1.2手冊(cè)的適用范圍

This manual presents theoretical and process design information on a number of nitrogencontrol processes. While all of the possible nitrogen removal processes are discussed, detailsare presented only on those general methods which are most technically and economicallyfeasible, as evidenced by their actual or planned full-scale application. One exception to thisis nitrogen control in oxidation ponds; material on nitrogen control in oxidation pondsystems was not included because of the paucity of generally applicable design informationAnother exception is land treatment; nitrogen removal by land treatment systems is beyondthe scope of this manual.
The information in this manual was developed from the following sources: (l) theexperience of the individuals involved in the preparation of the manual, (2) the EPAresearch, development and demonstration program,(3) the literature, (4) from progressreports on on-going projects, (S) from private communication with investigators active inthe field, and (6) from operating personnel at existing wastewater treatment plants.
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本手冊(cè)介紹了許多氮控制過(guò)程的理論和工藝設(shè)計(jì)信息。雖然所有可能的氮去除過(guò)程都在討論中，但只介紹了那些最具技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性的常規(guī)方法，這些方法通過(guò)實(shí)際或計(jì)劃中的滿(mǎn)尺寸應(yīng)用得到證明。其中一個(gè)例外是氧化塘中的氮控制，由于缺乏普遍適用的設(shè)計(jì)信息，因此在氧化塘系統(tǒng)中的氮控制材料未被包括在內(nèi)。另一個(gè)例外是土地處理；土地處理系統(tǒng)去除氮的范圍超出了本手冊(cè)的篇幅。本手冊(cè)中的信息來(lái)源于以下幾個(gè)方面：

（1）編寫(xiě)手冊(cè)的相關(guān)人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，

（2）EPA的研究開(kāi)發(fā)和示范項(xiàng)目，

（3）文獻(xiàn)，

（4）正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展報(bào)告，

（5）與該領(lǐng)域活躍的調(diào)查人員的私人交流，以及

（6）現(xiàn)有污水處理廠的運(yùn)營(yíng)人員。

1.3 用戶(hù)指南

A perusal of the table of contents will give the reader a fairly complete picture of thesubject matter contained in this manual. The following chapter-by-chapter description isoriented toward providing a general description of the contents of each chapter.
Chapter 2, Nitrogenous Materials in the Environment and the Need for Control inWastewater Effluents, describes the sources of nitrogen compounds entering water bodies.the nitrogen transformations which take place in the environment, and the effects ofnitrogen compounds as pollutants. Also given in Chapter 2 is a general introduction into thevarious types of nitrogen control methods and their applicability to the individual chemicalforms of nitrogen. Chapter 2 is useful for establishing the ratjonale for nitrogen removal.
Chapter 3, Process Chemistry and Biochemistry of Biological Nitrification and Denitrifica-tion, is a presentation of the basic factors affecting the growth of nitrifying and denitrifyingorganisms. With an understanding of these factors on a fundamental level, the designconcepts evolved in Chapters 4 and 5 can be better appreciated. However, should the readerdecide not to involve himself in basic theory, Chapters 4 and 5 are designed to stand bythemselves without requiring reference to Chapter 3 except when detailed explanations ofindividual points are required.
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瀏覽目錄可以讓讀者相當(dāng)完整地了解本手冊(cè)所含主題。以下逐章描述旨在提供各章的內(nèi)容總體描述。第二章“環(huán)境中的氮化物材料及其在廢水中的控制需求”描述了進(jìn)入水體的氮化合物的來(lái)源、環(huán)境中發(fā)生的氮轉(zhuǎn)化和氮化合物作為污染物的影響。第二章還對(duì)各種類(lèi)型的氮控制方法及其適用于不同氮化合物化學(xué)形式進(jìn)行了概述。第二章有助于建立去除氮的理性。第三章“生物硝化和反硝化的過(guò)程化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)”介紹了影響硝化和反硝化生物生長(zhǎng)的基本因素。了解這些基本因素后，可以更好地理解第四章和第五章中涉及的設(shè)計(jì)概念。然而，如果讀者決定不涉及基本理論，第四章和第五章旨在獨(dú)立自立，不需要參考第三章除非需要詳細(xì)解釋某些具體點(diǎn)。

Chapter 4, Biological Nitrification, presents design criteria for a wide variety of nitrificationprocesses. Since it has been anticipated that the greatest number of manual users will beconcerned with ammonia oxidation, as opposed to nitrogen removal, Chapter 4 presentsmore material than any other chapter, Both combined carbon oxidation-nitrification andseparate stage nitrification systems are described with details, whether given on attachedgrowth or suspended growth processes. The alternative methods for pretreatment for
organic carbon removal prior to separate stage nitrification systems are presented. Sectionsare included on aeration, pH control, and solids-liquid separation.
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第四章“生物硝化”提供了廣泛的硝化工藝設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。預(yù)計(jì)手冊(cè)用戶(hù)最為關(guān)注的是氨氧化，而非氮去除。第四章比其它章節(jié)提供了更多的材料。篇幅詳細(xì)介紹了底物氧化硝化和分離式硝化系統(tǒng)，無(wú)論是基于附著生長(zhǎng)還是懸浮生長(zhǎng)工藝。此外，在分離式硝化系統(tǒng)之前進(jìn)行有機(jī)碳去除的替代方法也被提出。章節(jié)內(nèi)容包括曝氣、pH控制和固液分離。

? Chapter 5, Biological Denitrification, completes the sequence of the three chapters on thebiological approach to nitrogen removal Design information is provided for both attachedgrowth and suspended growth denitrification systems, For those systems using methanol asthe carbon source for denitrification, a section is included describing the methods forchemical handling. The increasingly popular systems using wastewater carbon sources aredescribed in detail, Chapter 5 concludes with a section on solids-liquid separation and aqualitative comparison of the alternative denitrification techniques.
Chapter 6, Breakpoint Chlorination, is the first of a set of three chapters on physicalchemical techniques for nitrogen removal. Basic process chemistry is presented along with ahost of process design considerations for breakpoint chlorination applications. Because ofthe importance of process control, details of methods are given, Information is presented onthe removal of toxic chlorine residuals.
Chapter 7, Selective lon Exchange for Ammonium Removal, is a presentation of the designconcepts involved in the use of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite exchange material, forammonium removal from wastewater. [on exchange fundamentals are discussed along withclinoptilolite properties. Process loading and regeneration relationships are presented.Alternative methods of regenerant recovery are described.
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第五章《生物反硝化》完成了三章關(guān)于氮去除的生物方法的順序。提供了附著生長(zhǎng)和懸浮生長(zhǎng)反硝化系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)信息。對(duì)于使用甲醇作為碳源進(jìn)行反硝化的系統(tǒng)，還包括一節(jié)描述化學(xué)處理方法。詳細(xì)描述了使用廢水碳源的越來(lái)越受歡迎的系統(tǒng)。第五章以固體液分離和替代反硝化技術(shù)的定性比較結(jié)束。

第六章《斷點(diǎn)氯化》是三章物理化學(xué)氮去除技術(shù)的第一章。介紹了基本的過(guò)程化學(xué)以及斷點(diǎn)氯化應(yīng)用的一系列過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)考慮因素。由于過(guò)程控制的重要性，詳細(xì)闡述了方法細(xì)節(jié)。還介紹了有關(guān)去除有害氯殘留物的信息。

第七章《選擇性離子交換去除銨》是關(guān)于使用天然沸石交換材料clinoptilolite去除廢水中銨的設(shè)計(jì)概念的介紹。深入探討了離子交換基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)以及clinoptilolite的特性。介紹了處理負(fù)載和再生關(guān)系。還描述了替代再生劑回收方法。

Chapter 8, Air Stripping for Ammonia Nitrogen Removal, describes the application ofammonia stripping to wastewater treatment. The air pollution aspects of the method arediscussed and general conclusions drawn. The major factors affecting design and processperformance are described. The problem of equipment scaling and its control is givendetailed consideration. Methods of removing ammonia and controlling the carbon dioxidelevels in the stripping air are described.
Chapter 9, Total System Design, describes the concepts involved in assembling various unitprocesses into rational treatment trains that can accomplish not only nitrogen removal, butorganics removal and phosphorus remova! (where it is required). The main thrust of Chapter9 is to present actual examples of treatment systems that incorporate the nitrogen controlprocesses described in the previous chapters of this manual. Design concepts that evolved tosuit local circumstances are given emphasis.
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第8章，氨氮去除的換氣處理，介紹了將氨氮換氣法應(yīng)用于廢水處理的方法。討論了該方法的空氣污染方面，并得出了一般結(jié)論。描述了影響設(shè)計(jì)和工藝性能的主要因素。并針對(duì)設(shè)備壓垢問(wèn)題及其控制進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)考慮。還介紹了去除氨和控制換氣氣體中二氧化碳水平的方法。

而第9章，總系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，描述了將各種單元工藝組裝成合理的處理集合，能夠不僅完成氮去除，還包括有機(jī)物去除和磷去除（如果需要）。第9章的主要重點(diǎn)是展示運(yùn)用前面章節(jié)中涉及的氮控制工藝的實(shí)際處理系統(tǒng)示例。強(qiáng)調(diào)了按照本地情況進(jìn)行適應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)概念。