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【簡譯】馬丘比丘（Machu Picchu）

2023-07-08 09:59 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Machu Picchu is an Inca settlement located in the High Andes of Peru in the Urubamba Valley, north of Cuzco. The site, perched high above the Urubamba River, has been variously described as a fortress, imperial retreat and ceremonial precinct. It was founded by Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui in c. 1450 CE, had capacity for around 1,000 residents at its peak, and ranked amongst the most sacred of all sites for the Inca. Following the collapse of the Inca empire, Machu Picchu was abandoned and forgotten, only to be rediscovered in 1911 CE by the explorer Hiram Bingham. Machu Picchu is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

? ? ? ? ? 馬丘比丘是位于秘魯安第斯山脈高地庫斯科北部烏魯班巴山谷的印加人定居點(diǎn)。該遺址位于烏魯班巴河頂端，有多種描述，如堡壘、帝國避難所和儀式場所。它由帕查庫蒂·印加·尤潘基 (Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui) 于公元 1450 年左右建立，在鼎盛時(shí)期可容納約 1000 名居民，是印加人最神圣的地方之一。印加帝國崩潰后，馬丘比丘被遺棄，直到1911年才被探險(xiǎn)家海勒姆·賓厄姆 (Hiram Bingham) 重新發(fā)現(xiàn)。馬丘比丘被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。

遺址曾經(jīng)的用途

Machu Picchu (meaning 'old hill') was an imperial estate founded by and belonging to Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, the Inca ruler, in the mid-15th century CE. The ownership of the site was later passed to Pachacuti's successors. On its rediscovery by the explorer Hiram Bingham in 1911 CE (although local residents in the valley had always known of the site's existence) it was claimed as the last capital of the Incas. However, this proved to be untrue when the actual final capital was discovered at Vilcabamba, further downstream in the Urubamba Valley.

? ? ? ? ? 馬丘比丘（意為“古老的山”）是一座皇家莊園，由印加統(tǒng)治者帕查庫蒂·印加·尤潘基 (Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui) 在 15 世紀(jì)中葉創(chuàng)建并獨(dú)占其中。該遺址的所有權(quán)后來傳給了帕查庫蒂的繼任者。當(dāng)探險(xiǎn)家海勒姆·賓厄姆 (Hiram Bingham) 于 1911 年重新發(fā)現(xiàn)它時(shí)（盡管山谷里的居民一直都知道它的存在），它被宣布為印加人最后的首都。然而，當(dāng)在烏魯班巴山谷更深處的比爾卡班巴發(fā)現(xiàn)真正的首都時(shí)，這一說法被證明是錯(cuò)誤的。

Another hypothesis concerning the site posed by early historians was that Machu Picchu was a fortress and the strong walls, large towers, and dry moats were cited in support of this theory. The need for fortification perhaps sprang from a series of severe droughts which made the competition for resources fierce. This would also explain why the site was not occupied for very long as when the water situation improved the necessity for such citadel sites declined. Once again though, further study has revealed that most of the architecture was designed for religious purposes and the fortifications may well have been put in place to ensure only a select few could enter this sacred site. In further support of this interpretation, a road was discovered which linked the site to several residential settlements dotted along the valley. The most likely purpose of Machu Picchu, then, was as a sacred site, probably to the sun god Inti and with the additional purpose of reminding the recently conquered local population of the power and might of Pachacuti and the Inca empire centred at its capital Cuzco. The site was abandoned by the Inca shortly before Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadors arrived. The invaders never reached Machu Picchu, though, and the site would remain unknown to the wider world for 400 years.

? ? ? ? ? 早期歷史學(xué)家對該遺址提出的另一個(gè)假設(shè)是，馬丘比丘是一座堡壘，其堅(jiān)固的城墻、高大的塔樓和干涸的護(hù)城河被用來支持這一理論。對防御工事的需求也許源于一系列嚴(yán)重的干旱，這使得對資源的競爭非常激烈。這也可以解釋為什么該遺址沒有被占領(lǐng)很長時(shí)間，因?yàn)楫?dāng)水的情況改善后，對這種城堡遺址的需求就會(huì)下降。不過，進(jìn)一步的研究再次表明，大部分建筑都是為宗教目的而設(shè)計(jì)的，設(shè)置防御工事很可能是為了確保只有少數(shù)人可以進(jìn)入這個(gè)神圣的地方。為了進(jìn)一步支持這種解釋，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一條道路，它將該遺址與沿山谷分布的幾個(gè)居民點(diǎn)連接起來。因此，馬丘比丘最可能的目的是作為一個(gè)圣地，是為了紀(jì)念太陽神“因蒂”；還有一個(gè)目的是提醒最近被征服的當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褡⒁馀敛閹斓俸鸵云涫锥紟焖箍茷橹行牡挠〖拥蹏臋?quán)力和威懾力。在皮薩羅和西班牙征服者到達(dá)前不久，印加人就放棄了這個(gè)地方。不過，入侵者從未到達(dá)過馬丘比丘，四百年來，馬丘比丘一直不為世人所知。

建筑材料與設(shè)計(jì)

Machu Picchu is a fine example of the Inca practice of shaping architecture around the natural terrain. Ridges were made into plateaus for building upon and slopes were terraced using stone bulwarks. Further, constructions were made to aesthetically blend with their surroundings. For example, the profile of the Sacred Rock actually mimics one of the mountain peaks behind it. Finally, very often windows and doorways were deliberately positioned to capture the best views of the surrounding mountains.

? ? ? ? ? ?馬丘比丘是印加人圍繞自然地形塑造建筑的一個(gè)典范。山脊變成了可以建造建筑的高原，斜坡上建有石質(zhì)舷墻。此外，這些建筑的設(shè)計(jì)也是為了將它們與周圍環(huán)境融為一體。例如，圣巖的輪廓模仿了它背后的一座山峰。最后，窗戶和門經(jīng)常被刻意放置，以捕捉周圍群山的最佳景觀。

Rock was a material the Incas had special reverence for. Stone was even thought of as a living substance and in the Inca language (Quechua) the word for it translates as 'to begin'. Stone was shaped with great skill and natural rock outcrops were moulded to suit various purposes. For example, below the Torreón (Observatory), a room was carved out of a natural cleft in the rock and used as a temple to the sun god Inti. The Intihuatana Stone ('Hitching Post of the Sun'), also known as the intiwatana, sitting at the highest point of the sacred complex, was carved with great care into a device for astronomical observations and made a tangible link between the earth and sky. The carved stone pillar on top of the polygonal stone base was used like a sundial to record the movements of the sun and, during solstices, priests symbolically tied the sun to the earth using a cord.

? ? ? ? ? 印加人對石頭懷有特殊的崇敬之情。它甚至被認(rèn)為是一種有生命的物質(zhì)，在印加語（蓋丘亞語）中，石頭被翻譯為“開始”。石材加工技術(shù)精湛，天然巖石露頭的形狀適合各種用途。例如，在Torreón（天文臺）下面，有一個(gè)房間是從巖石的天然裂縫中鑿出的，用作太陽神因蒂的神廟。Intihuatana Stone（“太陽的鉤柱”），也稱為intiwatana，它位于神圣建筑群的最高點(diǎn)，經(jīng)過精心雕刻，使其成為天文觀測裝置，并在大地和天空之間建立了有形的聯(lián)系。多邊形石底座上的雕刻石柱被用作日晷，記錄太陽的運(yùn)動(dòng)，在至日期間，祭司們象征性地用繩子將太陽與大地綁在一起。

The site of Machu Picchu is composed of two distinct areas: a central complex of closely packed buildings arranged around a central square and a series of western terraces. The structures on the east and southern sides were likely residential and follow a pattern of single-roomed dwellings with an enclosed patio. However, the exact function of most of the buildings at the site is not known for certain. Many of the buildings display the great rock carving and masonry skills of the Inca. The buildings use locally quarried granite, one of the hardest stones, which was cut with great precision and then finished when in position to produce walls of blocks so well fitted together that mortar was not necessary. The irregular lines of blocks also create a pleasing aesthetic effect and make the structures highly resistant to earthquakes.

? ? ? ? ? 馬丘比丘遺址由兩個(gè)不同的區(qū)域組成：一個(gè)由緊密圍繞中央廣場的建筑群和一系列西邊的露臺排列。東側(cè)和南側(cè)的建筑可能是住宅，遵循帶有封閉庭院的單間住宅的模式。然而，該地點(diǎn)大多數(shù)建筑物的確切功能尚不清楚。許多建筑展示了印加人精湛的石雕和磚石技藝。這些建筑使用了當(dāng)?shù)亻_采的花崗巖，這是最堅(jiān)硬的石頭之一，它們被非常精確地切割，然后在就位后進(jìn)行加工，形成了由石塊組成的墻壁，這些石塊被很好地安裝在一起，因此不需要使用砂漿。磚塊的不規(guī)則線條也創(chuàng)造了一種賞心悅目的美學(xué)效果，并使結(jié)構(gòu)具有高度的抗震性。

典型建筑

Amongst the most impressive structures at the site both for its size and unusual curved masonry is the D-shaped tower known as the Torréon, mentioned above. The single window of the tower was aligned with the Pleiades stars as they appeared in the 15th century CE and the building's astronomical purpose is further evidenced by the presence of a stone protruding from the floor which may have been used to plot the sun on the June solstice. The Temple of the Three Windows is another impressive example of fine stone work and was also used as an astronomical observation post. The many administrative kallanka buildings also employed fine stone blocks made to fit perfectly together. These buildings also had stone pegs protruding from their gables to which a thatched roof would have been attached. Another type of building is the prison-like structures which may have been used to house captured nobles until a ransom was paid. The complex also has a cavern structure and a sacrificial stone block sculpted into the form of a condor.

? ? ? ? ? ?該遺址最令人印象深刻的建筑之一，無論是其規(guī)模還是其不尋常的弧形石雕，都是上面提到的 D 形塔樓，即托雷翁 (Torreon)。塔中唯一的窗戶與公元 15 世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)的昴宿星團(tuán)的星星對齊，并且該建筑的天文用途通過從地面突出的一塊石頭來證明，該石頭可用于標(biāo)記六月至日的太陽。三窗神殿是另一個(gè)令人印象深刻的精美石雕作品的例子，也被用作天文觀測站。許多行政性的Kallanka建筑也采用了精美的石塊，使之完美地結(jié)合在一起。這些建筑物的山墻末端還突出有石釘，上面附有茅草屋頂。另一種類型的建筑是類似監(jiān)獄的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能是用來關(guān)押被俘的貴族，直到對方支付贖金為止。該建筑群還設(shè)有洞穴結(jié)構(gòu)和雕刻成禿鷹形狀的祭祀石塊。

Water was supplied to the site via 14 natural springs whose waters were collected and re-located via 16 cut-stone channels. Another curious feature is the stone steps which lead from Machu Picchu up to the small retreat Huayna Picchu (meaning 'young hill'), perched on a rock outcrop. Some graves have been excavated at the site but these typically belong to individuals of lower rank such as administrative staff resulting in a paucity of high value grave goods, and there are a peculiarly large proportion of female remains. Pottery finds have offered some clues to daily life at the site and derive from four separate locations, amongst which is the Chuma blackware.

? ? ? ? ? 馬丘比丘的水由14個(gè)天然泉水供應(yīng)，這些泉水通過16條石刻渠道收集和轉(zhuǎn)移。另一個(gè)奇怪的特征是從馬丘比丘通向位于巖石露頭上的小型瓦伊納比丘避難所（意思是“年輕的山”）的石階。該遺址已發(fā)掘出一些墳?zāi)梗@些墳?zāi)雇ǔ儆诩墑e較低的個(gè)人，如普通行政人員，因此高價(jià)值的墓葬物品很少，而且女性遺骸的比例特別高。陶器的發(fā)現(xiàn)為該遺址的日常生活提供了一些線索，這些陶器來自四個(gè)不同的地方，其中包括Chuma黑陶器。

Excavations and reconstruction are ongoing at Machu Picchu, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and despite its remote location it continues to draw tourists from around the world having safely secured its status as one of the most recognisable and photographed ancient sites in the world.

? ? ? ? ? 馬丘比丘的挖掘和重建工作正在進(jìn)行中，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為聯(lián)合國教科文組織的世界遺產(chǎn)，盡管它地處偏遠(yuǎn)，但仍然吸引著來自世界各地的游客，保證了它作為世界上最容易識別和拍攝的古代遺址之一的地位。