2009年考研英語閱讀真題及解析【第一篇】
passage1

注解:標(biāo)題為紅色,翻譯為藍(lán)色,分析為綠色。
????????Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting((不懂得反思的,不懂得反過來思考的)) herd(獸群,畜群,人群(文章是指人群)),” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.
????? ?So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
????????Rather than dismissing(解雇的,言外之意就是:我們對于不成不變的生物習(xí)慣是不認(rèn)可的) ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently(內(nèi)在地,固有地) creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
????????But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts(車轍,凹痕,老一套(取這個意思),慣例(或者取這個意思)) of procedure are worn(這里是weak變成的形容詞,意思是“用舊的”)? into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass(繞過(取這個意思),路旁,還可以指搭橋手術(shù)) those old roads.
????????“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide’, just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one(這里的one是跟前者形成對比對照,前者是殺死很多,那么這里就是保留一個). A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”
????????All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
????????The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will...and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated(使持續(xù),使長久(尤指不好的事物)), and it fosters commonness(共性,平凡,平庸(文章取這個意思)). Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in(come in進(jìn)來,起作用,有意義(文章取這個意思,顯然文章是取的深層意思,而不是表面意思)).
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這是一篇科技類文章,文章談到培養(yǎng)新習(xí)慣對思維創(chuàng)新的作用。
文章首段回顧了傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)的看法,
文章第二段通過一項(xiàng)最新的研究引出了對習(xí)慣的最新研究觀點(diǎn)。
后四個段落則從不同方面鼓勵人們培養(yǎng)新習(xí)慣。
21. In Wordsworth’s view, “habits” is characterized by being __________.
? ? ? [A] casual? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [B] familiar
? ? ? [C] mechanical? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [D] changeable
21.根據(jù)Wordsworth的觀點(diǎn),習(xí)慣具有特征。
【A】偶然的
【B】熟悉的
【C】機(jī)械的
【D】可變的
22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be __________.
? ? ? [A] predicted? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
? ? ? [B] regulated
? ? ? [C] traced? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [D] guided
22.研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)習(xí)慣的形成可以被。
【A】預(yù)測
【B】控制
【C】跟蹤
【D】指導(dǎo)
23. The word“ruts”(Para. 4) is closest in meaning to __________.
? ? ? [A] tracks? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? [B] series
? ? ? [C] characteristics? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
? ? ? [D] connections
23.第三段的“ruts”與含義接近。
【A】痕跡
【B】系列
【C】特征
【D】聯(lián)系
24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that __________.
? ? ? [A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind
? ? ? [B] innovativeness could be taught
? ? ? [C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas
? ? ? [D] curiosity activates creative minds
24.Dawna Markova將最可能同意。
【A】觀念誕生于放松的大腦
【B】創(chuàng)新可以被教會
【C】決策源于奇妙的思想
【D】好奇激發(fā)創(chuàng)新思想
25. Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing __________.
? ? ? [A] prevents new habits from being formed
? ? ? [B] no longer emphasizes commonness
? ? ? [C] maintains the inherent American thinking mode
? ? ? [D] complies with the American belief system
25.Ryan的評論表明,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試的推行。
【A】阻礙新習(xí)慣的形成
【B】不再強(qiáng)調(diào)常識
【C】保持了美國人天生的思維模式
【D】和美國信仰體系是一致的
二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
1.auto-pilot a.自動導(dǎo)航的
2.routine n.常規(guī),例行公事 a.日常的,常規(guī)的
3.paradoxical a.反論的,荒謬的,自相矛盾的
4.rut n.車轍,常軌,慣例 v.在……形成車轍
5.pathway n.路徑
6.highlight n.精彩場面,最顯著(重要)部分 vt.加亮,使顯著
7.foster vt.促進(jìn),養(yǎng)育,撫育 n.養(yǎng)育者,鼓勵者
三、閱讀答案:C D A D A
四、全文翻譯:?
????????習(xí)慣是個非常有趣的東西。我們一不留心就陷入其中,我們的大腦進(jìn)入自動導(dǎo)航狀態(tài),在放松中就陷入了熟悉的模式所帶來的無意識的舒適中。William Wordsworth在19世紀(jì)就說過“真正控制著缺乏思考的人類的不是選擇,而是習(xí)慣”。在不斷變化的21世紀(jì),即使“習(xí)慣”這個字眼也含有貶義。
????????因此,好像在談到創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新能力時談?wù)摿?xí)慣顯得彼此有些矛盾。但是,大腦研究者已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)我們有意識地培養(yǎng)新習(xí)慣時,我們也能創(chuàng)造出平行路徑,甚至創(chuàng)造出全新的腦細(xì)胞,它們可以跳過我們現(xiàn)有的思維而進(jìn)入新的創(chuàng)新路徑。
????????我們并不是一成不變的習(xí)慣性動物,我們可以通過培養(yǎng)新的習(xí)慣的方式指引自己的變化,實(shí)際上,當(dāng)我們嘗試越多的新事物,當(dāng)我們越多地走出自己舒適范圍,我們內(nèi)在的創(chuàng)造力就大,無論是在工作中還是在個人的生活中。
????????但不必費(fèi)力氣去消除舊的習(xí)慣;一旦這些常規(guī)舊式進(jìn)入大腦,它們就留在那里了。相反,我們有意識地培養(yǎng)自己的新習(xí)慣創(chuàng)造出平行路徑,這些路徑可以繞過那些陳規(guī)的路徑。
????????Dawana Markova是《開放式思維》一書的作者,她認(rèn)為“創(chuàng)新所需要的第一要素就是對好奇的迷戀,但是我們卻被訓(xùn)練去‘做決策’,正如我們的總裁,他把自己稱作為‘決策者’”。她又補(bǔ)充道,“做決策就是鏟除全部的可能性,只留下一個。而一個善于革新的思想家總在探索許多其他的可能性?!?/span>
????????她說:“我們所有人都在無意識中解決問題?!痹?0世紀(jì)60年代晚期,研究人員就發(fā)現(xiàn)人類天生就有能力以四種主要模式應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn):分析模式,流程模式,關(guān)系模式(或者叫合作模式),創(chuàng)新模式。而到了青春期,大腦就會把其中一半的能力關(guān)閉,僅留下那些我們在生命的前十幾二十年中對我們最有價值的思考模式。
????????目前標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試強(qiáng)調(diào)的是分析模式和流程模式,這就意味著我們很少有人使用我們創(chuàng)造性思維模式和合作模式。M.J.Ryan是2006年的那本書《今年我會…》的作者,也是Markova女士的商業(yè)伙伴。如解釋道:“這打破了美國信仰體系的主要規(guī)則——任何人可以做任何事情。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試是我們長久以來制造的一個謊言,它造就了平庸。了解我們的優(yōu)勢然后繼續(xù)發(fā)展自己的優(yōu)勢會造就卓越”。這正是形成新習(xí)慣的意義所在。
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