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What would happen if a human swallowed one gram of each element on the periodic table?

如果一個(gè)人吞下元素周期表上每種元素的一克會(huì)發(fā)生什么?

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Edmond Yu
I’ll begin from the top.
H, hydrogen: if my calculations are correct, 1 gram of hydrogen should have a volume of 12.4 L. Good luck swallowing that much gas, and note that a spark may ignite you.
He, helium: 1 gram of He is 5.6 L, but at least you don’t have to be cautious about sparks.
Li, lithium: 1 g of Li is just 1.8 cm3. It will react with water, and it will form a strong base, lithium hydroxide. It will react with stomach acid and become lithium chloride in your stomach. Unpleasant but not immediately lethal.
Be, beryllium: beryllium is toxic, it may cause cell necrosis and potentially causes cancer. Itself and beryllium oxide does form a toxic salt beryllium chloride in the stomach, but it is unlikely to become fatal. It precipitates to Be?(PO?)? , beryllium phosphate in the intestines.
B, boron: basically nothing. 1 gram is far from the lethal dose.
C, carbon: little or nothing.
N, nitrogen: 1 g of N? is 0.8L, still a significant amount of gas. You face the same problem of having too much gas in your stomach.
O, oxygen: same as nitrogen for the gas itself. However, considering that you swallow all elements at the same time, it might react with the hydrogen in the beginning if conditions are satisfied. It also may react with metals to form their corresponding oxides.
F, fluorine: 1 g of F? is 0.589L. It will violently react with everything inside your body and form hydrofluoric acid, which later creates sufficiently many fluoride ions to combine with the calcium and magnesium ions in your blood. You most certainly die from this. Also, it will explosively react with the hydrogen gas in the beginning. Also reacts with the LiCl and BeCl? salts to form precipitates (if any of those salts are still present), and reacts with boron and carbon. The fluorine will certainly run out before the other elements.

Edmond Yu 化學(xué)碩士
我將會(huì)從周期表上面開(kāi)始。
氫:如果我的計(jì)算是正確的，1克氫的體積應(yīng)該是12.4L。吞下這么多氣體祝你好運(yùn)，注意，一點(diǎn)火星可能就會(huì)點(diǎn)燃你。
氦:1克氦是5.6 L，但至少你不用擔(dān)心火花。

鋰:1克只有1.8立方厘米。它會(huì)和水反應(yīng)，形成強(qiáng)堿，氫氧化鋰。它會(huì)與胃酸發(fā)生反應(yīng)，在你的胃里變成氯化鋰。不愉快但不是立即致命。
鈹:鈹是有毒的，它可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞壞死，并可能導(dǎo)致癌癥。鈹本身和氧化鈹在胃里形成一種有毒的氯化鈹鹽，但不太可能致命。它會(huì)在腸道變成Be?(PO?)?鈹磷酸鹽沉淀物。
硼:基本上什么都不會(huì)發(fā)生。1克遠(yuǎn)不是致死劑量。

碳：有點(diǎn)影響或者沒(méi)影響。
氮:1克N?是0.8升,仍然算大量的氣體。你也面臨著同樣的問(wèn)題——胃里有太多的氣體。
氧:和氮?dú)庖粯?，都是氣體。然而，考慮到你同時(shí)吞下所有的元素，如果條件滿足，它可能在一開(kāi)始就與氫發(fā)生反應(yīng)。它也可以與金屬反應(yīng)形成相應(yīng)的氧化物。

氟：1克F?是0.589L。它會(huì)與你體內(nèi)的一切物質(zhì)發(fā)生劇烈反應(yīng)，形成氫氟酸，隨后產(chǎn)生足夠多的氟離子與血液中的鈣離子和鎂離子結(jié)合。你肯定會(huì)死于這種病。而且在開(kāi)始的時(shí)候會(huì)和氫氣發(fā)生爆炸反應(yīng)。也與氯化鋰和氯化鈹鹽反應(yīng)并形成沉淀(如果這些鹽仍存在),并與硼和碳反應(yīng)。氟肯定會(huì)比其他元素先耗盡。
氖：有影響也可能沒(méi)有。1克氖是1.11L。和你經(jīng)歷的事情比起來(lái)，這根本算不了什么。

Ne, neon: little or nothing. 1 g of neon is 1.11 L which fills 2 water bottles. It isn’t even that much compared with the stuff that you have gone through.
Na, sodium: will react explosively inside your stomach and esophagus. Forms a strong base sodium hydroxide, then sodium chloride in your stomach after a neutralization reaction. Sodium hydroxide will definitely irritate your esophagus, if you still have one. Highly unpleasant but not the worst. Not necessarily lethal by itself.
Mg, magnesium: may neutralize some of your stomach acid. Helps exhaust the fluorine (both the gas and the ions) faster, if there are still any left.
Al, aluminum: Al3? may affect the nervous system but you probably don’t care.
Si, silicon: little or nothing. Helps exhaust fluorine gas, if there are any left.
P, phosphorus: may spontaneously combust. It will burn your stomach if you still have one. It is toxic and it is lethal. After burning it will create some P?O??, phosphorus oxide which dehydrates extremely well.
S, sulphur: I don’t know about this one. Likely nothing.
Cl, chlorine: 1 g of Cl? is 0.308 L. Reacts with elements in the beginning. It will irritate whatever internal organs you have left, although less violently. May react with hydrogen gas in the beginning.
Ar, argon: nothing exciting.
K, potassium: reacts with water in your body, creates a base which is later neutralized. Similar to sodium. Expect an explosion.
Ca, calcium: Ca reacts with water although slowly. Although it does not explode, it may create a considerable amount of heat. Similar to potassium, becomes a base and is then neutralized. May react with chlorine gas, helps react with remaining fluorine ions.
Sc, scandium: moderately reactive. May form ScCl? salts, but will more likely decrease the volume of your wallet if you buy it.
Ti, titanium: may form TiCl?. Not much happens.

Ga, gallium: I don’t know, but I think not much will happen.
Ge, germanium: probably nothing.
As, arsenic: highly toxic, 1 gram of it is sufficient.
Se, selenium: elemental selenium is moderately toxic, but 1 gram is less than its lethal dose.
Br, bromine: highly corrosive, and its smell is hideous. Since it is fairly reactive it may react with metals that did not form ions, but noticeably it reacts violently with aluminum, if there are any left. 1 g of bromine is not a sufficient amount to react with all of the other elements. May precipitate with some ions.
Kr, krypton: nothing.
Rb, rubidium: expect explosions. Similar to potassium. I expect that you don’t have a digestive system anymore at this point.
Sr, strontium: similar to calcium, and expect a strong reaction with water.
Y, yttrium: I don’t know much about it, I expect a salt to form.
Zr, zirconium: this element is fairly not reactive, so not much happens. It may oxidize but will likely not react.
Nb, niobium: this element is famous for corrosive resistant, so I don’t expect much to happen.
Mo, molybdenum: I don’t know, but probably corrosive resistant.
Tc, technetium: the first radioactive element. I don’t know what particles Tc emits but internally it should be quite harmful.
Ru, ruthenium: corrosive resistant.
Rh, rhodium: also corrosive resistant. At this point your wallet should be empty, even though 1 gram of everything isn’t that expensive.
Pd, palladium: also corrosive resistant, and expensive.
Ag, silver: if silver somehow reacts with anything inside your remains it will form a precipitate with chloride ions or bromide ions.
Cd, cadmium: highly toxic and it is famous for it. Doesn’t matter anymore.
In, indium: I don’t know
Sn, tin: not much will happen.
Sb, antimony: its ions are supposed to cause vomiting though I doubt you are able to.
Te, tellurium: not much chemically, but you now smell like rotten garlic.
I, iodine: interesting. Reactive, but not necessarily with water. It will precipitate some ions in the beginning. It will probably not stay in its element form for long.
Xe, xenon: nothing. This is the last boring element.
Cs, caesium: expect explosions, the most violent of them (for now).
Ba, barium: toxic in a very different way but you probably don’t care.. Reacts fairly violent with water, does not explode. It may displace some calcium or magnesium ions in your blood.
La, lanthanum: the most reactive lanthanide out of all of them. Will form an ion. Could cause blood clotting issues.
Ce, cerium: should be similar to lanthanum.
Pr, praseodymium: I don’t know.
Nd, neodymium: may form an ion, and neodymium chloride has a similar toxicity to table salt.

鈣:鈣與水反應(yīng)緩慢。雖然它不會(huì)爆炸，但可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的熱量。類似于鉀，變成堿，然后被中和?？膳c氯氣反應(yīng)，有助于與剩余的氟離子反應(yīng)。
鈧:適度的反應(yīng)?？赡苄纬蒘cCl?,但更有可能會(huì)減少你的錢包體積,如果你要買的話。
鈦:可能形成TiCl?，沒(méi)什么事兒。

Pm, promethium: Pm is radioactive, it emits β particles and gamma rays. In simple terms, lead boards will not save you from its radiation, let alone ingested. Sufficiently many promethium ingested will eventually radiate and damage most internal organs for a healthy person, but you probably don’t have too many of them left anyway. For what’s left it will suffer damage from it. What I don’t know, is how much damage can just 1 gram of it cause.
Sm, samarium: fun fact: samarium oxide absorbs neutron radiation, so it might help with the damage caused by promethium.
Eu, europium: at this point, the effects that lanthanides do to living organisms is generally under study. Probably forms europium chloride hexahydrate after ingested.
Gd, gadolinium: probably not much.
Tb, terbium: I don’t know.
Dy, dysprosium: I don’t know.
Ho, holmium: I don’t know. 1 gram is probably not lethal.
Er, erbium: apparently erbium (IV) chloride can have different effects to the immune system depending on its dose. It’s curve looks like stimulates->nothing->stimulates->inhibits and it’s quite weird.
Tm, thulium: I don’t know.
Yb, ytterbium: I don’t know.
Lu, lutetium: we are finishing the lanthanides, which most elements have unknown effects to humans.
Hf, hafnium: I only know that it’s expensive, but probably not much will happen.
Ta, tantalum: resistant to corrosion, so nothing.
W, tungsten: its compounds are toxic. May cause fatigue, fever or rash. However in elemental state it should be stable.
Re, rhenium: probably not much.
Os, osmium: at elemental state I don’t know, but highly toxic as an oxide.
Ir, iridium: expensive and resistant to corrosion.
Pt, platinum: expensive and resistant to corrosion.
Au, gold: same as above.
Hg, mercury: we all know that it’s toxic, but in a healthy person not much will actually happen if 1 g of Hg is ingested. Inhaling it would be much more dangerous though. Likely will not form an ion.
Tl, thallium: this element is outlawed and is illegal to possess without permit. It is highly toxic and extremely difficult to treat. In fact it is so infamous on its toxicity, and I don’t know the technical details about it.
Pb, lead: indeed harmful, and it’s ions attack the brain and kidneys. However it’s toxicity is quite mild compared to the previous ones. Might form an ion and precipitate with iodine or bromine if conditions permit.
Bi, bismuth: fairly not reactive.
Po, polonium: the second (third?) highly radioactive element. Causes tumours and other damages on healthy people.
At, astatine: its half life is 8.3 hours at longest, and it is so radioactive that it will become a gas if you could have 1 g of it. There are no records of its properties as no one could obtain a large amount of it. Will definitely boil parts of the remains of your body.
Rn, radon: unknown, as a gas it should be inert and radioactive. Should be similar to polonium.
Fr, francium: this one has a half life measured in minutes, for the more stable isotopes. Chemically it should create a big explosion, and it decays to At, Rn and Ra. Similar to At but amplified.
Ra, radium: after the discovery of radium, reports of its damage were unknown, until people who worked with it started having swollen jaws. Should react explosively with water and form a salt, but that is not important anymore.
Ac, actinium: highly radioactive, should be a thousand times stronger than Ra. It is extremely expensive as only grams of it are produced. Chemically should act similar to La, should form an ion.
Th, thorium: radioactive but surprisingly has a low intensity. Probably not too reactive chemically.

鋯:這種元素沒(méi)有活性，所以不會(huì)發(fā)生很多反應(yīng)。它可能氧化，但不太會(huì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)。
鈮:這種元素以耐腐蝕著稱，所以我覺(jué)得不會(huì)有什么影響。
鉬:我不知道，但可能耐腐蝕。
锝:第一種放射性元素。我不知道釋放出什么粒子，但在體內(nèi)它應(yīng)該是相當(dāng)有害的。
釕:耐腐蝕。

銠:也耐腐蝕。在這一時(shí)候，你的錢包應(yīng)該已經(jīng)空了，即使1克不是那么貴。
鈀:也耐腐蝕，價(jià)格昂貴。
銀:如果銀以某種方式與你體內(nèi)的任何東西發(fā)生反應(yīng)，它會(huì)與氯離子或溴離子形成沉淀。
鎘:劇毒，并以此著稱。但不重要了。

Pa, protactinium: you require a nuclear reactor to produce one gram of it. Highly radioactive as usual.
U, uranium: radioactive as usual, but similar to Th. Should have toxicity similar to heavy metals.
Np, neptunium: similar to U but stronger radioactivity.
Pu, plutonium: a common myth is that plutonium is the second most toxic substance on earth. Strong radioactivity, similar to Ac.
Am, americium: I don’t know, but probably extremely expensive to make. Definitely very radioactive.
Cm, curium: should be similar to Am.
Bk, berkelium: itself not too radioactive, emits β particles. 1 g of it would cost too much to make, if that’s even possible. Decays to Cf.
Cf, californium: emits gamma rays, which is very dangerous. It is also insanely expensive to make.
Es, einsteinium: I don’t know, should be similar to Bk.
Fm, fermium: this element cannot be created in bulk (and by in bulk I mean measured in milligrams), so if you ever obtain 1 g of fermium please tell me how you did it.
Md, mendelevium: to my knowledge the element serves no practical purpose because it has too short half life and too little of them.
No, nobelium: same as above. Has a half life of 1 hour.
Lr, lawrencium: same as above
Rf, rutherfordium: not much is known about this element. At this point, only micrograms or nanograms of this element (and beyond) have ever been produced.
Db, dubnium: same as Rf
Sg, seaborgium: same as Db
Bh, bohrium: it’s most stable isotope has a half life of 0.1s so I am fairly certain that once one gram of this element is placed inside you, you will explode and be obliterated instantly.
Hs, hassium: even worse than Bh.
Mt, meitnerium: even worse than Hs.
Ds, darmstadium: interestingly has a much longer half life of 7.4 seconds. Similar to Sg. Hopefully you aren’t obliterated instantly this time but still expect nuclear explosions.
Rg, rogentium: same as Mt
Cn, copernicium: even better than Ds. Due to its longer half life (minutes) we know some of its chemical properties. Doesn’t help with the nuclear explosions though.
Nh, nihonium: a few atoms of this have been created in Japan.
Fl, flerovium: unknown, similar to Ds. At this point I’m just listing element names because so little is know about them.
Mc, Moscovium: similar to Fl
Lv, livermorium: similar to Mc or Mt.
Ts, tennessine: similar to Lv
Og, oganesson: the last element on the periodic table. To this date 3 atoms of this element have been created. If you place 1 g of this anywhere in the universe, it will be gone in an instant.
Uue, ununennium: jokingly, probably explodes most violent but I can’t say anything about it because it has yet to be discovered. It may not even exist. I don’t know about it, neither does anyone on this world.
In conclusion: your organs are now a mix of unidentifiable substances, with 1 gram of each element, many in the form of ions… before element 100. After that you explode violently and you are then disintegrated.

鉺：顯然，氯化鉺對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的不同影響取決于它的劑量。它的影響曲線看起來(lái)像刺激->沒(méi)什么影響->刺激->抑制，這很奇怪。
銩:我不知道。
鐿:我不知道。
镥:我們正在研究鑭系元素，這些元素對(duì)人類有未知的影響。
鉿：我只知道這很貴，但可能不會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。
鉭:耐腐蝕，所以不會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。

鎢:它的化合物是有毒的?？赡芤鹌凇l(fā)燒或皮疹。但是在單質(zhì)狀態(tài)下應(yīng)該是穩(wěn)定的。
錸:可能沒(méi)什么影響。
鋨:我不知道其元素狀態(tài)，但作為氧化物是有劇毒的。
銥:昂貴且耐腐蝕。

鉑:昂貴且耐腐蝕。
金:同上。
汞:我們都知道它是有毒的，但對(duì)于一個(gè)健康的人來(lái)說(shuō)，如果攝入1克汞，實(shí)際上不會(huì)發(fā)生什么，吸入反而會(huì)更危險(xiǎn)。很可能不會(huì)形成離子。
鉈:這種元素是非法的，未經(jīng)允許不得擁有。它是劇毒，很難治療。事實(shí)上，它的毒性是臭名昭著的，我不知道它的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)。
鉛:確實(shí)有害，它的離子會(huì)攻擊大腦和腎臟。然而，它的毒性與之前的元素相比是相當(dāng)溫和的。如果條件允許，可以形成離子并與碘或溴沉淀。
鉍:相當(dāng)不活潑。

釙:第二種(還是第三種?)高放射性元素。對(duì)健康人造成腫瘤和其他損害。
砹:它的半衰期最多是8.3個(gè)小時(shí)，它的放射性太強(qiáng)了，如果你能有1克的話，它最后會(huì)變成氣體。沒(méi)有關(guān)于它的太多記錄，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人能大量持有它。但肯定會(huì)把你身體的一部分煮熟。

氡:未知，作為氣體應(yīng)是惰性和放射性的。應(yīng)該和釙相似。
鈁:對(duì)于更穩(wěn)定的同位素來(lái)說(shuō)，它的半衰期以分鐘為單位?；瘜W(xué)上它會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)大爆炸，然后衰變?yōu)轫?、氡和鐳。類似于砹，但放大了。
鐳:在鐳被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，關(guān)于它的危害的報(bào)告是未知的，直到與它一起工作的人開(kāi)始有腫脹的下巴。應(yīng)該與水發(fā)生爆炸反應(yīng)形成鹽，但這已經(jīng)不重要了。

Og：元素周期表上的最后一個(gè)元素。到目前為止，已經(jīng)制造了3個(gè)這種元素的原子。如果你把1克這種東西放在宇宙的任何地方，它會(huì)在一瞬間消失。
Uue：開(kāi)玩笑地說(shuō)，可能爆炸最猛烈，但我關(guān)于它我說(shuō)不了任何東西，因?yàn)樗€沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。它甚至可能不存在。我不知道，這個(gè)世界上也沒(méi)有人知道。

總之:在元素100之前，每種元素1克，許多以離子的形式存在,你的器官現(xiàn)在是一種不可識(shí)別物質(zhì)的混合物……。元素100之后，你猛烈地爆炸，然后你被分解。

Dave Consiglio, I have been a science teacher and professor for nearly 20 years.
Answered Thu
Almost all elements - nothing, or nearly nothing.
The important few:
The non-radioactive alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs): You’re going to burn your mouth and/or esophagus and stomach badly. You might die, but probably not. You might blow off your teeth if you chew these. Yikes.
The halogens (F, Cl, Br, I): You’re going to burn your lungs (for the gases), or your mouth and digestive system (for Br especially, and also I). You might die, but probably not. It’s gonna be horrible, though. Don’t do this.
The poisonous non-radioactive elements (As, Hg, Pb, In, Tl, a whole bunch of the rare Earths): You’re gonna have a bad day, maybe your last day, depending on your mass and sensitivity to various toxic elements. But some toxic elements (like Hg, for example) aren’t well absorbed. You’ll just have some metallic poop and potentially some side effects.
The radioactive elements (Elements 84 - 104-ish, Pm, Tc): You’re going to have a really bad day, probably your last day, with a few exceptions. Uranium, Thorium, and a few others of these elements are probably not radioactive enough to kill you outright, though they might well give you stomach (or some other organ) cancer, which might get you later on. But many of these elements are radioactive enough to cause some serious radiation sickness and possibly death. Do not eat.
The superradioactive elements (104 - 118). These explode in your facehole, making a much larger facehole. Briefly. Then you die.

Dave Consiglio我當(dāng)科學(xué)老師和教授已經(jīng)快20年了。
幾乎所有元素吞下去的話——沒(méi)什么影響，或者影響很小。
只有幾點(diǎn)重要的：
非放射性堿金屬(鋰，鈉，鉀，銣，銫):會(huì)嚴(yán)重?zé)齻愕淖旌突蚴车篮臀?。你可能?huì)死，但可能不會(huì)。如果你嚼這些東西，你的牙齒可能會(huì)被刮掉。呵。
鹵素(F, Cl, Br, I):會(huì)灼傷你的肺(因?yàn)橛袣怏w)，或者你的嘴和消化系統(tǒng)(尤其是Br，還有I)，會(huì)很恐怖。不要這樣做。

有毒的非放射性元素(砷，汞，鉛，鉛，所有稀有元素):你將會(huì)有一個(gè)糟糕的一天，也許是你的最后一天，取決于你的質(zhì)量和對(duì)各種有毒元素的敏感性。
放射性元素(84—104, Pm, Tc):你將會(huì)有非常糟糕的一天，可能是你的最后一天，除了一些例外。

鈾、釷和其他一些元素的放射性可能不足以直接殺死你，盡管它們很可能會(huì)讓你的胃(或其他器官)患上癌癥，這可能會(huì)讓你以后患上癌癥。但其中許多元素的放射性足以導(dǎo)致一些嚴(yán)重的輻射疾病，甚至死亡，別吃。
超放射性元素(104 - 118)。這些在你臉洞上發(fā)生的爆炸，會(huì)使你的臉動(dòng)變得更大。簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)，你死了。