Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.??

Where Carlos Bulosan aimed through fiction and personal testimony to advance both Filipino civil?rights in the United States and the social transformation of the Philippines, Yen Le Espiritu has set herself ?the task of recovering life histories of Filipino Americans. Her work brings Filipino Americans of the ?generation following the 1934-1965 immigration hiatus graphically to life. A special strength is the ?representation of Filipino American women, who were scarce among immigrants before the 1934 ?American curb on Filipino immigration but composed more than half of the immigrants to America since ?liberalization in 1965. Espiritu’s subjects document their changing sense of Filipino identity in the United ?States, much as Bulosan did as a member of the first substantial wave of immigrants.?

1. According to the passage, both Bulosan and Espiritu do which of the following in their work?

A. Consider generational differences in Filipino immigrants’ responses to life in the United States?

B. Attempt to make allowance for the demographic variations among Filipino immigrants to the United ?States?

C. Employ fiction in addition to documenting actual life histories of Filipino immigrants to the United ?States?

D. Represent how life in the United States has affected immigrants’ sense of Filipino identity

E. Examine the effects on Filipinos in the United States of the 1934 American curb on Filipino immigration?

2. In the context in which it appears, “graphically” most nearly means?

A. in writing ?

B. by means of drawing ?

C. impressionistically ?

D. diagrammatically ?

E. vividly?

Questions 3 to 6?are based on this passage.?

The main exception to primate researchers' general pattern of ignoring interactions between males and?infants has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet?marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed?direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and?tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to ease the female in her staggering?reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it.?It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the?evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among?primates must be fairly rare. ?

Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns?out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity?facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility,?whether the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did not in some?way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and?females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy! Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or?specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote?more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and?critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.?

3. The author of the passage implies that most primate researchers?

A. incorrectly assume that, among primates, females provide the bulk of infant care?

B. deliberately exaggerate the frequency of male care in monogamous primate species?

C. erroneously claim that male care of infants evolved before monogamy among primates?

D. unjustifiably neglect the relationship between male primates and infants?

E. regularly underestimate the importance of female care among primates?

4. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is?

A. incontestable ?

B. immutable ?

C. uncommon ?

D. immaterial ?

E. uncertain?

5. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage??

A. Primates that give birth to twins uniformly demonstrate higher rates of male care than do primates ?that give birth to single infants. ?

B. New World monkeys generally show higher incidences of monogamy than do other primate?species.?

C. Care of infants of male primates occurs only in those species in which monogamy is observed.?

D. The majority of primate species do not exhibit monogamous behavior.?

E. Male care of infants in primates is dependent on male confidence of paternity.?

6. If the assumptions of both Kleiman and Symon are true, which of the following statements is ?most likely true??

A. Monogamy is common among New World monkeys.?

B. Male care of infants has infrequently evolved in primates.?

C. Monogamous primates generally exhibit male care of infants.?

D. Evolution has favored male confidence of paternity in primates.?

E. Nonmonogamous primates sometimes display male care of infants.?

Question 7 is based on this passage.?

Samples taken from the ice of glaciers show that during the last ice age there was far more dust in the atmosphere than there is now. Since greater amounts of dust in the atmosphere would result in less?sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface, it is likely that the large amount of dust then present helped maintain?low global temperatures and thus prolonged the ice age.

7. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument??

A. The distribution of dust in Earth’s atmosphere is never entirely uniform.?

B. The glacial samples show that at various times since the last ice age, there has been less dust in the?atmosphere than there was during the period between the last two ice ages.?

C. Ice more effectively reflects sunlight away from Earth than dust does.?

D. In general, the clearer the atmosphere, the faster heat from sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface?escapes back into outer space.?

E. Thick sheets of ice can keep heat from inside a planet from escaping into the atmosphere.?

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.?

French filmmakers of the 1920s emphasized visual style rather than narrative continuity, which was?already dominant in the United States and elsewhere. Some critics have asserted that since these films flout?the cinematic conventions of Hollywood, they should be regarded as important modernist cinema. While?a welcome departure from the traditional denigration of 1920s French cinema, this claim overestimates or?distorts the achievement of such directors as Gance and L'Herbier, since the Hollywood conventions they?did not use were not yet fully established in France, where the Hollywood-style production practices that would have supported these conventions were lacking. Moreover, though?1920s French films should?indeed be judged by criteria other than those underlying the Hollywood aesthetic, their slighting of?Hollywood conventions does not, by itself, make them modernist or genuine revolutionary, since the?weight of nineteenth-century traditions of art and literature on these films—especially in subject matter?and ideological assumptions—cannot easily be disregarded.??

8. In regard to 1920s French cinema, the passage is primarily concerned with?

A. critiquing an assessment of it?

B. refuting a traditional view of it?

C. defending it against certain criticisms?

D. assessing its various merits?

E. evaluating opposing views of it?

9. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about the critics mentioned in the highlighted sentence??

A. They have failed to identify the real merits of such directors as Gance and L’Herbier.?

B. They have neglected to note the influence of prior aesthetic traditions on 1920s French cinema.?

C. They have overestimated the degree to which modernist cinema diverges from Hollywood?conventions.?

D. They have been successful in revising the traditional view of 1920s French cinema.?

E. They have demonstrated that modernist cinema has been partly influenced by the rediscovery of 1920s French cinema.?

10. Which of the following statements about the “claim” is most consistent with the view?expressed by the author of the passage??

A. The claim has a certain amount of validity but is undermined by its failure to define the qualities ?that actually characterize modernist cinema.?

B. The claim overestimates the achievements of 1920s French cinema to approximately the same?degree that earlier assessments underestimated those achievements.?

C. The claim tends to be more accurate regarding certain directors than regarding other directors.?

D. The claim represents a welcome revival of interest in 1920s French cinema, but it is overly?concerned with the types of influences that shaped these films.?

E. The claim is an improvement upon an earlier assessment of 1920s French cinema, but in several ?respects it is mistaken.