什么叫essential info.?

怎樣才叫在重要方式上改變句意？

能被簡(jiǎn)化的一定是無(wú)關(guān)語(yǔ)義，簡(jiǎn)化之后的邏輯和參與構(gòu)成邏輯的語(yǔ)義是不能丟的。

如果句子簡(jiǎn)化題對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)黑洞，請(qǐng)?jiān)诰毩?xí)過(guò)程中嚴(yán)格按照句子簡(jiǎn)化題解題步驟執(zhí)行：

1. 判斷簡(jiǎn)單句/非簡(jiǎn)單句；

2. 找邏輯連接詞，看明顯句內(nèi)邏輯；

3. 找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，抓隱含邏輯和句子主干；

4. 確定和動(dòng)詞相關(guān)的語(yǔ)義。

那對(duì)于高段位同學(xué)，拿到比較難的句子，快速做法第一步，找到句子中所有的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

這個(gè)在《懶人閱讀第二天——句法》里已經(jīng)講的很清楚了。

這里主要看邏輯做題。

舉例：

TPO21P1第11題

Geothermal energy?is?in a sense not renewable,?because?in most cases the heat?would be drawn?out of a reservoir?much more rapidly than?it would?be replaced?by the very slow geological processes by which heat?flows?through solid rock into a heat reservoir.

句中有因果，有比較，邏輯關(guān)系首先會(huì)保留。

A.?????Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.?丟了最大的果

B.?????Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into?or?out of a heat reservoir.?比較變成了并列

C.?????The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not, practically speaking, renewable. 因果關(guān)系體現(xiàn)在so...that...中

D. ??? In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowly that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it. 同A。

TPO38P3?Transgenic Plants?第10題

Perhaps the most serious concern about the transgenic crop plants currently in use is that they encourage farmers to move farther away from sustainable agricultural farming practices, meaning ones that allow natural resources to continually regenerate over the long run.

按照先邏輯后語(yǔ)義，里面邏輯詞關(guān)系體現(xiàn)如下：

Perhaps the?most?serious concern about the transgenic crop plants currently in use is that they?encourage?farmers to move farther?away from?sustainable agricultural farming practices,?meaning?ones that?allow?natural resources to continually regenerate over the long run.

按順序來(lái)是極值、因果、否定、因果、因果。

要能從邏輯連接詞和動(dòng)詞中找到隱含的邏輯關(guān)系。

句子語(yǔ)義主干為：

Perhaps the most serious?concern?about the transgenic crop plants currently in use?is that?they encourage farmers?to move farther away from sustainable agricultural farming practices, meaning ones that allow natural resources to continually regenerate over the long run.

主從句兩個(gè)核心謂語(yǔ)找到，句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。

來(lái)看選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)：

A. The transgenic crop plants currently in use are probably far behind the transgenic plants of the future in terms of their sustainability.? 讀完表情如下

B. Farmers who use transgenic crop plants are heading toward practices that allow natural resources to continually regenerate over the long run.? 否定關(guān)系丟了

C. Transgenic crop plants may be used in place of other, more sustainable agricultural practices, and this is perhaps their biggest disadvantage. ?

否定關(guān)系在in place of 上，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)最不敢選的地方在于biggest disadvantage上。但是concern本義里有：

D. Perhaps the most serious concern about the transgenic crop plants currently in use is the possibility that they may not be sustainable over the long run.

這里有個(gè)主體偷換，sustainable over the long run的主體在原句中是farming practices，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)transgenic crop不能持續(xù)。

再看個(gè)例子：

TPO39P1?Early Writing Systems?第11題

Egyptologists have noticed that the glyphs that constitute individual words were sometimes shuffled to make the text more pleasing to the eye with little regard for sound or sense.

語(yǔ)義主干都很清晰，核心謂語(yǔ)一個(gè)notice，一個(gè)were

如果看邏輯的話，一個(gè)more是比較，一個(gè)little是否定，一個(gè)因果是to make

那就可以很快排掉D，丟了否定，還有C，改了因果。A里多了原句里沒(méi)有的轉(zhuǎn)折。

題目就變得非常好做。

TPO35P2?The Development of Social Complexity? 第12題

Hierarchies?that?did not exist in earlier foraging groups but?that?were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing more-complex technologies probably?became established, even before domestication and agriculture,?as?pre-Neolithic societies (before the tenth millennium B.C.E.) reacted to the population increase.

A.?????The appearance of domestication and agriculture?brought about?the need for more hierarchically organized systems of labor and technologies among pre-Neolithic foraging societies.沒(méi)有這層因果

B.?????The formation of social hierarchies meant that domestication and agriculture became?less important?than labor and technical development to the growth of pre-Neolithic societies.沒(méi)有比較

C.?????Population increases among pre-Neolithic societies, even before domestication and agriculture, probably?resulted in?social hierarchies that helped organize labor and technologies.符合原句因果關(guān)系

D.?????Hierarchies that developed among foraging groups helped pre-Neolithic societies respond to later population increases?caused by?domestication and agriculture.沒(méi)有這層因果

英語(yǔ)單詞是三維一體的：含義、功能、邏輯。詞本身是自帶邏輯的。

所以我們需要學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)注詞本身包含的隱含邏輯。

句子簡(jiǎn)化題的難點(diǎn)和考查核心就是隱含邏輯的等價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)化。

否定關(guān)系

明顯的否定關(guān)系特色詞匯：no, not, none, nor, never, neither, deny, hardly

隱含的否定關(guān)系特色詞匯：fail (to), lack (of), absent from, refuse, remove, ignore, stop

?

因果關(guān)系

明顯的因果關(guān)系特色詞匯：because (of ), since, as, for, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, therefore, thereby, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result

隱含的因果關(guān)系特色詞匯：

表示“導(dǎo)致、造成”含義的詞：cause, lead to, result in, give rise to, render, engender, produce, 使役動(dòng)詞（make, let, …）, support, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motive, encourage, be responsible for

表示“由…而來(lái)”含義的詞：come from, result from, originate from, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attributable to, be responsive to

表示“反映、體現(xiàn)”含義的詞：reflect, suggest, demonstrate, represent, show, imply

表示“考慮到…，依賴(lài)于…”含義的詞：given, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to

條件關(guān)系詞：if, when, while, once, as, as soon as, as long as等的條件句

分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、獨(dú)立主格、虛擬條件做狀語(yǔ)

?

比較關(guān)系

明顯的比較關(guān)系特色詞匯：同級(jí)比較（as…as…），比較級(jí)（-er/more）

?

隱含的比較關(guān)系特色詞匯

表示變化的詞

量的變化：increase, decrease, enhance, decline, create, destroy

趨勢(shì)的變化：develop, improve, progress, degrade, degenerate

不變化：continue, remain, still, stable

表示差異的詞：same, different, similar, distinct

表示超越的詞：surpass, exceed, transcend, excel

最高級(jí)

明顯的最高級(jí)特色詞匯：-est/most

?

隱含的最高級(jí)含義的詞：

自身含有最高級(jí)含義的詞：maximum, minimum, outstanding, favorite, super, supreme, top, peak, paramount

否定+比較?

e.g.

There is?no other?effective way?to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.

程度較深的詞：surprising(ly), extreme(ly), amazing(ly), prohibitive

所以以后看到一個(gè)這樣的句子：

就會(huì)自然而然的產(chǎn)生邏輯敏感度：