Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ??

Arts/music

jazz / Black music / ragtime?

爵士樂的起源

①In their zeal to narrate a single, teleological jazz tradition, early scholars studying Black music, and most subsequent historians, understood the progress of jazz along a certain contour: birth, development, and ideal form (usually the 1940s jazz style bebop). ②Most scholars in the twenty-first century still contend that jazz?is a music that is rooted in?specific discernible qualities?(e.g., improvisation, swing, group play) and?instrumentation (e.g., horns, piano, string bass, and drums). ③In this telling, the style known as ragtime is a precursor to later, more developed jazz styles. ④While many do see ragtime, like the blues, as a necessary?ingredient of jazz, writers rarely examine it on its own merits, much less take account of its own historical?circumstances.?

為了描述一種爵士傳統(tǒng)，早期研究黑人音樂的學(xué)者和后來的大部分歷史學(xué)家通過起源、發(fā)展和理想形式來理解爵士樂的演變。21世紀(jì)的大部分學(xué)者仍然認(rèn)為爵士樂源于特定可識別的音樂特性（即興創(chuàng)作，搖擺樂，樂隊(duì)形式）和樂器（號，鋼琴，貝斯，鼓）。在這種描述下，散拍樂可以作為后來爵士風(fēng)格的前身。雖然很多人認(rèn)為散拍樂和藍(lán)調(diào)都是爵士的重要部分，作曲家很少從其自身檢驗(yàn)，更不會(huì)考慮歷史背景。

1. The primary function of the first sentence of the passage is to ?

功能題 目的題 中

第一句引出背景，描述討論話題。文中出現(xiàn)不同觀點(diǎn)。

B

A. present an opinion regarding early scholars studying Black music that the author will dispute 沒有dispute

B. identifying a perspective on Black music that may need to be reconsidered. 符合

C. examine a controversial view about the origins of Black music. 沒有controversial的證據(jù)

D. point to the influence of early scholars studying Black music on later historians of jazz. 沒有influence的證據(jù)

E. explain why a particular view regarding Black music has recently become prevalent. 沒有解釋這個(gè)原因

2. The author implies which of the following about the “specific discernible qualities”??

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

A

A. They may not all be constitutive features of ragtime. 符合。散拍樂是前身

B. They have in recent decades become less prominent in jazz. 沒有變化的證據(jù)

C. They are the result of jazz’s influence on their musical forms. 沒有influence的證據(jù)

D. They were rarely used in 1940s jazz styles. 沒有用的所少的證據(jù)

E. They have been overlooked by many jazz scholars. 沒有overlook的證據(jù)

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Sciences/sedimentology

Lake Tokotan / sand layers / deposition?

湖內(nèi)沙層形成的原因

This passage is adapted from material published in 2002. ?

①Three core samples taken from different locations on the bed of Lake Tokotan consist mainly of organic-rich clay but also contain two sand layers at a depth indicating deposition in the seventeenth century. ②The coastal freshwater lake is replenished entirely by rainfall and surface seepage, and the absence of river inflow?eliminates?fluvial deposition as a possible origin for the sand layers. ③The sand layers are thicker on the lake’s seaward side, suggesting landward transport of the sand at the time of its deposition. ④In these layers, the diatoms?(algae with glasslike cell walls) are very rare and in a fragmented state, suggesting their deposition by strong currents. ⑤In sum, then, the most probable explanation for the sand layers is that they were deposited either by?unusually large storm surges or else by tsunamis (i.e., tidal waves). ⑥It is difficult to distinguish tsunami deposits?from storm-surge deposits. ⑦But Lake Tokotan is protected by a sand barrier and connected to the sea by a shallow, narrow outlet, and the velocities of the current through this narrow entrance during a storm surge are?unlikely to be strong enough to transport sand and gravel far into the lake. ⑧It can be inferred, therefore, that?the sand layers were deposited by tsunami waves that overtopped and caused severe erosion of the sand.?

在托科坦湖床上不同位置采集的三個(gè)巖芯樣品主要由富含有機(jī)質(zhì)的粘土組成，但也包含兩個(gè)砂層，其深度表明沉積于17世紀(jì)。沿海淡水湖完全由降雨和地表滲漏補(bǔ)充，沒有河流流入消除了河流沉積作為沙層來源的可能。湖向海一側(cè)的沙層更厚，表明在沉積時(shí)沙粒向陸地移動(dòng)。在這些層中，硅藻(具有玻璃狀細(xì)胞壁的藻類)非常罕見，而且處于破碎狀態(tài)，這表明它們是由強(qiáng)洋流沉積的。?總之，對于沙層最可能的解釋是，它們要么是由異常大的風(fēng)暴潮，要么是由海嘯(即潮汐波)沉積下來的。?區(qū)分海嘯沉積和風(fēng)暴潮沉積是很困難的。?但是托科坦湖被一個(gè)沙障保護(hù)著，有一個(gè)淺而狹窄的出口與大海相連，在風(fēng)暴潮期間，通過這個(gè)狹窄入口的水流的速度不太可能強(qiáng)大到把沙子和礫石輸送到湖里很遠(yuǎn)的地方。?因此，可以推斷，沙層是由海嘯海浪覆蓋并造成嚴(yán)重侵蝕的沙子沉積下來的。

3. The author of the passage refers to the diatoms’ fragmented state most likely in order to?

功能題 目的題 易

通過硅藻的狀態(tài)發(fā)現(xiàn)由強(qiáng)洋流沉積。

B

A. show that the sand layers were probably deposited by the same mechanism as the surrounding?sediments 沒有surrounding sediments的證據(jù)

B. suggest the nature of the mechanism that created the sand layers?符合

C. acknowledge the possibility that the normal mechanism of replenishment could account for the sand layers 沒有normal mechanism的證據(jù)

D. confirm that the sand layers were deposited in a landward rather than in a seaward direction 無關(guān)。這是上一句的信息。信息目的優(yōu)先找句內(nèi)關(guān)系。

E. support the assumption that the sand layers had similar causes to each other 沒有similar causes的證據(jù)。

4. Regarding the different effects of storm surges and tsunamis, it can be inferred that the author would most likely agree with which of the following??

態(tài)度題 中

看選項(xiàng)知答題信息來自最后兩句。

E

A. A tsunami is likely to have more effect on Lake Tokotan than a severe storm surge would, because?the velocities of the?current in the lake’s outlet to the sea would be greater during a tsunami. 與最后一句信息不符。最后說道海嘯海浪會(huì)overtop

B. The diatoms in sand layers deposited by tsunamis will typically be more fragmented than those in sand?layers deposited by strong storm surges. 沒有沙層fragmented的證據(jù)?；蛘邿o關(guān)，fragmented的是硅藻

C. In the region of Lake Tokotan over a period of several centuries, the amount of coastal erosion caused ?by tsunamis will typically be greater than that caused by storm surges. 沒有腐蝕程度的比較。

D. Compared to tsunamis, storm surges vary more from one to another in the currents they generate and change of sea level they cause. 沒有變化程度的比較。

E. The influx of water into the lake caused by a tsunami, unlike that caused by a storm surge, need not be confined to the outlet that connects Lake Tokotan to the sea. 對應(yīng)最后一句overtop

5. In the context in which it appears, “eliminates” most nearly means?

詞匯題 易

eliminate 消除，排除

B

A. abolishes? 廢除，取消

B. excludes 排除

C. omits 省去，遺漏

D. reduces 減少

E. expels 驅(qū)逐

Question 6 is based on this passage

Sciences/environmental science

ground-level ozone / tree growth

臭氧影響樹木生長

Ground-level ozone, a by-product of gasoline combustion, stunts tree growth in laboratory conditions. Researchers tracked the growth rate of loblolly pine trees in a large forest in the southern United States from 1990 to 1994. Over the course of those five years, ground-level ozone in the forest increased, while the rate of circumferential trunk growth decreased. These results indicate that in nature as in the laboratory, no tree is?likely to thrive in high concentrations of ground-level ozone.?

地表臭氧是汽油燃燒的副產(chǎn)品，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下會(huì)阻礙植物生長。研究者從1990到1994記錄了一片大森林中火炬松的生長速率。在這五年中，森林中的臭氧濃度增高，樹干的增粗速率也下降。這些結(jié)果表明，自然和實(shí)驗(yàn)室一樣，高濃度臭氧下樹木無法茁壯成長。

6. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument??

邏輯單題 邏輯反對 易

事實(shí)=結(jié)果=論據(jù)=樹干增粗速率下降

觀點(diǎn)=原因=論點(diǎn)=臭氧影響樹木生長

找他因。

D

A. Measurement of circumferential tree-trunk growth were taken of both saplings and mature trees. 與取樣無關(guān)。或者說，取樣多樣，可能會(huì)加強(qiáng)原論斷。

B. Concentrations of ozone high up in the Earth’s atmosphere fluctuated significantly less during the?period from 1990 to 1994 than during the period from 1986 to 1990. 不要管其他的時(shí)間段。違反邏輯收斂。

C. Traffic on a major interstate highway cutting through a large valley below the forest where the study?was conducted increased sharply in 1990. 會(huì)加強(qiáng)。車多臭氧多。

D. Of the many species of trees in the forest where the study was conducted, the loblolly pine was the?only species to show a reduced rate of circumferential trunk growth from 1990 to 1994. 那就有可能有他因了。其他樹都沒事，就你有事。就不一定怪臭氧了。

E. Rainfall patterns in the area where the trees were growing did not change significantly over the five-year period from 1990 to 1994. 排除他因?？赡芗訌?qiáng)

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Sciences/paleontology

extinct / Australia / early settlers / emu

人類導(dǎo)致澳洲大型動(dòng)物滅絕

①Less than 50,000 years ago, most of Australia’s largest animals became extinct,?including nineteen species of giant marsupials. ②This die-off roughly coincided with the arrival of humans. ③Since Australia is so vast, and the number of early settlers hunting animals would have been so low, biologists long dismissed this timing as?coincidence. ④Recently, however, researchers analyzing ancient emu eggshells found that 45,000 years ago, emus’ diets changed from all sorts of different plants to mainly shrubs. ⑤The researchers hypothesized that Australia’s early settlers periodically set the countryside afire—perhaps to flush our prey—a practice that would have reduced the variety of plant life. ⑥Animals that could cope with the changed landscape survived, while those that?could not died out.?

不到5萬年前，澳大利亞的大部分大型動(dòng)物滅絕了，包括19種有袋類動(dòng)物。這種情況的發(fā)生大致和人類到達(dá)的時(shí)間一致。因?yàn)榘闹藓艽螅耶?dāng)時(shí)打獵的人也不多，生物學(xué)家也只當(dāng)做巧合處理。然而，最近研究者研究鴯鹋（產(chǎn)于澳洲的一種體型大而不會(huì)飛的鳥）的蛋殼時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，45000年前，鴯鹋從吃不同的植物轉(zhuǎn)而主要吃灌木。研究者們假設(shè)是澳洲的早期移民定期放火想把獵物趕出來，使得植物多樣性下降。能夠適應(yīng)環(huán)境改變的動(dòng)物可以存活，不能適應(yīng)的就消失了。

7. The researchers’ hypothesis suggests that the “nineteen species of giant marsupials”?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

研究者認(rèn)為是人類行為導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物滅絕。

C

A. were already dying out when Australia’s first settlers arrived? 相反。

B. formerly subsisted on emu eggs 沒有證據(jù)

C. were unable to survive in a landscape altered by fire? 符合

D. ate mainly shrubs before the arrival of humans 無關(guān)。吃shrub的是emu

E. were hunted to extinction by Australia’s first settlers 沒有hunt的證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

8. The passage suggests that roughly 45,000 years ago, emus’ diets changed because?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 易

A

A. the landscape became dominated by shrubs 符合

B. emus suddenly faced less competition for food from other species 沒有證據(jù)

C. settlers introduced plants that crowded out existing ones 沒有證據(jù)

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Arts/politics

intimate converstaion / political discourse / political oratory

政治演說不靠譜

①The emphasis on intimate conversation in political discourse originated with Saul Alinsky (1909-1972) but became American labor leader Cesar Chavez’s (1927-1993) supreme contribution to political theory and?practice. ②Such one-on-one organizing, like the feminist consciousness-raising groups that share its spirit, was?promoted not just as a way of discussing politics, but as a way of doing politics. ③Its opposite was political oratory, the great transforming speech before a gathering of listeners. ④This view was an enormous departure in democratic theory:?the leader’s ability to inspire a crowd had long been a touchstone of popular politics, but?now such speeches and speechmakers seemed suspect, even essentially undemocratic, because they were?frequently full of bombast and because they talked at the people instead of listening to them. ?

在政治討論中對親切談話的強(qiáng)調(diào)起源于SA，但后來成為美國勞工領(lǐng)袖塞CC對政治理論和實(shí)踐的極大貢獻(xiàn)。這種一對一的組織形式，就像共享精神的女權(quán)主義意識提升團(tuán)體一樣，不僅僅是作為一種討論政治的方式被推廣，也是一種從政的方式。它的反面是政治演說，在聽眾面前的煽動(dòng)性演講。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)與民主理論有很大的不同：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者激發(fā)民眾的能力一直是一個(gè)政治理念是否受歡迎的試金石，但現(xiàn)在這樣的演講和演講家卻被懷疑，甚至被認(rèn)為壓根就是不民主，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)?？淇涠劊也]有聆聽人民的聲音。

9. In the context of the passage, the highlighted portions serves primarily to ?

功能題 目的題 中

高亮部分給出不認(rèn)同的民主理論。

C

A. shed light on the validity of a theory 闡述一個(gè)理論的正確性。相反

B. question the reasonableness of a claim 不是在質(zhì)疑觀點(diǎn)的合理性。

C. identify an untenable assumption 符合

D. cast doubt on an outmoded idea 這句話本身不是用來反駁誰的

E. highlight the radical nature of an approach 沒有radical nature的證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

10. According to the passage, Chavez differed from earlier democratic leaders in his approach to organizing in that Chavez ?

細(xì)節(jié)題 中

CC采用親切談話。

C

A. was willing to question some widely held political assumptions 沒有證據(jù)

B. did not think that great speeches could achieve political ends 不認(rèn)為演講可以達(dá)成政治目的。這個(gè)沒有證據(jù)。比如許多人不通過健身而通過節(jié)食來減肥，不代表認(rèn)為健身沒有減肥效果。

C. preferred dialogue to other forms of political discourse 符合