我又回來啦哈哈

工作好辛苦，雖然忙碌充實幸福，但是好辛苦。

努力維持每周末更新一篇就當調(diào)劑我的工作（

更到30要開始考慮如何轉(zhuǎn)有聲視頻了

如果有更多人看會更有動力的～

81『CANT』

CANT, from the Latin verb cantare, meaning "sing," produces several words that come directly from Latin. But some others came to English by way of French, which added an h to the root, giving us such words as chant and chantey.

CANT，來自拉丁語動詞cantare，意思是“唱歌”，產(chǎn)生了幾個直接來自拉丁語的單詞。但也有一些人是通過法語來學(xué)習(xí)英語的，法語在詞根上加了一個h，給了我們諸如chant和chantey之類的詞。

cantata ? /k?n?tɑ?t?/

n.大合唱;康塔塔(常為宗教題材的短小音樂作品，由獨唱演員演唱，常有合唱和管弦樂隊伴奏)

A musical composition, particularly a religious work from the 17th or 18th century, for one or more voices accompanied by instruments.

一種音樂作品，尤指17或18世紀的宗教作品，用一種或多種聲音配以樂器。

Composers of the 18th century composed sacred cantatas by the dozen, and Bach's friend G. P. Telemann actually wrote over a thousand.

18世紀的作曲家創(chuàng)作了十幾首神圣的康塔塔，巴赫的朋友G. P. Telemann實際上寫了一千多首。

A cantata is sung, unlike a sonata, which is played on instruments only. The most famous cantatas are by Johann Sebastian Bach, who wrote the music for about 200 religious cantatas, using hymns and new religious poems as his texts. His cantatas consisted of several different sections for different voices—solos, duets, and choruses. Some of his nonreligious cantatas have been performed like mini-operas.

康塔塔是演唱的，不像奏鳴曲那樣只在樂器上演奏。最著名的康塔塔是由約翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫創(chuàng)作的，他用贊美詩和新的宗教詩歌作為文本，為大約200首宗教康塔塔創(chuàng)作了音樂。他的康塔塔由不同聲音的幾個不同部分組成——獨奏、二重奏和合唱。他的一些非宗教的康塔塔像迷你歌劇一樣表演。

incantation ? /??nk?n?te??n/

n.咒語;符咒;念咒語

(1) A use of spells or verbal charms spoken or sung as part of a ritual of magic. (2) A formula of words used in, or as if in, such a ritual.

(1) 作為魔術(shù)儀式的一部分而使用的咒語或語言符咒。(2) 儀式用語，在這樣的儀式或典禮中使用。

He repeated the words slowly over and over like an incantation.

他像咒語一樣一遍又一遍地慢慢地重復(fù)著這些話。

Incantation comes directly from the Latin word incantare, "enchant." Incantare itself has cantare as a root, which reminds us that magic and ritual have always been associated with chanting and music. Incantations have often been in strange languages; "Abracadabra" is a not-so-serious version of an incantation.

咒語直接來自拉丁語單詞incantare，“附魔”。incantare本身以cantare為詞根，這提醒我們魔法和儀式一直與吟唱和音樂聯(lián)系在一起。咒語經(jīng)常使用奇怪的語言；“Abracadabra”是一個不那么嚴肅的咒語版本。

cantor ? /?k?nt??r/

n.(猶太教會堂和教堂唱詩班的)領(lǐng)唱

An official of a Jewish synagogue who sings or chants the music of the services and leads the congregation in prayer.

猶太會堂的一名官員，他唱儀式的音樂，并帶領(lǐng)會眾祈禱。

The congregation waited for the cantor to begin the prayers before joining in.

會眾等著唱詩的人開始祈禱，然后才加入進來。

The cantor is, after the rabbi, the most important figure in a Jewish worship service. A cantor not only must possess an excellent singing voice but also must know by heart long passages of Hebrew. Cantors such as Jan Peerce and Richard Tucker became international opera stars. The comedian and singer Edward Israel Iskowitz renamed himself Eddie Cantor for his original profession and became enormously popular on stage, screen, radio, and television for over 40 years.

在猶太教禮拜儀式中，唱詩班是僅次于拉比（猶太教經(jīng)師或神職人員）的最重要的人物。一個唱詩的人不僅要有一副好嗓子，還要熟記希伯來語的長段。簡·皮爾斯和理查德·塔克等演員成為國際歌劇明星。喜劇演員兼歌手Edward Israel Iskowitz因其最初的職業(yè)而改名為Eddie Cantor，并在舞臺、屏幕、廣播和電視上大受歡迎了40多年。

descant ? /?desk?nt/

n.高于主音的旋律

v.詳談；唱歌

An additional melody sung above the principal melody.

在主旋律之上演唱的附加旋律。

The soprano added a soaring descant to the final chorus that held the listeners spellbound.

女高音在最后的合唱中加入了高亢的高音，使聽眾聽得入迷。

The prefix des-, meaning "two" or "apart," indicates that the descant is a "second song" apart from the main melody. In popular songs a descant will often be sung at the very end to produce a thrilling climax.

前綴des-，意思是“兩首”或“分開”，表示詞尾是主旋律之外的“第二首歌”。在流行歌曲中，往往會在歌曲的最后演唱這么一段，以達到激動人心的高潮。

82『LINGU』

LINGU comes from the Latin word that means both "tongue" and "language," and in English today tongue can still mean "language" (as in "her native tongue"). Our expression "slip of the tongue" is just a translation of the Latin phrase lapsus linguae. The root even shows up in a slangy-sounding word like lingo. And since lingu- changed to langu- in French, our word language is related as well.

LINGU來自拉丁語，意思是“舌頭”和“語言”，在今天的英語中，舌頭仍然可以表示“語言”（如“她的母語”）。我們所說的“口誤”只是拉丁語短語lapsus linguae的翻譯。詞根甚至出現(xiàn)在一個聽起來像俚語的行話中。既然法語中的lingu變成了langu，單詞language也相應(yīng)聯(lián)系。

linguistics ? /l???ɡw?st?ks/

n.語言學(xué)(linguistic的復(fù)數(shù))

The study of human speech.

對人類語言的研究。

The new speechwriter, who had majored in linguistics, was soon putting his knowledge of the deceptive tricks of language to good use.

這位新來的演講稿撰寫人主修語言學(xué)，很快就很好地利用了他對語言欺騙性技巧的了解。

Any analysis of language, including 8th-grade grammar, can be called linguistics. As recently as 200 years ago, ordinary grammar was about the only kind of linguistics there was. Today a linguist may be a person who learns foreign languages, but the term usually refers to people who devote themselves to analyzing the structure of language. Many linguists concentrate on the history of a language; others study the way children learn to speak; others analyze the sounds of a language—and still others just study English grammar, a subject so big that you could easily spend your entire life on it.

任何對語言的分析，包括八年級的語法，都可以稱為語言學(xué)。就在200年前，普通語法還是語言學(xué)中唯一的一種。今天，語言學(xué)家可能是學(xué)習(xí)外語的人，但這個詞通常指致力于分析語言結(jié)構(gòu)的人。許多語言學(xué)家專注于一種語言的歷史；其他人研究孩子們學(xué)習(xí)說話的方式；其他人分析一種語言的發(fā)音，還有一些人只是學(xué)習(xí)英語語法，這是一門非常大的學(xué)科，你可以很容易地把一生都花在它上。

multilingual ? /?m?lti?l??ɡw?l/

adj.說多種語言的

Using or able to use several languages.

使用或能夠使用幾種語言。

She soon discovered that he was truly multilingual, fluent in not only the German and Polish he had grown up speaking but in English and Arabic as well.

她很快發(fā)現(xiàn)，他真的會說多種語言，不僅能流利地說他從小說的德語和波蘭語，還能流利地說英語和阿拉伯語。

The roots of multilingual come from Latin. If you happen to prefer Greek, use the synonym polyglot, in which poly- has the same meaning as multi-, and -glot means the same thing as -lingual. The best way to become multilingual is probably to be born in a bilingual (two-language) household; learning those first two seems to give the mind the kind of exercise that makes later language-learning easy.

多語言的根源來自拉丁語。如果你碰巧更喜歡希臘語，可以使用polygot這個同義詞，其中poly-與multi-意思相同，-glot與-lingual意思相同。掌握多語言的最佳途徑可能是出生在一個雙語家庭；在最開始同時學(xué)習(xí)2個母語，似乎能給大腦一種鍛煉，讓以后的語言學(xué)習(xí)變得容易。

lingua franca ? /?l??ɡw? ?fr??k?/

n.(母語不同的人共用的)通用語;

A language used as a common or commercial language among peoples who speak different languages.

一種在講不同語言的人之間用作共同語言或商業(yè)語言的語言。

That first evening in Tokyo, she heard English being spoken at the next table, and realized it was serving as a lingua franca for a party of Korean and Japanese businessmen.

在東京的第一個晚上，她聽到鄰桌正在說英語，意識到這是韓日商人聚會的通用語。

In the Middle Ages, the Arabs of the eastern Mediterranean referred to all Europeans as Franks (the name of the tribe that once occupied the land we call France). Since there was plenty of Arab-European trade, the traders in the Mediterranean ports eventually developed a trading language combining Italian, Arabic, and other languages, which almost everyone could more or less understand, and it became known as the "Frankish language," or lingua franca. Some languages actually succeed in becoming lingua francas without changing much. So, when the Roman empire became vast and mighty, Latin became the important lingua franca; and at a meeting between Japanese and Vietnamese businesspeople today, English may well be the only language spoken.

在中世紀，東地中海的阿拉伯人稱所有歐洲人為弗蘭克斯人（Franks是曾經(jīng)占領(lǐng)過法國的部落）。由于有大量的阿拉伯-歐洲貿(mào)易，地中海港口的貿(mào)易商最終發(fā)展出了一種結(jié)合了意大利語、阿拉伯語和其他語言的貿(mào)易語言，幾乎每個人都或多或少能理解，它被稱為“法蘭克語”或通用語。事實上，有些語言在沒有太大變化的情況下成功地成為了通用語言。因此，當羅馬帝國變得強大時，拉丁語成為了重要的通用語；今天，在日本和越南商界人士的一次會議上，英語很可能是唯一的語言。

linguine ? /l??’gwini/

n.意大利面;意大利扁面條

A narrow, flat pasta.

窄而扁平的意大利面。

As a test of her clients' table manners, she would serve them challenging dishes and watch to see how gracefully they could handle chopsticks or deal with long, slithery linguine.

為了測試客戶的餐桌禮儀，她會為他們端上富有挑戰(zhàn)性的菜肴，并觀察他們?nèi)绾蝺?yōu)雅地用筷子以及如何處理又長又滑的意大利面。

The modern language closest to Latin is Italian, and the Italian word linguine means literally "little tongues." Linguine is only one of the types of pasta whose names describes their shapes. Others include spaghetti ("little strings"), fettuccine ("little ribbons"), penne ("little quills"), orzo ("barley"), farfalle ("butterflies"), vermicelli ("little worms"), capellini ("little hairs"), fusilli ("little spindles"), and radiatori ("little radiators"). If you're thinking about learning Italian, you could make a good start by just visiting an Italian restaurant.

最接近拉丁語的現(xiàn)代語言是意大利語，意大利語單詞linguine的字面意思是“小舌頭”。linguine只是名稱描述其形狀的意大利面之一。其他意大利面條還包括spaghetti（“小細繩”）、fettuccine（“小絲帶”）、penne（“小羽毛”）、orzo（“大麥”）、farfalle（“蝴蝶”）、粉絲（“小蟲子”）、capellini（“小頭發(fā)”）、fusili（“小紡錘”）和radiatori（“小散熱器”）。如果你正在考慮學(xué)習(xí)意大利語，你可以先去一家意大利餐廳。

83『SPIR』

SPIR comes from the Latin words meaning "breath" and "breathe." When we inspire others—that is, give them inspiration—it's as though we're breathing new energy and imagination into them. When you expire, or die, you "breathe out" your soul in your last breath. A license, membership, credit card, or free offer may also expire, at a time indicated by its expiration date.

SPIR來自拉丁語，意思是“呼吸”。當我們激勵他人——也就是說，給他們靈感——就好像我們在給他們注入新的能量和想象力。當你死后，你會在最后一口氣“呼出”你的靈魂。許可證、會員資格、信用卡或免費優(yōu)惠也可能在到期日指定的時間到期。

spirited ? /?sp?r?t?d/

adj.堅定的;精神飽滿的;勇猛的

v.偷偷帶走;讓人不可思議地弄走

Full of energy or courage; very lively determined.

充滿活力或勇氣的；非常活潑果斷。

The team put up a spirited defense, but they were doomed from the start.

這支球隊進行了頑強的防守，但他們從一開始就注定要失敗。

You may see spirited used to describe a conversation, a debate, a horse, or a campaign. And it often shows up in such words as high-spirited ("bold and energetic"), mean-spirited ("spiteful"), and public-spirited ("generous to a community"), all of which reflect the original meaning of spirit, a notion much like "soul" or "personality."

你可能會看到spirited被用來描述一場對話、一場辯論、一匹馬或一場競選。它經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在意氣風(fēng)發(fā)（“大膽而充滿活力”）、吝嗇（“惡毒”）和公益（“對群體慷慨”）等詞中，所有這些詞都反映了精神的原意，這一概念很像“靈魂”或“個性”。

dispiriting ? /d??sp?r?t??/

adj.令人沮喪的;使人氣餒的

Causing a loss of hope or enthusiasm.

失去希望或熱情的。

It was terribly dispiriting for them to lose yet another game, and he had to reassure his daughter that she'd actually done a great job as goalie.

他們又輸了一場比賽，這讓他們非常沮喪，他不得不向女兒保證，她作為守門員確實做得很好。

Lots of things can be dispiriting: a bad job interview, an awful film, a relationship going sour. Maybe for that reason, dispiriting has lots of synonyms: discouraging, disheartening, demoralizing, depressing, etc.

很多事情都會讓人沮喪：糟糕的工作面試，糟糕的電影，糟糕的關(guān)系。也許是因為這個原因，沮喪有很多同義詞：令人沮喪、沮喪、士氣低落、沮喪等等。

respirator ? /?resp?re?t?r/

n.口罩;面罩;防毒面具;人工呼吸器

(1) A device worn over the nose and mouth to filter out dangerous substances from the air. (2) A device for maintaining artificial respiration.

(1) 一種戴在鼻子和嘴巴上的裝置，用來過濾空氣中的危險物質(zhì)。(2) 維持人工呼吸的裝置。

His lungs had been terribly damaged by decades of heavy smoking, and he'd been living on a respirator for the last year.

幾十年來，他的肺部因大量吸煙而嚴重受損，去年他一直靠呼吸器生活。

Respiration means simply "breathing." We usually come across the word in artificial respiration, the lifesaving technique in which you force air into the lungs of someone who's stopped breathing. Respirators can take several different forms. Scuba-diving equipment always includes a respirator, though it doesn't actually do the breathing for the diver. Medical respirators, which are used especially for babies and for emergency care and actually take over the job of getting oxygen into the lungs, are today usually called ventilators, so as to distinguish them from simple oxygen systems (which merely provide a steady flow of oxygen into the nostrils) and face masks.

呼吸的意思只是“呼吸”。我們通常在人工呼吸中遇到這個詞，這是一種救生技術(shù)，可以迫使空氣進入停止呼吸的人的肺部。呼吸器可以有幾種不同的形式。水肺潛水設(shè)備總是包括一個呼吸器，盡管它實際上并不能為潛水員呼吸。醫(yī)用呼吸器，特別用于嬰兒和急救，實際上負責(zé)將氧氣輸送到肺部，今天通常被稱為呼吸機，以區(qū)別于簡單的氧氣系統(tǒng)（僅向鼻孔提供穩(wěn)定的氧氣流）和口罩。

transpire ? /tr?n?spa??r/

v.(植物)水分蒸發(fā)，蒸騰;發(fā)生;透露;公開;為人所知

(1) To happen. (2) To become known.

(1) 發(fā)生。(2) 被知道。

We kept up our questioning, and it soon transpired that the boys had known about the murder all along.

我們繼續(xù)詢問，很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們一直都知道這起謀殺案。

Since the prefix trans- means "through", transpire's most literal meaning is something like "breathe through." Thus, the original meaning of the English word—still used today—is to give off a watery vapor through a surface such as a leaf. From there, it came to mean also the gradual appearance of previously secret information, as if leaking out of the pores of a leaf (as in "It transpired that she was not only his employee but also his girlfriend"). And soon it was being used to mean simply "happen" (as in "I wondered what had transpired in the cafeteria at lunchtime”).

由于前綴trans的意思是“通過”，transpire最字面的意思是類似于“通過······來呼吸”。因此，這個至今仍在使用的英語單詞的原意是通過樹葉等表面釋放出水蒸氣。從那時起，這也意味著以前的秘密信息逐漸出現(xiàn)，就像從樹葉的毛孔里泄漏出來一樣（比如“她不僅是他的員工，也是他的女朋友”）。很快，它就被用來表示“發(fā)生”（比如“我想知道午餐時間在自助餐廳發(fā)生了什么”）。

84『VER』

VER comes from the Latin word for "truth." A verdict in a trial is "the truth spoken". But a just verdict may depend on the veracity, or "truthfulness," of the witnesses.

VER來自拉丁語，意思是“真相”。審判中的判決是“說出的真相”。但公正的判決可能取決于證人的“真實性”。

verify ? /?ver?fa?/

vt.驗證;核實;證實;證明;核準;查對

(1) To prove to be true or correct. (2) To check or test the accuracy of.

(1) 證明是真實的或正確的。(2) 檢查或檢驗···的準確性。

It is the bank teller's job to verify the signature on a check.

核對支票上的簽名是銀行出納員的工作。

During talks between the United States and the former Soviet Union on nuclear weapons reduction, one big problem was how to verify that weapons had been eliminated. Since neither side wanted the other to know its secrets, verification of the facts became a difficult issue. Because of the distrust on both sides, many doubted that the real numbers would ever be verifiable.

在美國和前蘇聯(lián)關(guān)于削減核武器的會談中，一個大問題是如何核實武器已經(jīng)被銷毀。由于雙方都不想讓對方知道其秘密，核實事實就成了一個難題。由于雙方的不信任，許多人懷疑真實數(shù)字是否可以核實。

aver ? /??v??r/

v.斷言，堅稱;<律>（在陳述訴訟理由時）證明…屬實

To state positively as true; declare.

肯定地陳述為真實的；聲明。

The defendant averred that she was nowhere near the scene of the crime on the night in question.

被告聲稱她當晚根本不在犯罪現(xiàn)場附近。

Since aver contains the "truth" root, it basically means "confirm as true." You may aver anything that you're sure of. In legal situations, aver means to state positively as a fact; thus, Perry Mason's clients aver that they are innocent, while the district attorney avers the opposite. If you make such a statement while under oath, and it turns out that you lied, you may have committed the crime of perjury.

由于aver包含“truth”詞根，它的基本意思是“確認為true”。你可以斷言任何你確信的東西。在法律情形中，斷言是指作為事實積極陳述；因此，佩里·梅森的客戶斷言他們是無辜的，而地方檢察官則相反。如果你在宣誓時做出這樣的陳述，結(jié)果證明你撒謊了，你可能犯了偽證罪。

verisimilitude ? /?ver?s??m?l?tu?d/

n.逼真;貌似真實

(1) The appearance of being true or probable. (2) The depiction of realism in art or literature.

(1) 真實的或可能的表象。(2) 現(xiàn)實主義藝術(shù)或文學(xué)中對現(xiàn)實主義的描繪。

By the beginning of the 20th century, the leading European painters were losing interest in verisimilitude and beginning to experiment with abstraction.

到20世紀初，歐洲主要畫家對逼真失去了興趣，開始嘗試抽象。

From its roots, verisimilitude means basically "similarity to the truth." Most fiction writers and filmmakers aim at some kind of verisimilitude to give their stories an air of reality. They need not show something actually true, or even very common, but simply something believable. A mass of good details in a play, novel, painting, or film may add verisimilitude. A spy novel without some verisimilitude won't interest many readers, but a fantastical novel may not even attempt to seem true to life.

從根源上講，逼真基本上意味著“與真相相似”。大多數(shù)小說作家和電影制作人都以某種逼真為目標，讓他們的故事具有真實感。他們不需要展示一些真實的東西，甚至是非常普通的東西，而只是一些可信的東西。戲劇、小說、繪畫或電影中大量好的細節(jié)可能會增加逼真度。一部沒有真實感的間諜小說不會引起很多讀者的興趣，但一部奇幻小說甚至可能不會試圖看起來真實。

veracity ? /v??r?s?ti/

n.真實性;誠實;真實

(1) Truth or accuracy. (2) The quality of being truthful or honest.

(1) 真實或準確。(2) 誠實的品質(zhì)。

We haven't been able to check the veracity of most of his story, but we know he wasn't at the motel that night.

我們無法核實他的大部分故事的真實性，但我們知道他當晚不在汽車旅館。

People often claim that a frog placed in cold water that then is gradually heated will let itself be boiled to death, but the story actually lacks veracity. We often hear that the Eskimo (Inuit) peoples have dozens of words for "snow," but the veracity of the statement is doubtful, since Eskimo languages seem to have no more snow words than English (with flake, blizzard, powder, drift, freezing rain, etc.).In 2009 millions accepted the veracity of the claim that, against all the evidence, the elected president wasn't a native-born American.Not all the "facts" we accept without thinking are harmless.

人們經(jīng)常聲稱，把青蛙放在冷水中，然后逐漸加熱，它會被煮死，但這個故事實際上缺乏真實性。我們經(jīng)常聽說愛斯基摩人（因紐特人）有幾十個單詞表示“雪”，但這一說法的真實性令人懷疑，因為愛斯基摩語言中似乎沒有比英語更多的雪詞（包括雪花、暴雪、粉末、漂移、凍雨等）。2009 年，數(shù)以百萬計的人接受了這樣一種說法，即在證據(jù)確鑿的情況下，當選總統(tǒng)并非土生土長的美國人。并非所有我們不假思索地接受的“事實”都是無害的。

85『TURB』

TURB comes from the Latin verb turbare, "to throw into confusion or upset," and the noun turba, "crowd" or "confusion." So a disturbance, for example, confuses and upsets normal order or routine.

TURB來自拉丁語動詞turbare，“陷入混亂或不安”，以及名詞turba，“人群”或“混亂”。因此，例如，騷亂會擾亂正常秩序或日常生活。

turbid ? /?t??rb?d/

adj.渾濁的;污濁不清的

(1) Thick or murky, especially with churned-up sediment. (2) Unclear, confused, muddled.

(1) 粘稠的或渾濁的，尤指有翻騰的沉淀物的。 (2) 不清楚、疑惑、困惑。

The mood of the crowd was restless and turbid, and any spark could have turned them into a mob.

人群的情緒是不安和渾濁的，任何火花都可能把他們變成暴徒。

The Colorado River in spring, swollen by melting snow from the high mountains, races through the Grand Canyon, turbid and churning. A chemical solution may be described as turbid rather than clear. And your emotions may be turbid as well, especially where love is involved: What did he mean by that glance? Why did she say it like that?

科羅拉多河在春天因高山融化的雪而暴漲，流經(jīng)大峽谷，渾濁而翻騰?；瘜W(xué)溶液可以被描述為混濁而不是清澈。你的情緒也可能是渾濁的，尤其是在涉及愛情的地方：他那一眼是什么意思？她為什么那樣說？

perturb ? /p?r?t??rb/

vt.使不安;使焦慮

To upset, confuse, or disarrange.

攪亂，擾亂。

News of the new peace accord was enough to perturb some radical opponents of any settlements.

新和平協(xié)議的消息足以讓一些反對任何定居點的激進人士感到不安。

With its per- prefix, perturb meant originally "thoroughly upset," though today the word has lost most of its intense edge. Perturb and perturbation are often used by scientists, usually when speaking of a change in their data indicating that something has affected some normal process. When someone is referred to as imperturbable, it means he or she manages to remain calm through the most trying experiences.

“攪亂”這個詞的前綴是per-，最初的意思是“徹底不安”，盡管今天這個詞已經(jīng)失去了大部分強烈的意味。科學(xué)家經(jīng)常使用微擾，通常是在談到他們的數(shù)據(jù)變化時，表明某些東西影響了一些正常的過程。當一個人被稱為冷靜時，這意味著他或她在最艱難的經(jīng)歷中能夠保持冷靜。

turbine ? /?t??rba?n/

n.渦輪;渦輪機;汽輪機

A rotary engine with blades made to turn and generate power by a current of water, steam, or air under pressure.

一種帶有葉片的旋轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)動機，通過水、蒸汽或空氣在壓力下的流動來轉(zhuǎn)動和發(fā)電。

The power plant used huge turbines powered by water going over the dam to generate electricity.

發(fā)電廠使用巨大的渦輪機發(fā)電，這些渦輪機由越過大壩的水提供動力。

The oldest and simplest form of turbine is the waterwheel, which is made to rotate by water falling across its blades and into buckets suspended from them. Hero of Alexandria invented the first steam-driven turbine in the 1st century A. D., but a commercially practical steam turbine wasn't developed until 1884; steam turbines are now the main elements of electric power stations. Jet engines are gas turbines. A turbojet engine uses a turbine to compress the incoming air that feeds the engine before being ejected to push the plane forward; a turboprop engine uses its exhaust to drive a turbine that spins a propeller. A wind turbine generates electricity by being turned by the wind; the largest now have vanes with a turning diameter of over 400 feet.

渦輪機最古老、最簡單的形式是水輪機，它是通過落在葉片上并進入懸掛在葉片上的水桶中的水來旋轉(zhuǎn)的。亞歷山大的英雄在公元1世紀發(fā)明了第一臺蒸汽輪機，但直到1884年才開發(fā)出商業(yè)實用的蒸汽輪機；蒸汽輪機現(xiàn)在是發(fā)電站的主要部件。噴氣發(fā)動機是燃氣輪機。渦輪噴氣發(fā)動機使用渦輪壓縮進入發(fā)動機的空氣，然后將其噴出，推動飛機前進；渦輪螺旋槳發(fā)動機利用其排氣驅(qū)動渦輪旋轉(zhuǎn)螺旋槳。風(fēng)力渦輪機通過風(fēng)力發(fā)電；最大的葉片現(xiàn)在具有超過400英尺的轉(zhuǎn)彎直徑。

turbulent ? /?t??rbj?l?nt/

adj.動蕩的;混亂的;湍動的;洶涌的;動亂的;騷亂的;騷動的;猛烈的;混亂而難以控制的

(1) Stirred up, agitated. (2) Stirring up unrest, violence, or disturbance.

(1) 激動。 (2) 煽動動亂、暴力或騷亂。

The huge ocean liner Queen Elizabeth II was never much troubled by turbulent seas that might have sunk smaller boats.

英國女王伊麗莎白二世號大型遠洋客輪從未受到可能導(dǎo)致小型船只沉沒的洶涌大海的困擾。

Some people lead turbulent lives, and some are constantly in the grip of turbulent emotions. The late 1960s are remembered as turbulent years of social revolution in America and Europe. Often the captain of an airplane will warn passengers to fasten their seatbelts because of upper-air turbulence, which can make for a bumpy ride. El Ni?o, a seasonal current of warm water in the Pacific Ocean, may create turbulence in the winds across the United States, affecting patterns of rainfall and temperature as well.

有些人過著動蕩的生活，有些人則不斷地被動蕩的情緒所控制。20世紀60年代末是美國和歐洲社會革命的動蕩年代。通常，機長會警告乘客系好安全帶，因為高空湍流會導(dǎo)致顛簸。厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象是太平洋的一種季節(jié)性暖流，可能會在美國各地的風(fēng)中產(chǎn)生湍流，影響降雨和溫度模式。