Swallowing,?or?deglutition,?is?the?process?by?which?food?passes?from?the?mouth,?through?the?pharynx?and?into?the?esophagus.

吞咽是食物通過(guò)口腔穿過(guò)咽部進(jìn)入食管的過(guò)程。

As?simple?as?it?might?seem?to?healthy?people,?swallowing?is?actually?a?very?complex?action?that?requires?an?extremely?precise?coordination?with?breathing?since?both?of?these?processes?share?the?same?entrance?-?the?pharynx.

就像健康的人一樣簡(jiǎn)單，吞咽確實(shí)是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程，它要求與呼吸過(guò)程的極其協(xié)調(diào)，因?yàn)楹粑c吞咽過(guò)程有共同的入口————咽。

Failure?to?coordinate?would?result?in?choking?or?pulmonary?aspiration.

失敗的協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)導(dǎo)致噎食，窒息和肺吸入。

Swallowing?involves?over?twenty?muscles?of?the?mouth,?throat?and?esophagus?which?are?controlled?by?several?cortical?areas?and?by?the?swallowing?centers?in?the?brainstem.

吞咽過(guò)程涉及口腔，咽喉，食管里的二十塊被多數(shù)皮質(zhì)區(qū)和腦干的吞咽中樞所控制的肌肉。

The?brain?communicates?with?the?muscles?through?several?cranial?nerves.

大腦通過(guò)腦神經(jīng)與肌肉相聯(lián)系。

Swallowing?consists?of?three?phases: 1.

吞咽過(guò)程包含三個(gè)階段：1.

Oral?or?buccal?phase:?this?is?the?voluntary?part?of?swallowing,?the?food?is?moistened?with?saliva?and?chewed,?food?bolus?is?formed?and?the?tongue?pushes?it?to?the?back?of?the?throat?(the?pharynx).

口腔內(nèi)的階段：這是吞咽的主動(dòng)階段，食物被唾液和咀嚼所濕潤(rùn)，食團(tuán)形成然后舌頭把食團(tuán)推向咽部后方。

This?process?is?under?neural?control?of?several?areas?of?cerebral?cortex?including?the?motor?cortex.

這個(gè)過(guò)程是在包括運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì)在內(nèi)的大腦皮質(zhì)下所控制的。

2.?Pharyngeal?phase?starts?with?stimulation?of?tactile?receptors?in?the?oropharynx?by?the?food?bolus.

2咽期開始于食物丸刺激口咽中的觸覺感受器。

The?swallow?reflex?is?initiated?and?is?under?involuntary?neuromuscular?control.

咽部反射是在無(wú)意識(shí)的神經(jīng)肌肉控制下開始的。

The?following?actions?are?taken?to?ensure?the?passage?of?food?or?drink?into?the?esophagus:?The?tongue?blocks?the?oral?cavity?to?prevent?going?back?to?the?mouth.

采取以下措施確保食物或飲料進(jìn)入食道:舌頭可以堵住口腔，防止口腔再次進(jìn)入口腔。

The?soft?palate?blocks?entry?to?the?nasal?cavity.

軟腭阻塞進(jìn)入鼻腔。

The?vocal?folds?close?to?protect?the?airway?to?the?lungs.

聲帶閉合以保護(hù)氣道到肺部。

The?larynx?is?pulled?up?with?the?epiglottis?flipping?over?covering?the?entry?to?the?trachea.

喉部被拉起，會(huì)厭在覆蓋氣管的入口翻轉(zhuǎn)。

This?is?the?most?important?step?since?entry?of?food?or?drink?into?the?lungs?may?potentially?be?life?threatening.

食物或者飲料進(jìn)入肺部最重要的步驟可能是潛在的生命威脅。

-?The?upper?esophageal?sphincter?opens?to?allow?passage?to?the?esophagus.

上部的食管括約肌松弛使得食物進(jìn)入食管。

3.?Esophageal?phase:?food?bolus?is?propelled?down?the?esophagus?by?peristalsis?- a?wave?of?muscular?contraction?that?pushes?the?bolus?ahead?of?it.

三。食道期：食物丸通過(guò)蠕動(dòng)沿著食道向下推進(jìn)，蠕動(dòng)是一種肌肉收縮波，推動(dòng)食物團(tuán)向前推進(jìn)。

The?larynx?moves?down?back?to?original?position.

喉頭向下回到原來(lái)的位置。