Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

Arts/literature

African American / avant-garde / anthology?

也要關(guān)注非裔美國文學(xué)選集背后的政治動(dòng)機(jī)

①Nielsen is aware that for many readers, including the anthologists who create textbooks, African American?literature is thought to be primarily realistic in style and sociological or political in content. ②Avant-garde expressions—beyond the obvious examples offered by Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka, and Ishmael Reed—are frequently overlooked. ③While such a narrow view is more readily apparent in critical attention given to fiction than in that given to poetry, it certainly skews anthologies.④ Nielsen is acutely aware of the serious political motives that often underlie such compilations and is also concerned that the currently popular critical paradigm?of an oral tradition might deflect proper attention due African American literary traditions.

尼爾森意識(shí)到，對于許多讀者來說，包括編寫教科書的選集家，非裔美國文學(xué)主要是現(xiàn)實(shí)性風(fēng)格和社會(huì)性或政治性內(nèi)容。?除了 Langston Hughes、Amiri Baraka 和 Ishmael Reed 提供的明顯例子之外，前衛(wèi)的表達(dá)方式經(jīng)常被忽視。 雖然這種狹隘的觀點(diǎn)在對小說的批判性關(guān)注中比對詩歌要更明顯，但它肯定沒有顧及到選集。 尼爾森敏銳地意識(shí)到這些匯編背后的嚴(yán)重政治動(dòng)機(jī)，并且還擔(dān)心當(dāng)前流行的口頭傳統(tǒng)批評(píng)范式可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移對非裔美國文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的適當(dāng)關(guān)注。

1.?The passage suggests that compared with critical writing on African American fiction, critical?writing on African American poetry

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 中

對應(yīng)第三句中，也就是前文中的情況在小說中比在詩歌中情況更多。也就是詩歌跟小說比沒那么忽視前衛(wèi)表達(dá)，沒那么現(xiàn)實(shí)的風(fēng)格和政治性的內(nèi)容。

D

A. is more often driven by serious political motives 無關(guān)且沒有這一層比較的證據(jù)。

B. is more influenced by currently popular critical paradigms 無關(guān)且沒有influenced證據(jù)。

C. draws clearer distinctions between oral and literary traditions 沒有distinctions的證據(jù)

D. acknowledges a broader range of style and content 符合

E. focuses more on the sociological implications of the works discussed 沒有證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2.?The passage suggests that Nielsen has which of the following concerns regarding anthologies of?African American literature?

態(tài)度題 難

作者認(rèn)為選集也有很強(qiáng)的政治性動(dòng)機(jī)，不能使用傳統(tǒng)批判模式。

AB

A. That the anthologies overlook the work of the important avant-garde writers Langston Hughes, Amiri?Baraka, and Ishmael Reed 第三句說到，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)只顧及到小說和詩歌，卻忘了選集。說明選集也具有前一句的問題。

B. That the anthologies focus on a particular type of literature at the expense of other types 是的，只關(guān)注政治性內(nèi)容了。

C. That the anthologies give insufficient attention to the oral tradition in African American literature 相反。

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Sciences/biology

FID / bird escape /?

鳥類也有認(rèn)知能力

①“Flight-Initiation Distance” (FID) is the distance at which birds flee from an approaching human. ②Birds?adjust their FIDs in relation to a range of factors, including body mass, encounter rates with stimuli, and aspects?of the stimulus such as starting distance (the distance at which a human approach begins), stimulus type (e.g.,?vehicle or walker), proximity to refuge, directness and speed of approach.

①The ability to discriminate between stimuli within species demonstrates that cognition is involved in the?specifics of bird escape, and the substantial cognitive ability of at least some birds has recently been highlighted. ②Accurate judgment of risk, and appropriate level of response, is likely to be critical for the survival of many birds that encounter potentially threatening stimuli such as humans in increasing numbers and places. ③The “cognitive buffer” hypothesis suggests larger-brained birds will be better able to adapt to novel environmental conditions such as those created by anthropogenic landscape change. ④In theory these birds may be able to learn (habituate or sensitize) to adjust responses appropriately based on their previous experience. ⑤If so, one would?predict that there would be a negative association between FID and brain size within and across species.

“飛行起始距離”（FID）是鳥類逃離接近的人類的距離。鳥類會(huì)根據(jù)一系列因素調(diào)整它們的 FID，包括體重、與刺激的遭遇率以及刺激的各個(gè)方面，例如起始距離（人類開始接近的距離）、刺激類型（例如車輛或步行者），庇護(hù)地遠(yuǎn)近，接近程度和速度。

區(qū)分物種內(nèi)刺激的能力表明鳥類逃跑的屬性和認(rèn)知有關(guān)，而且最近的確發(fā)現(xiàn)至少有些鳥有很強(qiáng)的認(rèn)知能力。準(zhǔn)確的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)判斷和適當(dāng)?shù)姆磻?yīng)水平可能對許多不斷受到潛在危險(xiǎn)刺激的鳥類的生存至關(guān)重要。 “認(rèn)知緩沖”假說表明，大腦較大的鳥類將能夠更好地適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境條件，例如人為導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境變化。從理論上講，這些鳥也許能夠?qū)W習(xí)（習(xí)慣或敏感），根據(jù)他們以前的經(jīng)驗(yàn)適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整反應(yīng)。如果是這樣，F(xiàn)ID 與大腦大小之間會(huì)存在負(fù)相關(guān)。

3.?The primary purpose of the passage is to

功能題 主旨題 易

文章通過FID來討論鳥類的認(rèn)知能力。屬于現(xiàn)象解釋類文章。

D

A. describe some adaptations of birds to environmental changes caused by humans 沒有adaptations的證據(jù)。

B. challenge the role of brain size in birds’ behavioral responses to potential threats 不是駁論文

C. argue that cognitive ability may be more useful than measures of escape behavior in predicting the?survival of birds 沒有比較，也沒有后面predicting的證據(jù)

D. examine the link between brain size and escape behavior in birds 符合。單選選最優(yōu)。

E. explore a possible correlation between escape behavior and survival of birds? encountering humans 沒有這個(gè)correlation的證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

4. According to the passage, the distance at which a bird flees from a potentially threatening human?partly depends on which of the following?

細(xì)節(jié)題 易

BC

A. Whether the human is watching the bird 沒有證據(jù)

B. How familiar the human is to the bird 符合，encounter rates

C. How close the bird’s place of safety is 符合

5. The author mentions the “cognitive buffer” hypothesis primarily to

功能題 目的題 易

給出一種觀點(diǎn)。

B

A. introduce a controversial hypothesis regarding bird adaptation 沒有controversial的證據(jù)

B. expand on a mechanism that may contribute to bird adaptation 符合

C. summarize the cognitive factors lead some bird species to become dominant 沒有dominant的證據(jù)

D. challenge a widely held view of bird adaptation 沒有challenge

E. provide a counterexample concerning bird survival 不是反例

Questions 6 is based on this passage

Sciences

electricity / irrigatation / hydroelectirc generator

灌溉還是發(fā)電，這是個(gè)問題

Tarniesia needs to produce more electricity and to irrigate more cropland. The Yat River could be used for?irrigation or to operate a hydroelectric generator, but not for both; the only suitable location for a generator is far downstream from the potential cropland, and water flow at that location would be inadequate for electricity production if water were diverted for irrigation. Tarniesia’s need for more electricity is more pressing.?Nevertheless, Tarnesia intends to use the Yat for irrigation.

Tarniesia 需要生產(chǎn)更多的電力并灌溉更多的農(nóng)田。 Yat 河可用于灌溉或操作水力發(fā)電機(jī)，但不能同時(shí)用于兩者； 發(fā)電機(jī)的唯一合適位置是遠(yuǎn)離潛在農(nóng)田的下游，如果將水用于灌溉，該位置的水流將不足以發(fā)電。 Tarniesia 對更多電力的需求更加緊迫。 盡管如此，Tarnesia 還是打算使用 Yat 進(jìn)行灌溉。

6. Which of the following, if true of Tarniesia, most helps to justify the proposed use of the Yat?

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 易

繞來繞去就是還是給灌溉找個(gè)合理不能拒絕的理由。

D

A. The Yat is a tributary of the Gadir River, which has a volume of flow twice that of the Yat. 關(guān)Gadir River什么事。。是想說用那條河來發(fā)電嗎？那你倒是說啊~你不說是讓我猜嗎？

B. Once water had passed through a generator on the Yat, pumping it back upstream to Tarniesia’s?cropland would require as much power as that produced when the water passed through the generator. 我干嘛還要給水抽回去。。我是腦子抽抽了嘛。。

C. Most of the electricity now produced in Tarniesia is generated in coal-fueled power plants. 哦，已經(jīng)有火力發(fā)電廠了??？可不正是因?yàn)榛鹆Πl(fā)電不夠才pressing的嘛。

D. Using the post-harvest remains of irrigated crops to fuel a power generator will produce more?electricity than the Yat could provide even at natural flow levels. 這個(gè)不錯(cuò)！又種了地，還能生物發(fā)電，還有更多的電。一舉兩得。

E. Cropland in Tarniesia that is not irrigated tends to produce significantly lower yields per acre than?irrigated cropland. 這不廢話嘛，我當(dāng)然知道啊?？墒菦]電也不行啊~

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage

Sciences/biology

facial recognition / paper wasps / aggression / facial markings

胡蜂也有面部識(shí)別能力

①Some scientists have suggested that individual facial recognition is a specialized human skill, yet evidence?suggests that paper wasps can recognize facial features and use this ability to maintain a strong social order in the hive. ②Researchers altered wasps’ facial markings by a painting on additional yellow marks or covering existing ones.?③Altered individuals were met with increased aggression.?④Wasps use aggression to test others and establish relative dominance.?⑤The increase in aggression solely toward altered wasps suggests that they were perceived as strangers whose relative dominance needed to be established. ⑥However, aggression toward altered wasps diminished over time. ⑦Evidently wasps were responding to the “new” wasp as an individual and gradually?learning to associate that individual’s rank with its facial markings.?

一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，面部識(shí)別是一項(xiàng)人類專屬的技能，但有證據(jù)表明，胡蜂可以識(shí)別面部特征，并利用這種能力在蜂巢中維持嚴(yán)格的社會(huì)秩序。 研究人員通過增加額外的黃色標(biāo)記或覆蓋現(xiàn)有的標(biāo)記來改變黃蜂的面部標(biāo)記。改變的個(gè)體受到了更多的攻擊。 黃蜂使用攻擊性來測試同類并建立相對優(yōu)勢。 僅對改變標(biāo)記的黃蜂的攻擊性增加表明它們被視為陌生人，需要建立相對優(yōu)勢。 然而，隨著時(shí)間的推移，對改變標(biāo)記黃蜂的攻擊性逐漸減弱。 顯然，黃蜂對這些新個(gè)體產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)，并逐漸將其等級(jí)與其面部標(biāo)記聯(lián)系起來。

7. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “aggression”?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 中

對應(yīng)信息從第三句開始

A

A. Its duration was determined by the time required for it to serve a particular social function.?它的持續(xù)時(shí)間由它服務(wù)于特定社會(huì)功能所需的時(shí)間決定。要適應(yīng)GRE這種不講人話的風(fēng)格。對應(yīng)第6句信息。一旦適應(yīng)了這些“新”個(gè)體之后，攻擊行為就會(huì)減弱。

B. Its intensity varied depending on the extent of researchers’ alterations to wasps’ markings. 沒有intensity的證據(jù)。

C. It would likely have been more prolonged if the altered wasps had come from a different hive. 沒有時(shí)間延長的證據(jù)。

D. It had a long-term destabilizing effect on the social order of the hives in which it occurred. 沒有對social order長期影響的證據(jù)。

E. It had not been anticipated by the researchers who altered wasps’ markings. 這還真不好說。

8. The highlighted sentence serves primarily to?

功能題 目的題 易

是為了解釋aggression的原因。

C

A. acknowledge an apparent contradiction in a theory 沒有contradition的證據(jù)

B. cite a finding made by the researchers mentioned earlier in the passage 不是一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)，而是在解釋前文的現(xiàn)象。

C. note a fact that informs an interpretation discussed later in the passage 符合

D. account for a behavior demonstrated by wasps whose markings had been altered 相反。這不是被改變的黃蜂的行為，而是其他黃蜂的行為。

E. explain how an assumption about wasp behavior guided the design of an experiment 沒有g(shù)uided證據(jù)

背景拓展：

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage

Arts/history

elite women / social hierarchy?

政府私有化使性別沒那么重要

①In the late Hellenistic and early Roman Imperial periods, wealthy elite women played an increasingly?prominent part in the public life of cities in peninsular Greece. ②The transformation of such women's power and political and economic behavior is best explained as a consequence of deep structural changes in the social hierarchy. ③In the course of the second and early first centuries B.C.E., many Greek cities saw the emergence of a stratum of superrich landowners.?④The dramatically increased economic inequality between this stratum and the common people was echoed in a general depoliticization of public life, since the influence exercised by this newly dominant class was largely undertaken in a private capacity. ⑤Inevitably, the privatization of civic?government rendered gender less significant than wealth.

在希臘晚期和羅馬帝國早期，富有的精英女性在希臘半島城市的公共生活中扮演著越來越重要的角色。這種女性權(quán)力以及政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的轉(zhuǎn)變，最好的解釋是社會(huì)等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生深刻結(jié)構(gòu)變化的結(jié)果。在公元前2世紀(jì)和1世紀(jì)初期，許多希臘城市出現(xiàn)了超級(jí)富豪階層。 這一階層與普通民眾之間急劇增加的經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等反映在公共生活的普遍去政治化中，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)新的統(tǒng)治階級(jí)所施加的影響主要是以私人身份進(jìn)行的。不可避免的是，公民政府的私有化使性別不如財(cái)富重要。

9. Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?

結(jié)構(gòu)題 易

現(xiàn)象解釋類文章

A

A. A phenomenon is described and a cause likely to have driven that phenomenon is presented. 符合

B. A process is explained, and the positive consequences of the process are enumerated. 沒有positive consequences的證據(jù)

C. A hypothesis is presented, and evidence supporting the hypothesis is evaluated. 開頭是個(gè)現(xiàn)象，不是觀點(diǎn)

D. An assertion is made, and seemingly contradictory theories related to the assertion are reconciled. 同上

E. An assumption is summarized, and a series of examples explaining the assumption are provided. 同上

10. The passage suggests which of the following about women in the cities of peninsular Greece prior?to the second century B.C.E.?

細(xì)節(jié)題 推斷題 中

時(shí)間點(diǎn)前后取反?，F(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)了超級(jí)富豪，整個(gè)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)去政治化，性別沒有財(cái)富重要。之前把這些情況取反即可。

A

A. Their involvement in public life was circumscribed by their gender regardless of their economic status. 收到性別影響。符合。

B. Their efforts to reduce economic inequalities between the classes were effective. 沒有這個(gè)efforts的證據(jù)

C. Their gender did not prevent them from playing an increasingly prominent role in urban public life. 相反。之前并非如此。

D. They were instrumental in bringing about the privatization of civic government. 沒有證據(jù)

E. They were influential in helping reshape the social hierarchy of many Greek cities. 沒有證據(jù)