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《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雙語:美國(guó)的通貨膨脹期結(jié)束了嗎?

2023-07-18 13:01 作者:自由英語之路  | 我要投稿

原文標(biāo)題:
The US economy
Powell’s dilemma
Cooler prices but a hot job market

美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)
鮑威爾的兩難選擇

物價(jià)走低但就業(yè)市場(chǎng)火熱


Is America’s inflationary fever breaking?
Its labour market remains too hot for comfort
美國(guó)的通貨膨脹期結(jié)束了嗎?
勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)依然炙手可熱,令人不安


[Paragraph 1]

WRITING OUT economic figures to the third decimal place is normally an exercise in spurious precision.

將經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)寫到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后三位通常是一種虛假精確度操作。


But after two years of uncomfortably high inflation, price statistics are studied in minute detail.

但在經(jīng)歷了兩年令人不安的高通脹之后,專家們對(duì)價(jià)格統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的研究。


The unrounded month-on-month increase in America’s core inflation (minus volatile food and energy costs) in June was 0.158%, even more pleasing for officials than the 0.2% rounded increase, which itself was the slowest pace in more than two years.

6 月份美國(guó)核心通脹率(不包括波動(dòng)性較大的食品和能源成本)的環(huán)比增幅為 0.158%,這一數(shù)字比四舍五入后0.2%的增幅更令官方滿意,而且這本身就是兩年多來最慢的增速。


However many decimal places, the question remains the same. Is America’s inflationary fever finally breaking?
無論精確到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后多少位,問題依然存在。美國(guó)的通貨膨脹期結(jié)束了嗎?


[Paragraph 2]

The latest figures brought much good news.

最新數(shù)據(jù)帶來了很多好消息。


Headlines focused on the deceleration in the overall consumer-price index: just a 3% year-on-year rise in June, a sharp slow down from the 9% pace of June 2022, thanks largely to a fall in energy prices.

頭條新聞聚焦在總體消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)減速上:6 月份同比僅增長(zhǎng) 3%,與2022年6月的 9%相比大幅放緩,這主要?dú)w功于能源價(jià)格的下降。


Yet a range of measures of underlying inflation also looked appealing.

然而,各種衡量基礎(chǔ)通脹的指標(biāo)也表現(xiàn)得令人滿意。


Most notably, prices for core services excluding housing—a category to which Jerome Powell, chairman of the Federal Reserve, often points as an indicator of underlying inflationary momentum—fell slightly in June compared with May.

最值得注意的是,與5月相比,6月份的核心服務(wù)價(jià)格(除了住房之外)略有下降。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)主席杰羅姆·鮑威爾將其作為衡量基礎(chǔ)通脹勢(shì)頭的指標(biāo)。


[Paragraph 3]
On its own, such a benign inflation report might be expected to push the central bank to hold interest rates steady when it next meets, at the end of July.
單單看這個(gè)溫和的通脹報(bào)告,或許在下次7月底央行會(huì)議上,將做出維持利率穩(wěn)定的決定。

It is, however, never wise to read too much into a single month of data.
然而,過多解讀單月數(shù)據(jù)絕非明智之舉。

The Fed’s policymakers have much else to factor into their decision, starting with the labour market. And a range of indicators highlight its remarkable resilience.
美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的決策者們需要考慮很多其他因素,首先是勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。而且一系列指標(biāo)突顯了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的非凡韌性。

[Paragraph 4]
For every unemployed person in America, there are 1.6 jobs available, a ratio down a tad since mid-2022, but well in excess of the pre-pandemic norm.
美國(guó)每個(gè)失業(yè)者有1.6個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì),這一比例自2022年年中以來略有下降,但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了疫情前的正常水平。

Since February 2020 the economy has added nearly 4m jobs, putting employment above its long-term trend line.
自2020年2月以來,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增加了近400萬個(gè)就業(yè)崗位,就業(yè)率高于長(zhǎng)期趨勢(shì)線。

Some 84% of prime-age workers are now in work or looking for work, the most since 2002 and just a percentage point off an all-time high.
現(xiàn)在,約 84% 的青壯年勞動(dòng)力正在工作或正在尋找工作,這是自 2002 年以來的最高水平,僅與歷史最高值相差一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。


[Paragraph 5]
From the view of workers, such vigour is welcome. Wage growth has been fast for service-sector jobs that require less education, such as construction.
工人們喜歡這種市場(chǎng)活力。對(duì)于不需要太多教育的服務(wù)業(yè)工作(如建筑業(yè))工資增長(zhǎng)速度很快。

This, in turn, has helped narrow income inequality. Less well-off folk benefit from a tight labour market.
這反過來有助于縮小收入差距。不太富裕的人從緊張型勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中受益。

The unemployment rate for black Americans hit 4.7% in April, a record low.
4月份美國(guó)黑人失業(yè)率為4.7%,創(chuàng)歷史新低。


[Paragraph 6]
But will this tightness in the labour market feed through into broader price rises?
但是,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的緊張狀況是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致更廣泛的物價(jià)上漲呢?

Hourly earnings in June, for instance, rose at an annualised pace of 4.4%, consistent with an inflation rate well above the Federal Reserve’s target of 2%.
例如,6 月份的時(shí)薪年化增長(zhǎng)率為 4.4%,與遠(yuǎn)高于美聯(lián)儲(chǔ) 2% 目標(biāo)的通脹率一致。

Alternative measures suggest that the upward trend may be even steeper. A tracker by the Fed’s Atlanta branch points to annualised wage growth of around 6% this year.
其他衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表明,上升趨勢(shì)可能會(huì)更加陡峭。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)亞特蘭大分行的一項(xiàng)追蹤數(shù)據(jù)顯示,今年的年化工資增長(zhǎng)率約為 6%。

[Paragraph 7]
As a result, despite the recent cooling in inflation, the hot employment picture all but guarantees the Fed will resume lifting rates after a brief pause last month.
因此,盡管近期通脹有所降溫,但就業(yè)形勢(shì)火熱局面幾乎可以確保美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)在上個(gè)月短暫暫停后恢復(fù)加息。

Markets now assign a 92% probability to a quarter-point rate rise in July; a month ago it was more or less seen as a coin flip.
目前市場(chǎng)認(rèn)為 7 月份加息 25 個(gè)基點(diǎn)的概率為 92%;一個(gè)月前,市場(chǎng)認(rèn)為加息事件是拋硬幣50%的發(fā)生概率。

[Paragraph 8]
Less certain is what the Fed will do after that.
此后美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)將會(huì)做出什么決定,尚不確定。

Before the inflation data for June, Mr Powell and many of his colleagues indicated the central bank would provide yet another rate increase before the end of this year.
在6月通脹數(shù)據(jù)公布之前,鮑威爾和他的許多同事表示央行將在今年年底前再次加息。

This is now in doubt. If inflation recedes again in July and August, the central bank will come under extreme pressure to call time on its tightening cycle.
現(xiàn)在要打個(gè)問號(hào)。如果通脹在7月和8月再次回落,中央銀行將面臨極大壓力,必須終止其緊縮政策。

Three decimal places will not lead it to stop. But three consecutive soft inflation reports ought to do the trick.
精確到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后3位不會(huì)使緊縮政策停止。但連續(xù)3份疲軟的通脹報(bào)告應(yīng)該會(huì)奏效。

(恭喜讀完,本篇英語詞匯量618左右)
原文出自:2023年7月15日《The Economist》Finance & economics版塊

精讀筆記來源于:自由英語之路

文翻譯整理: Irene本文編輯校對(duì): Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。


【補(bǔ)充資料】(來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò))
美國(guó)核心通脹率Core Inflation是指不包括食品和能源價(jià)格的消費(fèi)者物價(jià)指數(shù)(CPI)的漲幅。影響美國(guó)核心通脹率的因素有:
1.勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng):當(dāng)就業(yè)率高且工資增長(zhǎng)加快時(shí),人們的購(gòu)買力增加,可能會(huì)推動(dòng)價(jià)格上漲。
2.貨幣政策:當(dāng)美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)采取擴(kuò)張性貨幣政策時(shí),即降低利率并增加貨幣供應(yīng)量,可能會(huì)刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)和價(jià)格上漲。
3.商品價(jià)格:雖然食品和能源價(jià)格不計(jì)入核心通脹率,但它們?nèi)匀豢梢詫?duì)整體價(jià)格水平產(chǎn)生影響。如果食品和能源價(jià)格大幅上漲,可能會(huì)對(duì)其他商品和服務(wù)的價(jià)格產(chǎn)生間接影響。
4.國(guó)際因素:如果進(jìn)口商品價(jià)格上漲或美元貶值,可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致價(jià)格上漲。

杰羅姆·鮑威爾Jerome Powell是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和銀行家,于2018年2月就任美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)主席。他在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)期間,負(fù)責(zé)制定和執(zhí)行貨幣政策,監(jiān)督銀行體系,并維護(hù)金融穩(wěn)定。他具有廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)和專業(yè)背景。他在普林斯頓大學(xué)取得政治學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位,并在喬治城大學(xué)法學(xué)院獲得法學(xué)博士學(xué)位。他在面對(duì)2020年新冠疫情帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)時(shí),采取了多項(xiàng)措施來支持經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇,包括降低利率、購(gòu)買債券和提供流動(dòng)性支持。他的決策和觀點(diǎn)對(duì)全球金融市場(chǎng)有著重要影響,備受關(guān)注和研究。

美國(guó)消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)(CPI)是衡量商品和服務(wù)價(jià)格變化的指標(biāo),它受到多個(gè)因素的影響。以下是一些影響美國(guó)CPI的主要因素:
1. 通貨膨脹預(yù)期:消費(fèi)者對(duì)未來通貨膨脹的預(yù)期將影響他們對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的購(gòu)買決策,從而對(duì)CPI產(chǎn)生影響。
2. 勞動(dòng)力成本:如果工人的工資提高,企業(yè)往往會(huì)將成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者,導(dǎo)致價(jià)格上漲。
3. 原材料成本:原油價(jià)格上漲可能導(dǎo)致能源產(chǎn)品價(jià)格上漲,進(jìn)而推動(dòng)整體CPI上升。
4. 需求和供應(yīng):如果某種商品需求超過供應(yīng),價(jià)格往往會(huì)上升。
5. 貨幣供應(yīng)量:貨幣供應(yīng)量的增加可能導(dǎo)致通貨膨脹,從而推動(dòng)CPI上升。
6. 政府政策:貨幣政策的寬松可能導(dǎo)致通貨膨脹,而稅收的減少可能促使消費(fèi)者增加支出。
7. 外部因素:進(jìn)口商品價(jià)格的變化或匯率的波動(dòng)可能會(huì)傳導(dǎo)到國(guó)內(nèi)CPI上。

緊張型勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)Tight Labour Market是指供求關(guān)系對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的需求方面比較強(qiáng)勁,導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力供應(yīng)不足的情況。在一個(gè)緊張的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中,公司可能很難找到合適的員工來填補(bǔ)職位空缺,因?yàn)閯趧?dòng)力市場(chǎng)上的可用勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量較少。這種情況下,公司可能會(huì)提高工資、福利和其他激勵(lì)措施來吸引和留住員工。者是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和就業(yè)市場(chǎng)好轉(zhuǎn)的一個(gè)跡象。它可能意味著公司正在擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù),需求增加,并且需要更多的員工來滿足生產(chǎn)需求。然而,這也可能導(dǎo)致通貨膨脹壓力,因?yàn)楣究赡軙?huì)將勞動(dòng)力成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者,從而推動(dòng)物價(jià)上漲。

貨幣緊縮政策常用于控制通脹,防止經(jīng)濟(jì)過熱或金融不穩(wěn)定,主要有的措施:
1. 提高利率:中央銀行可以通過提高基準(zhǔn)利率來吸收市場(chǎng)上的流動(dòng)性,以控制貨幣供應(yīng)量,并抑制通脹壓力。
2. 減少貨幣供應(yīng):中央銀行可以通過減少資金市場(chǎng)上的流動(dòng)性來限制貨幣供應(yīng),以遏制通脹。
3. 收緊信貸政策:中央銀行可以通過提高貸款利率或收緊借貸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來限制銀行的信貸投放,從而抑制貨幣供應(yīng)。
4. 減少政府支出:通過降低政府開支和財(cái)政赤字來減少對(duì)市場(chǎng)流動(dòng)性的需求,以達(dá)到貨幣緊縮的目的。
5. 減少量化寬松政策:如果之前實(shí)施了量化寬松政策(如大規(guī)模購(gòu)債),中央銀行可以逐步減少購(gòu)買債券的規(guī)模,以收緊貨幣供應(yīng)。


【重點(diǎn)句子】(3個(gè))
However many decimal places, the question remains the same. Is America’s inflationary fever finally breaking?
無論精確到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后多少位,問題依然存在。美國(guó)的通貨膨脹期結(jié)束了嗎?

The Fed’s policymakers have much else to factor into their decision, starting with the labour market. And a range of indicators highlight its remarkable resilience.
美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的決策者們需要考慮很多其他因素,首先是勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。而且一系列指標(biāo)突顯了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的非凡韌性。

This, in turn, has helped narrow income inequality. Less well-off folk benefit from a tight labour market.
這反過來有助于縮小收入差距。不太富裕的人從緊張型勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中受益。


自由英語之路



《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雙語:美國(guó)的通貨膨脹期結(jié)束了嗎?的評(píng)論 (共 條)

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