類，

例如賽博哥特，

哥特比利，

哥特金屬，

甚至是蒸汽朋克。

The history of the word gothic is embedded

in thousands of years ?worth of countercultural movements,

from invading outsiders becoming kings

to towering spires ?replacing solid columns

to artists finding beauty in darkness.

Each step has seen a revolution of sorts

and a tendency for civilization to reach into its past to reshape its present.

哥特這個詞伴隨了上千年的歷史，

它是一種反對傳統(tǒng)文化的運(yùn)動，

開始于哥特民族作為外族入侵稱王，

而后，高聳的尖塔代替了粗壯的圓柱，

藝術(shù)家在黑暗中發(fā)現(xiàn)了美。

每一步都是一種改革，

也是文明回溯過去 進(jìn)而重塑現(xiàn)在的趨勢。