專業(yè)英語學(xué)習(xí)分享 第一周
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1.?
????Chapter 1 Introduction to descriptive physical oceanography
????第一章 描述性物理海洋學(xué)導(dǎo)論
????Chapter 2 Ocean dimension, shapes, and bottom materials
????第二章 海洋的量綱,形狀以及底部構(gòu)成
????Chapter 3 Physical properties?of seawater
????第三章 海水的物理性質(zhì)
????Chapter 4 Typical distribution of water characteristics
????第四章 海水特征的典型分布
????Chapter 5 Mass, salt and heat budgets
????第五章 (海洋的)質(zhì)量,鹽度,熱收支
????Chapter 6 Data analysis concepts and observational methods
????第六章 數(shù)據(jù)分析的概念以及海洋觀測的方法
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????重點單詞:
????????dimension量綱,維度
????????property特性(更多指的是海水的固有特性,如溫鹽密)
????????characteristic(特征)
????????feature(更多是指表現(xiàn)出的特性,如赤道和寒帶海水表現(xiàn)出的特性不同)
????????budget收支
????????data數(shù)據(jù),datum的復(fù)數(shù)形式
2.?
????Some reasons for us to learn physical oceanography: ?
????一些學(xué)習(xí)物理海洋學(xué)的理由
????(1)There are many reasons for developing our knowledge of the ocean. Near-shore currents and waves affect navigation?and construction of piers, breakwaters, and other coastal structures.
????(1)有很多的理由來發(fā)展我們對于海洋的知識,近岸的流和浪會影響導(dǎo)航、防波堤及碼頭的建設(shè),以及其他沿岸建筑。
????(2)The large heat capacity?of the oceans exerts a significant and in some cases a controlling effect on the earth’s climate.
????(2)擁有著巨大熱容量的海洋對地球的氣候有著重大意義,在某些情況下對地球氣候有著控制性的影響。
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????重點單詞
????????Near-shore近岸的
????????navigation航行,導(dǎo)航
????????pier碼頭
????????breakwater防波堤
????????heat capacity熱容量
????????along shore current沿岸流
????????cross shore current離岸流
????????statistic significance統(tǒng)計學(xué)上有效性
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3.?
????(3)The ocean and atmosphere interact on short to long timescales; for example, the El Nin ?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)?phenomenon that, although driven locally in the tropical Pacific, affects climate on timescales of several years over much of the world.
????(3)海洋與大氣的互相作用在從短到長的時間尺度上;例如,厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象,盡管這只是由當(dāng)?shù)氐臒釒窖笏?qū)動,但在時間尺度上將影響全世界的大多數(shù)地方好幾年。
????重點單詞:
????????timescale時間尺度
????????spacescale空間尺度
????????driven往往翻譯成驅(qū)動
????????tropical Pacific熱帶太平洋
????????ENSO厄爾尼諾與南方濤動
????????tropical熱帶
????????subtropical副熱帶
????????subpolar副極地
????????polar極地
????????Low-latitude低緯度
????????High-latitude高緯度
????????Mid-latitude中緯度
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4.?
????(4)To understand these interactions it is necessary to understand the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. To understand the coupled system, it is first necessary to have a solid base of knowledge about both the ocean and atmosphere separately.
????(4)為了了解這一相互作用,那么了解大氣海洋耦合系統(tǒng)是必不可少的。為了了解這一耦合系統(tǒng),首先必須分別對海洋和大氣都有一個堅實的知識基礎(chǔ)。
????重點單詞
????????Interaction互相作用
????????The coupled ocean-atmosphere system大氣海洋耦合系統(tǒng)
????????separately 分別的
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5.?
????Ocean’s motion and water properties:
????海洋運(yùn)動及海水特性:
????(1)In these and many other applications, knowledge of the ocean’s motion?and water properties?is essential.
????(1)在這些和許多其他的應(yīng)用當(dāng)中,了解海洋運(yùn)動及海水特性是必要的。
????(2)This includes the major ocean currents that circulate continuously but with fluctuating velocity?and position, the variable coastal currents, the rise and fall of the tides, and the waves generated by winds or earthquakes.
(2)這部分內(nèi)容包含主要的海洋環(huán)流,持續(xù)環(huán)流著,但是伴隨著振動的流速和位置(這里的意思意譯的話其實是:海流持續(xù)流動著,但是它的流速和位置會存在小的波動),變化的沿岸流,潮汐的漲落,以及由風(fēng)和地震所引起的浪
?????
????重點單詞
????????ocean’s motion海洋運(yùn)動
????????fluctuating velocity振動流速
????????velocity流速
????????coastal current沿岸流
????????variable作名詞:變量
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6.?
????(3)Temperature and salt content determine density?and hence vertical movement. They also affect horizontal movement as the density affects the horizontal pressure distribution.
????(3)(海水的)溫度和鹽度含量將決定海水的密度,并且影響垂向運(yùn)動。與此同時他們也會影響水平運(yùn)動,因為密度會影響水平壓強(qiáng)分布。
????(4)Sea ice has its own full set of processes and is important for navigation,?ocean circulation, and climate.
????(4)海冰有自己的一整套過程,對于導(dǎo)航,海洋環(huán)流和氣候是很重要的。
????(5) Other?dissolved substances?such as oxygen,?nutrients, and other chemical species, and even some of the biological aspects such as chlorophyll content, are used in the study of ocean physics.
????(5)其他的溶解物質(zhì),例如氧氣、營養(yǎng)鹽和其他化學(xué)成分,甚至一些生物方面(的因素),如葉綠素含量都被用于物理海洋研究。
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????重點單詞
????????density密度
????????salt content鹽含量,即salinity,鹽度
????????horizontal movement水平運(yùn)動
????????vertical movement垂向運(yùn)動
????????ocean circulation海洋環(huán)流
????????dissolved substance 溶解物質(zhì)
????????nutrient營養(yǎng)鹽
????????chlorophyll content葉綠素含量
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7.?
????1.2 Space and timescales of physical oceanographic phenomena
????1.2物理海洋學(xué)現(xiàn)象的時間和空間尺度。
????The ocean is a fluid in constant motion with a very large range of spatial and temporal scales.?
????海洋是一種持續(xù)運(yùn)動的流體,具有非常大的空間和時間尺度范圍。
????The Gulf Stream?is the western boundary current?of the permanent, large-scale clockwise gyre circulation of the subtropical North Atlantic.
????墨西哥灣流是北大西洋副熱帶永久性、大規(guī)模順時針環(huán)流的西邊界流。
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????重點單詞:
????????spatial and temporal scale時空尺度
????????temporal短暫的
????????The gulf stream灣流
????????The western boundary current西邊界流
????????clockwise順時針的,反義詞
????????anti-clockwise逆時針
????????gyre流渦
????????The subtropical north Atlantic北大西洋副熱帶
????????permanent永久的
????????Kuroshio黑潮
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8.?
????Description about the Gulf Stream: Its strength and temperature contrast decay eastward. Its large meanders and rings, with spatial scales of approximately 100 km, are considered mesoscale (eddy) variability?evolving on timescales of weeks. The satellite image also shows the general decrease in surface temperature toward the north and a large amount of small-scale eddy variability.
????關(guān)于灣流的描述:它的強(qiáng)度和溫度向東對比是衰減的。(與此同時)它的大彎道和環(huán)(這里實在不知道怎么翻譯),空間尺度約為100公里,在幾周的時間尺度上,被認(rèn)為是中尺度的(渦流)變化。衛(wèi)星圖像顯示海水表面溫度向北普遍降低,以及大量的小尺度渦旋變動。
?????
????重點單詞
????????meander蜿蜒曲折
????????mesoscale中尺度
????????variability變動
????????eddy渦旋
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9.????????
????The space and timescales of many of the important physical oceanography processes are shown schematically in Figure 1.2. At the smallest scale is molecular mixing. At small, macroscopic scales?of centimeters, microstructure?(vertical layering at the centimeter level) and capillary waves?occur.
????許多重要的物理海洋過程的時間和空間尺度被展示在圖1.2。最小尺度的是分子混合。在小尺度,厘米級肉眼可見尺度,微結(jié)構(gòu)(厘米尺度的垂向?qū)踊?和毛細(xì)波發(fā)生。
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????重點單詞
????????schematically:圖解地
????????molecular mixing:分子混合
????????macroscopic scale:肉眼可見的尺度
????????microsturcture:微結(jié)構(gòu)
????????capillary wave:毛細(xì)波
????????Internal wave內(nèi)波
10.?
????At the slightly larger scale of meters surface waves are found, which have rapid timescales and somewhat long-lived vertical layers (fine structure). At scales of tens of meters are the internal waves?with timescales of up to a day. Tides have the same timescales as internal waves, but much larger spatial scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers.
????在稍大的米尺度上,發(fā)現(xiàn)了表面波,其具有很短的時間尺度和有點長壽命的垂直層(精細(xì)尺度)。在幾十米的尺度上是內(nèi)波,具有長達(dá)一天的時間尺度。潮汐和內(nèi)波具有相同的時間尺度,但是有更大的空間尺度,幾百甚至上千千米。
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????重點單詞
????????fine structure:介于microstructure and mesoscale 之間的尺度
????????internal wave:內(nèi)波
????????Surface wave表面波
????????Gravity wave重力波
????????Fine-scale精細(xì)尺度10m-100km,一般為內(nèi)波尺度
????????Micro-scale微尺度 ?10m以下尺度
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11.?
????Mesoscale eddies and strong ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream are found at spatial scales of tens of kilometers to several hundred kilometers and timescales of weeks to years. The large-scale ocean circulation has a spatial scale the size of ocean basins?up to the global ocean and a timescale?ranging from seasonal to permanent, which is the timescale of?plate tectonics that rearranges?the ocean boundaries.?
????微尺度渦旋和強(qiáng)勁的海洋環(huán)流例如灣流,在幾十千米到幾百千米的空間尺度和幾周到幾年的時間尺度上被發(fā)現(xiàn)。大尺度的海洋環(huán)流具有海盆規(guī)模甚至全球海洋的空間尺度和季節(jié)性到永久性的時間尺度,這一永久性是指重新排列海洋邊界的板塊構(gòu)造的時間尺度。
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????重點單詞:
????????ocean basin:洋盆
????????seasonal to permanent:從季節(jié)性到永久性
????????plate tectonic:板塊構(gòu)造
????????the ocean boundary:海洋邊界
????????eddy渦旋,一般尺度較大
????????vortex渦旋,一般尺度較小
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