06月24日20:00，2023年天津大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院研究生開放式建筑設(shè)計(jì)課程期終評(píng)圖在線上舉行。授課教師張繼元、卜驍駿、克斯托夫·漢斯與評(píng)圖嘉賓戴維·格雷厄姆·沙恩、范西蓮、張昕楠、賈枚、岳峰、宋方舟參與了本次課堂評(píng)圖工作。
At 20:00 ( UTC+8 ）on June 24, 2023, the final review of the open architectural design course for graduate students at Tianjin University School of Architecture was held online. Lecturers?Zhang Yingfan, Bu?Xiaojun, Christoph Hesse and critic guests David Grahame Shane, Vassilia Pirierros, Zhang Xinnan,?Jia Mei, Yue feng, Song Fangzhou?participated in this class.

這是時(shí)境建筑在天津大學(xué)的第?2?次建筑教學(xué)實(shí)踐、在中國(guó)高等學(xué)府建筑學(xué)院中的第?5?次教學(xué)實(shí)踐。

This is the second architectural teaching practice of Timeless Architecture in Tianjin University after the first year master class "The Architectural Poetry of Chinese Ancient Music" (click on the text to jump to the corresponding article) of Tianjin University School of Architecture in 2022.

本次課程探討的議題為“城市再生的新機(jī)制——城市生產(chǎn)制造”，旨在通過設(shè)計(jì)重新建立城市生產(chǎn)與居民生活、環(huán)境生態(tài)、城市人文的關(guān)系。

The topic of this course is "New Mechanism of Urban Regeneration - Urban Production and Manufacturing", which aims to re-establish the relationship between urban production and residents' life, environmental ecology and urban humanity through design.

? ? ? ? 01? ? ? ??

# 課程概述 #

Research Brief

? ? ? 02? ?? ?

# 項(xiàng)目基地 #

Site

? ? ? ??03? ? ? ??

# 評(píng)圖嘉賓 #
Critic Guests

? ? ? ??04? ? ? ??

#?指導(dǎo)教師?#

Lecturers

? ? ? ??05? ? ? ??

#?學(xué)生名單?#

Student List

陳欣桐/于楠/褚焱/楊楷文/周子涵李瀟然/楚田竹/王一萌/趙昕?jī)x

? ? ? ??06? ? ? ??

#?設(shè)計(jì)展示?#

Exhibition

●? ?前期調(diào)研

Previous Research

從20世紀(jì)30年代到2000年，大邱不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大和占用耕地。我們希望建立一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)烏托邦，環(huán)繞生產(chǎn)功能的同時(shí)把生態(tài)的生活理念帶回給市民。我們嘗試發(fā)展可持續(xù)的社區(qū)和自給自足的城市，在生活和生產(chǎn)之間尋找共存。

From the 1930s to 2000, Daegu continued to expand and occupied farming land. We hope to build an agricultural utopia, to embrace production functions and bring back the Permaculture living philosophy to citizens. And try to develop sustainable communities and self-sufficient cities, finding coexistence between living and production.

大邱市制定了城市更新的戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃，旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)城市的平衡發(fā)展，促進(jìn)區(qū)域振興，并分享更新的文化。它設(shè)立了54個(gè)城市再生區(qū)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上推動(dòng)城市發(fā)展。根據(jù)大邱的城市認(rèn)知，場(chǎng)地在形式上可以分為點(diǎn)、線、面，在功能上可以分為歷史紀(jì)念地、街道、住宅區(qū)、城市市場(chǎng)、城市綠地?？偨Y(jié)后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，選址主要集中在城市的中心區(qū)域，這與大邱市區(qū)的活化區(qū)域有一定程度的重疊。我們調(diào)查了城市中心區(qū)土壤環(huán)境的相關(guān)信息。粉紅色部分顯示了Alfisols的分布，它是農(nóng)業(yè)的重要土壤類型。我們把重點(diǎn)放在中心區(qū)東北角的東仁區(qū)，這里的土壤條件更適合種植。

Daegu City has developed a strategic plan for urban regeneration that aims to achieve balanced urban development, promote regional revitalization, and share the culture of regeneration. It has set up 54 urban regeneration zones and is pushing for urban development based on this plan.According to the urban cognition of Daegu, the site can be divided into points, lines and planes in terms of form, and historical memorial sites, streets, residential areas, urban markets and urban green Spaces in terms of function. After the summary of site selection, we found that the site selection was mostly concentrated in the central area of the city, which overlaps with the activated area of Daegu urban area to some extent. We investigated the relative informations of the soil environment in the central region of the city. Pink parts show the distribution of Alfisols, and its an important type of soil for agriculture. We focused on Dongren district in the northeast corner of the center distict, the soil condition here is more suitable for planting.

●???設(shè)計(jì)成果

Design Achievement

我們把新型農(nóng)業(yè)城市的建設(shè)分為三個(gè)步驟。

We divided the construction of the new agricultural city into three steps.

1?/在城市中形成新的物質(zhì)循環(huán)

Firstly, forming new material circulation in the city

有兩種循環(huán)。第一種是與植物生長(zhǎng)有關(guān)的物質(zhì)循環(huán)，它是一個(gè)從生產(chǎn)者到消費(fèi)者再到分解者的過程。這種循環(huán)存在于自然界。第二種是當(dāng)?shù)氐氖澄镅h(huán)系統(tǒng)，從生產(chǎn)到分配，這是一個(gè)存在于城市中的循環(huán)，它顯示了城市中的蔬菜如何轉(zhuǎn)移到人們的家中。自然循環(huán)和城市循環(huán)的加入可以得到一個(gè)新的物質(zhì)循環(huán)。只有實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)新的循環(huán)，才有可能使農(nóng)業(yè)回到城市中來。

There are two kinds of cycles. The first is the material cycle related to the growth of plants, which is a process from producer to consumer to decompoder. This cycle exists in nature. The second is the local food recycling system, from production to distribution, which is a cycle that exists in the city, and it shows how vegetables in the city move to people's homes. The addition of the natural cycle and the urban cycle can obtain a new material cycle. Only by realizing such a new cycle，it is possible to bring agriculture back to the city.

這個(gè)新的循環(huán)被植入城市，得到一個(gè)新的城市模型。在這個(gè)模型中，城市被劃分為多個(gè)區(qū)域，它們就像分布在城市中的細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞區(qū)的蔬菜自給自足，并與周圍地區(qū)產(chǎn)生少量的物質(zhì)交換。這可以形成整個(gè)城市的食物供應(yīng)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡。

This new cycle is implanted into the city to get a new city model.In this model, the city is divided into multiple areas, they are like cells distributed in the city. The cell areas are self-sufficient in vegetables and produce small amount of material exchange with the surrounding areas. This can form a dynamic balance of the food supply of the whole city.

所以，作為這樣一個(gè)城市的居民，要獲得食物有四個(gè)部分。如果個(gè)人種植不足以滿足自己的需要，可以得到集體種植的補(bǔ)充，如果還是不能滿足自己的需要，可以到本地區(qū)的市場(chǎng)去購買。最后，周邊富裕地區(qū)可以進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充。

So, as residents of such a city, there are four parts to getting food. If individual planting is not enough to meet their own needs, they can get the supplement of collective planting,if that still cannot meet their needs, they can go to the market in the region to buy. Finally, the surrounding rich areas could make the supplement.

2?/讓農(nóng)業(yè)回歸城市

The second step is to bring agriculture back to the city

城市空間主要由兩部分組成：建筑和建筑擠壓形成的空隙，在讓農(nóng)業(yè)回歸城市的過程中需要考慮兩個(gè)基本問題：在哪里和怎么做。至于建筑部分，我們把中心區(qū)的建筑分為五類，并根據(jù)它們的特點(diǎn)。我們選擇高層建筑的陽臺(tái)和低層建筑的屋頂進(jìn)行種植。在現(xiàn)有的綠色公園中選擇城市空隙形成可食用的景觀，在道路上進(jìn)行集體種植，形成可食用的邊界。因此，我們將新的城市農(nóng)業(yè)分為附著在建筑物上的個(gè)體種植和漂浮在道路上的集體種植。

There are two basic issues to consider in bringing agriculture back to cities:where and how.The urban space is mainly composed of two parts: the building and the gap created by the building extrusion. As for the building part, we divided the buildings in the central district into five categories,and according to their characteristics. We chose the balconies of high-rise buildings and the roofs of low-rise buildings for planting. Urban gaps are selected to form edible landscapes in the existing green parks, and collective planting is carried out over the road to form edible boundaries.?Therefore, we divided the new urban agriculture into Individual planting attached to the building and Collective planting floating on the road.

由此，我們得到了中心區(qū)的種植圖。我們選擇了東北角的一個(gè)小區(qū)作為設(shè)計(jì)的示范區(qū)。通過加入城市的物質(zhì)循環(huán)和種植地圖，我們得到了一個(gè)新的大邱的城市模型。

From this, we get the planting map of the central area. We chose a neighborhood in the northeast corner as a demonstration area for our design. By adding the material cycle of the city and the planting map，we get a new urban model of Daegu.

這是我們對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)大邱的設(shè)想，你可以看到該地區(qū)邊緣的集體溫室，以及該地區(qū)中心的個(gè)人種植和中轉(zhuǎn)站。我們把它命名為可食用邊界，它可以成為一個(gè)種植骨干，能量從土壤流向整個(gè)系統(tǒng)。

This is our vision of agricultural Daegu, and you can see the collective greenhouses around the edge of the area, and the individual plantings and transfer stations in the center of the area.We named it edible borders,and it can be a growing backbone, energy flowsfrom soil to the whole system.

我們的城市循環(huán)在這個(gè)原則下運(yùn)作：集體種植和生產(chǎn)蔬菜和幼苗，并將它們運(yùn)送到中轉(zhuǎn)站；中轉(zhuǎn)站將蔬菜和苗木的健康土壤分發(fā)給社區(qū)居民，以供應(yīng)陽臺(tái)和屋頂種植；中轉(zhuǎn)站還收集產(chǎn)生的濕垃圾和貧瘠的土壤，并將它們運(yùn)送到城市的回收站進(jìn)行堆肥處理。

Our urban cycle works on this principle:Collective planting grow and produce vegetables and seedlings and transport them to transfer stations. The transfer station distributes vegetables and seedlings healthy soil to the community residents to supply balcony and roof planting.The transfer station also collects the wet waste and poor soil produced and transports them to the recycling station in the city for composting.

1-中轉(zhuǎn)站

Transfer Station

中轉(zhuǎn)站有兩個(gè)流程：蔬菜流和回收流。中轉(zhuǎn)站向社區(qū)居民分發(fā)蔬菜和苗木健康土，并收集居民每天產(chǎn)生的濕垃圾和劣質(zhì)土，運(yùn)送到城市的回收站。

There are two flows in the transfer station. the vegetable flow and the recycle flow. The transfer station distributes vegetables and seedlings healthy soil to the community residents, and collects the wet waste and poor soil produced by the residents every day and transports it to the recycling station in the city.

2-陽臺(tái)種植

Balcony Planting

這些陽臺(tái)依附于高層建筑的外墻，利用屋頂儲(chǔ)存雨水以滿足家庭的蔬菜需求。

Balcony planting are attached to the facade of the high-rise building, and using the roof to store rainwater to meet the vegetable needs of the family.

3-屋頂種植?

Roof Top Planting

屋頂種植作為一種裝置分散在場(chǎng)地內(nèi)，將根據(jù)具體的種植需求和場(chǎng)地的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行安排。作為整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)者，屋頂種植是整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)城市的 "細(xì)胞部分"。

Roof planting is scattered in the site as a device, and will be arranged according to the specific planting needs and the current situation of the site. As the producer of the whole system, the roof planting is the "cell part" of the whole agricultural city. In terms of shape, the hexagonal shape of the cell wall is taken as the basic shape, and it can also be divided into triangles to facilitate the installation of the device.

在形狀上，以細(xì)胞壁的六邊形為基本形狀，也可分為三角形，以方便裝置的安裝。因?yàn)榇笄裣募狙谉?，冬季不適合種植蔬菜，所以設(shè)備需要滿足收縮的特點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過思考，我們決定采用類似于 "折扇 "的收縮原理來解決這個(gè)問題。六角形和三角形的模塊更符合城市原有的肌理，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)既迎合了原有建筑的特點(diǎn)，又可以控制不同住戶的裝置數(shù)量。

Because Daegu is hot in summer, it is not suitable for growing vegetables in winter, so the device needs to meet the characteristics of shrinkage. After thinking, we decided to use the contraction principle similar to the "folding fan" to solve the problem. The hexagonal and triangular modules are more in line with the original urban texture, so that the design caters to the original buildings, and can also control the number of devices for different households. In general: roof planting device is divided into membrane structure roof; Planting module and traffic module and structural support of four parts.

一般來說：屋頂種植裝置分為膜結(jié)構(gòu)屋頂；種植模塊和交通模塊以及結(jié)構(gòu)支撐四部分。該裝置在為城市服務(wù)時(shí)，可以滿足種植戶的自給自足。雨水回收；激活空間活力和空間遮陽。該裝置由可再生材料制成，如木材和竹子。當(dāng)設(shè)備相互連接時(shí)，在滿足種植的基礎(chǔ)上還可以發(fā)揮城市公園的功能。

In general: roof planting device is divided into membrane structure roof; Planting module and traffic module and structural support of four parts. When the device serves the city, it can meet the self-sufficiency of growers. Rainwater recovery; Activate space vitality and shading of the space. The device is made of renewable materials, such as wood and bamboo. When the devices are connected to each other, they can also function as urban parks on the basis of satisfying planting.

4-浮動(dòng)溫室Floating Greenhouse

我們利用街道上方的空間來構(gòu)建一個(gè)三維的農(nóng)業(yè)烏托邦。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)將能夠沿著城市主要道路生長(zhǎng)。漂浮溫室在道路上方被框成網(wǎng)格狀，膜在頂部，延伸到城市中，與原有的公共綠地和個(gè)人種植區(qū)相關(guān)。

We use the space above the street to construct a three-dimensional agri-topia. This system will be capable of growing along major city roads. The floating greenhouse is framed above the road in a grid, with the membrane at the top，stretching out into the city, associated with the original public green space and individual planting areas.

膜結(jié)構(gòu)下的集中種植區(qū)將根據(jù)其位置與城市環(huán)境相結(jié)合，具有不同的主題和額外功能、如普通型與街區(qū)結(jié)合；與河流相連的水處理用地；鐵路上方的鐵路種植園；開放綠地+公共種植園。The concentrated planting section under themembrane structure will be integrated with the urban environment according to its location, with different themes and extra functions, such asordinary type combined with neighbourhood; water processing land connected with river; railway planting garden above the railway; open green Land + public planting park.

我們采用了一些策略來配合場(chǎng)地，包括利用城市的空隙，創(chuàng)造多方向的滲透，將綠房子抬高到道路之上，以補(bǔ)助網(wǎng)格作為其結(jié)構(gòu)，等等。

We use some strategies to due with the site, including using the gaps of the city, creating multidirection penetration, elevating the green house above the road with a grant grid as its structure, etc.

3?/制作其他建筑來完成這個(gè)循環(huán)

The third step is to make other buildings to complete the cycle

漂浮溫室內(nèi)有五個(gè)功能部分，與露臺(tái)計(jì)劃相銜接。

There are five functional parts inside the floating greenhouse, plugged into the terrace plans.

1-垂直雨林

Vertical Rainforest

它是集體種植部分，由五個(gè)部分組成，包括雨水收集、帶有種植抽屜的密集種植系統(tǒng)、折疊表面、螺旋形的路徑和公共房間，以及供市民使用的農(nóng)業(yè)室。柱子的外皮像一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的燈籠，它可以被折疊。展開這些部分，螺旋形的道路被懸掛在外面。一些種植箱被插在外面作為公共房間。

It is the collective planting part, consisted with five parts, including rainwater collection, intensive cropping system with planting drawers, folded surface, spiraling paths and common rooms, and the agricultural chamber for citizens.?The skin of the column likes a traditional lantern, it can be folded. Unfolding these part, the spiral paths are suspended outside. And some planting boxes are plugged externally as common rooms.

集體種植部分的內(nèi)部是基本的種植層，它們形成一個(gè)垂直的灌溉系統(tǒng)。

Inside of the collective planting part are the basic planting layers, they form a vertical irrigation system.

2-圣弗洛拉大教堂

St. Flora’s Cathedral

其次，我們得到了一個(gè)精神空間和種子收集裝置，以儲(chǔ)存不同種類的作物種子。我們把它命名為 "圣弗洛拉大教堂"。這些部分由拉伸膜的種子博物館、管風(fēng)琴式的樓梯組成。

Secondly, we got a spiritual space and seeds collecting device to storage different kinds of seeds of the crops. We named it St. Flora’s Cathedral. These parts are consisted of a seed museum in tensile membrane, pipe organ-liked stairs.?

3-立體模塊

The cube module

立體模塊有兩個(gè)功能，一個(gè)是多功能市場(chǎng)模塊，另一個(gè)是立體垂直牧場(chǎng)模塊。多功能市場(chǎng)下部主要用于農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品的交換和銷售，上部用于谷物和蔬菜等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的儲(chǔ)存。整體結(jié)構(gòu)以建筑的網(wǎng)格為基礎(chǔ)，塊與塊之間采用竹編結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拉動(dòng)。同時(shí)可以為市民提供一個(gè)休閑娛樂的場(chǎng)所，同時(shí)在立面種植系統(tǒng)上可以體驗(yàn)到種植的樂趣。

The cube module has two functions, one is a multifunctional market module, and the other is a three-dimensional vertical pasture module. The lower part of the multifunctional market is mainly used for the exchange and sale of agricultural and sideline products, while the upper part is used for the storage of agricultural products such as grains and vegetables. The overall structure is based on the grid of the building, and the bamboo woven structure is used to pull between the blocks. At the same time, it can provide a place for leisure and entertainment for the public, and at the same time, you can experience the fun of planting on the facade planting system.

垂直牧場(chǎng)主要分為三個(gè)功能，分別是右側(cè)的牛羊養(yǎng)殖、左側(cè)的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和底部的肉類加工。在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和牛羊養(yǎng)殖之間有一個(gè)種草系統(tǒng)，可以大大節(jié)省種植空間。

This part is the vertical pasture, which is mainly divided into three functions, which are the breeding of cattle and sheep on the right side, the aquaculture on the left side and the processing of meat at the bottom. There is a grass planting system between aquaculture and cattle and sheep farming, which can greatly save planting space.

4-堆肥車間

The compost workshop

圖片顯示了堆肥生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^程。

The picture on the right shows the process of compost production and transportation.

我們把生產(chǎn)堆肥的原料分為三部分，綠色、棕色和土壤，并把它們分層放在反應(yīng)容器中。隨著反應(yīng)時(shí)間的增加，容器慢慢降低，直到12周后，堆肥制作完成。成熟的堆肥被儲(chǔ)存在建筑物底部的容器中，并被運(yùn)往城市。

We divided the raw materials that produce compost into three parts, green, brown and soil, and placed them in layers in a reaction container.?As the reaction time increases, the container is slowly lowered until 12 weeks later, when the compost is made. Mature compost is stored in containers at the bottom of the building and transported to the city.

我們?cè)噲D實(shí)現(xiàn)的是將生產(chǎn)過程轉(zhuǎn)化為建筑空間，并被人們所感知。生產(chǎn)過程成為參觀的一部分。右邊的是堆肥車間的空間。人們可以通過容器的高度來確定堆肥反應(yīng)的時(shí)間。

?What we are trying to achieve is to transform the process of production into a space of architecture and be perceived by people . The production process becomes part of the tour . On the right is the space in the compost workshop. People can determine the time of compost reaction by height of the container.

5-景觀設(shè)計(jì)

Landscape Design

最后一部分是我們的景觀設(shè)計(jì)。我們對(duì)現(xiàn)有的戶外場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行了新的景觀設(shè)計(jì)，將農(nóng)業(yè)與戶外場(chǎng)地相結(jié)合，使戶外公園更加符合農(nóng)業(yè)城市的主題。場(chǎng)地位于我們大樓旁邊的一個(gè)公園里。我們首先做了一條長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的走廊進(jìn)入場(chǎng)地，它既是穿越公園的交通道路，又是建筑的大門。

The site is located in a park next to our building. We first make a long corridor into the site, it serves as a traffic path across the park and as a door of the building. The last part is our landscape design. Our new landscape design of the existing outdoor site combines agriculture with the outdoor site, making the outdoor park more in line with the theme of agricultural city.

廊道不僅可以提供一個(gè)避暑場(chǎng)所，還可以在廊道內(nèi)引入種植活動(dòng)，從而使廊道具有一定的生產(chǎn)功能。同時(shí)，它可以增加游客與廊道內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)的互動(dòng)。

The corridor can not only provide a place for summer heat, but also introduce planting activities inside the corridor, so that the corridor has a certain production function. At the same time, it can increase the interaction between tourists and agricultural activities in the corridor.

廊道的材料主要是木材，增加種植后產(chǎn)生的陰影可以成為避暑勝地。人們可以在一樓享受清涼，也可以在二樓采摘和種植。

The material of the corridor is mainly wood, and the shadow generated by the increased planting can become a summer heat resort. People can enjoy the cool on the first floor, or they can pick and plant on the second floor.

然后，我們對(duì)場(chǎng)地的其他部分進(jìn)行景觀設(shè)計(jì)。場(chǎng)地被分為很多條，景觀設(shè)計(jì)是根據(jù)不同作物的種植條件來進(jìn)行的。公園分為四種景觀類型，分別對(duì)應(yīng)不同的農(nóng)作物。

Then, we make the landscape design on the rest of the site. The site is divided into many strips, and the landscape design is according to the planting conditions of different crops. The park is divided into four landscape types, each corresponding to different crops.

最后，我們?cè)谧呃壬显黾訋?、樓梯、咖啡館，使公園更加完整。

Finally, we add toilets, stairs, cafes to the corridor to make the park more complete.

當(dāng)你從西北入口進(jìn)入公園，沿著走廊前進(jìn)。你可以看到豐富多樣的景觀。

When you enter the park from the northwest entrance and make your way along the corridor. You can see the rich and diverse landscape.

我們?cè)诖笄駝?chuàng)造了一個(gè)全新的與農(nóng)業(yè)有關(guān)的活動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在這里，蔬菜被種植、交換、食用、回收堆肥后加入新的物質(zhì)循環(huán)。

Thus, a whole new network of agriculture-related activities was created in Daegu, where vegetables were grown, exchanged, eaten, and recycled to be composted and added to the new material cycle in our new city.

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