第一課時???名???詞

一、概述

1、名詞的屬性：表示人或事物的名稱抽象概念的詞叫名詞。

2、名詞分普通名詞和專有名詞。普通名詞是表示某一類人或事物，或某種物體或抽象概念的名稱。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，專有名詞表示某一特定的人、事物、地方團體、黨派、國家機關(guān)、語言、節(jié)日等專用的名稱。（運用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫）

二、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞

1、可數(shù)名詞是指表示人或事物，可以用數(shù)來計量的名詞，有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。如：glass-----glasses; ?book---- books

2、不可數(shù)名詞是指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來計量。

如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。

3、有些名詞在特定情況下由不可數(shù)變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞。

Light travels faster than sound; ?(light：光線，不可數(shù))

The lights are on.??(light：燈，可數(shù))

4、不可數(shù)名詞的量的表示

不可數(shù)名詞一般無法用數(shù)來計算，前面不能用a或an或數(shù)詞來表示數(shù)量，它的量往往借助于容器來表示。

如：a glass of milk?------ ?four glasses of milk

????a piece of paper?------?two pieces of paper

??a bag of rice?------?three bags of rice

三、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（識記、運用）

1、可數(shù)名詞在應(yīng)用時有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。

2、少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的變化形式

policeman---policemen; ??man---men; ??woman---women;?

tooth---teeth; ??foot---feet; ?sheep---sheep; ?deer---deer;

Japanese--- Japanese; ??Chinese --- Chinese; ??fish --- fish

四、名詞所有格（運用）

名詞的所有格是表示所有關(guān)系的形式，它也有構(gòu)成上的變化。

1、單數(shù)名詞變所有格，只需在詞尾加 ’ s;

2、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾已有s，只需加 ’ 即可；

3、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾若沒有 s ，則應(yīng)加’ s ;

4、如果表示某人或物為兩人所共有，則在第二個人后面加’ s ;

???如：Da Mao and Xiao Mao’s room

???如果不是兩人共有，則在每個人后面都加?’ s;

???如：Li Lei’s and Tom’s mother

5、名詞所有格結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于表示有生命的名詞，或表示時間、距離、地點等，而表示無生命名詞的所有關(guān)系則用“of”表示。

???如: the windows of house ??the picture of the family

???of 結(jié)構(gòu)也能用于有生命名詞的所有格。

??a friend of my sister’s ???a book of his

第二課時????冠??詞（一）

一、概述

冠詞是一種虛詞，在句子中不重讀，本身不能獨立使用。在漢語中沒有這個詞類。在學習冠詞時，要注意這種加在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物的詞表示數(shù)量“一”時，與數(shù)詞的區(qū)別；其表示“數(shù)量”的意義沒有“one”強，這是學習中注意區(qū)別的。

二、冠詞的定義

冠詞是置于名詞之前，說明名詞所表示的人或事物的一種虛詞，它不能離開名詞而單獨存在。冠詞有兩種：

一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article)；the?

一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article). a ?an

三、不定冠詞的用法

a用于輔音音素起首的單詞前，an用于元音音素起首的單詞前。

1、當?shù)谝淮翁岬侥橙嘶蚰澄飼r，用a或an起介紹作用，如：

What is this? ???It is a bus.

Who is she??She is a doctor.

2、表示泛指一類人或物

A snake is a cold-blood animal.

A plane is a machine that can fly.

3、表示某一類人或事物的任何一個。如：

She is a teacher;?That is an apple.

There is an elephant in the zoo.

4、可用于某些詞組，是該詞組不可缺少的組成部分。如：

a long time?a little?a few

at a time?have a try?take a chance

5、表示“每一個”的意思。如：

three times a day?four yuan a dozen

6、可用于抽象名詞之前，使抽象名詞具體化。如：

I am quite at a loss;

The little child is a joy to his parents.

7、用于物質(zhì)名詞之前，使物質(zhì)名詞普通化。如：

He drew out a tin of pineapple.

They made a fire to get warm.

注意：

1、不定冠詞an用在以元音（不是字母，而是發(fā)音）起首的名詞或其他以元音起首的詞之前，不定冠詞a用在以輔音起首的名詞或其他以輔音起首的詞之前。

2、u和h有時在單詞中發(fā)元音，有時卻讀作輔音或不發(fā)音。如：

I have been waiting for an hour.

He is an honest young fellow.

A hammer is a useful fool.

3、英語中有些字母，如f ?h ?l ?m ?n ?s ?x。由于它前頭第一個音是元音，所以在單獨使用或作縮略詞的第一個字母時，應(yīng)使用“an”，如：

There is an “n” in the word “no”.

An MP means a member of parliament.

第三課時??冠??詞（二）

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一、定冠詞的用法

定冠詞the 有this, that, these, those等意思，用于單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。主要用來特指，使一個或幾個事物區(qū)別于所有其他同名的事物。

1、指前文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。如：

I wrote an article. The article was about physics.

2、指說話人都知道的人或事物。如：

Please close the door before you leave.

Let’s go to the classroom.

3、名詞有定語修飾時，須用定冠詞the,表示特指意義。如：

The book on the desk is his.

The teacher who talked with you is her mother.

4、用于世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：

the sun?the moon?the earth?the sky?the world

5、用在序數(shù)詞前面表示順序。如：

I live on the fourth floor.

My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.

6、與其他詞連用，構(gòu)成固定詞組。如：

on the left?in the north?in the front of

7、在表示樂器名稱的名詞之前用定冠詞。如：

the piano?the violin

8、用在形容詞或副詞的最高級前面。如：

This was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.

He is the tallest of us.

9、用在形容詞前面，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的某一類人或事物。如：

the rich?the poor?the young?the living

the new?the right?the true?the beautiful

10、在表示江河、山脈、海灣、海峽、沙漠等專用名詞之前加定冠詞。如：

the Changjiang River?the Nile

the Alps?the Himalayas

11、用在年代、朝代、時代名詞前。如：

the Qin Dynasty?the Ming Dynasty

in the 50’s?the spring period

12、和表示姓氏名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式連用，表示某姓氏一家人或夫婦二人。如：

the Lis?the Martins

二、不用冠詞的情況

1、除一些特殊情況外，專用名詞以及抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前不加冠詞。如：

Man is mortal.

Miss Smith came in power at last.

2、當名詞前已有this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these等詞修飾時或有所有格修飾時，不必加冠詞。如：

She is my sister.

This article you had written is very wonderful.

3、在交通工具、學科名稱等名詞前不加冠詞。如：

by plane?by boat?Chinese?Physics

4、在節(jié)日、假日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前不加冠詞。如：

National Day?May Day

Autumn?January

5、在一日三餐、體育類等名詞前不加冠詞。如：

He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.

He preferred to play football and I’d rather play tennis.

6、在唯一的職務(wù)、頭銜的名詞前不加冠詞。如：

He is elected manager of our company.

People elected him president of that country last year.

7、在報紙標題、圖像說明、文章題目、標志、廣告前不加冠詞。如：

Worker’s Mind

Notes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng

8、在一些固定詞組中不加冠詞。如：

at home?by mistake?learn by heart

at first?at last?at once

by sea?day and night

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第四課時????代???詞（一）

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一、概述

代詞是用來代替名詞或名詞短語的詞。

代詞的分類：

人稱代詞：表示“我”、“我們”、“你”“你們”、“他、她、它”、“他們”的詞叫人稱代詞；

物主代詞：表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞；

反身代詞：表示動作反射到執(zhí)行者本身或用來加強語氣的代詞；

指示代詞：表示能替代名詞或替代形容詞的詞；

不定代詞：表示不指明替代任何特定名詞的代詞。

疑問代詞：表示替代人或物且含有疑問語氣的代詞。

二、人稱代詞

人稱代詞在句中可作主語、賓語、表語。

1、主格在句中作主語，賓格在句中作賓語。

She gave these books to you and me;

You must look after them;

2、當并列代詞作主語時，I 放在最后。順序為你，他，我

You, he and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.

三、物主代詞

物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種，有人稱和數(shù)不清變化形式。

形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語修飾名詞，如：

my watch; ?your books ; ?their names;

名詞性物主代詞在句中可單獨作用，可作主語、賓語和表語，后面不跟名詞，英語中說：“我的一位朋友”，要用“a friend of mine”。

有些結(jié)構(gòu)中常用the 替代物主代詞

He had a cold in the head.（the意思是his）

My mother took me by the arm. （the意思是her）

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四、反身代詞

反身代詞在句中可以加強語氣，用作賓語和同位語。

He himself has finished it .（作同位語）

He has taught himself Russian for 5 years .（作賓語）

I did it mysldf. （加強語氣）

某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)：by oneself; ?fo oneself; ?among themselves

They made the machine all by themselves.

He cooked a meal for himself.

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? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?第五課時????代???詞（二）

一、指示代詞

指示代詞有：this; that; these; those

this, these 表示“這”、“這些”，是“近指”。

that, those表示“那”、“那些”，是“遠指”。

注意：在電話用語里面，用this代替自己，that代替對方。如：

who’s that? ????This is Tom speaking

二、不定代詞

英語中有以下不定代詞：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little(a little), few(a few), many, much, other, another, some, any, no還有由some, any , no every構(gòu)成的代詞。

1）both, all

both 是指“兩者都”，而all則是指“三者或三者以上都”，如：

??Both of us are right.

??All of you are good at playing basketball.

但all 還可以組成固定短語 all day, ?all this, ?all the time等

2) either, neither

either 是指“兩者之中任何一個……“屬于部分否定，而neither則是“兩者之中一個也不……“屬全部否定

Either of the books will do. ?

Neither of the answers is right.

而either還可出現(xiàn)在否定句子里，可與neither進行句型轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

Tom hasn’t been to America, Jim hasn’t, either

= Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.

而neither (nor) 也可用于表示“也不……”，構(gòu)成“neither (nor) +助動詞+主語”的句式。

Kate isn’t a worker, neither is Meimei.

3) little, a little, few, a few

little, a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞； few , a few修飾可數(shù)名詞；

little, few表示否定，“幾乎沒有”

a little, a few表示肯定，相當于some, any.

There is a little milk in the glass.

There are few students in the classroom, they’re in the reading-room.

4) every, each

every, each都是強調(diào)每一個，every 作定語修飾名詞。如：

The bus comes every five minutes.

Each of them may come at a different time.

5) some , any

6) 由some, any, no, every組成的不定代詞

something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere, nothing, none, nobody, nowhere, everything,everyone, everybody, everywhere.?

三、疑問代詞

疑問代詞用來構(gòu)成疑問句，一共有五個：

who, whom, whose, what, which.

第六課時??數(shù)???詞

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一、基數(shù)詞

基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量

注意：表示具體數(shù)目的hundren, thousand, million等均不用復(fù)數(shù)，百位數(shù)和十位數(shù)之間通常加連詞and；十位數(shù)與個位數(shù)之間要加連字符。

二、序數(shù)詞

序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式：由阿拉伯數(shù)字后加上序數(shù)詞的最后兩個字母。

first---1st?????second --- 2nd ???tenth --- 10th

三、時間和年月日表示法

1、時間均用基數(shù)詞表示：

1）順讀法，先說“點鐘”，再說“分鐘”，如：

???2:15 ??two fifteen ?????6:20 ???six twenty

2）逆讀法

30分鐘以內(nèi)：“分鐘數(shù)+ past +鐘點數(shù)”，如：

???3:20 --- twenty past three ????2:10 --- ten past two

半小時用?half，15分鐘用 a quarter :

???2:15 --- a quarter past two ???3:30 --- half past three

30分鐘以外要用：“分鐘數(shù)+ to + 下一個鐘點”，如：

???4:35 --- twenty-five to five ???2:55 --- five to three

2）年月日表示法

???年份讀法；月日讀法；年月日一起讀法。

四、分數(shù)的表示法

當分數(shù)中表示分子的數(shù)只含個位數(shù)時一般采用“分子（用基數(shù)詞）+分母（用序數(shù)詞）”表示。（分子大于1時，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)）如：

one-third; ?two-thirds; ?three twenty-seconds

五、數(shù)詞與名詞的搭配

1）數(shù)詞與名詞連用時，它們的次序是“名詞+基數(shù)詞”

???Lesson 15; ??Room 1506 或者用“the + 序數(shù)詞 + 名詞”

???The Fifteenth Lesson ??????the third floor

2）數(shù)詞與小時的搭配

???two hours and a half ?????three hours

???half an hour

第七課時??形容詞

一、概述

形容詞修飾名詞，說明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定語、表語、賓語補足語。

The beautiful girl is Tom’s sister.（充當定語）

Three is?nothing serious,?is there?（充當定語，修飾不定代詞的形容詞及短語要放在不定代詞之后）

The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表語）

The old are?looked after well.（有些形容詞和定冠詞the連用時，表示一類人或物，其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式）

二、形容詞比較級及最高級的形式

1、絕大部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和單音節(jié)形容詞的比較等級變化是規(guī)則變化。

2、部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞比較級和最高級變化形式在多音節(jié)形容詞前加more或most

beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful

useful – more useful – most useful

3、不規(guī)則形容詞比較級和最高級形式：

good, well – better – best?bad, ill – worse – worst

many, much – more – most?little – less – least

far – farther, further – farthest, furthest

三、形容詞的比較等級的用法

1、當A=B時，則用as（副）…as（介，連）…，中間用形容詞或副詞的原級。表示甲與乙在某方面一樣

???He is as tall as I (me)

2、A≠B，則用not as(so)…as… 表示甲與乙在某方面不一樣。

???He is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =I’m taller than he

???The boy isn’t as careful as that one

??= This boy isn’t as careful than that one

3、比較級+than 形式

???This lesson is more difficult than that one

???She is fatter than Kate

4、the+最高級+(in of)短語

???Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our class

???He is the oldest of the three

???of 常與名詞復(fù)數(shù)或表示數(shù)量的詞連用。表示“在…之中”這一。in常與表示范圍或場所的名詞連用“在…范圍之中”

四、形容詞比較級特殊用法

1）more and more比較級連用表示“越來越……”

???In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.

???He is getting busier and busier.

2）The more … the more 越…就越…

???The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.

???The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.

3）比較級形式表達最高級：

比較級+than any other+名詞單數(shù)；

比較級+than the other+名詞復(fù)數(shù)

???He is clever than any other boy

---- He is the clevest of all the boys

---- He is clever than the other boys

4、修飾比較級的副詞有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。

第八課時??副??詞

一、概述

副詞是用來修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞，表示動作的特征、狀態(tài)的特征或某種性質(zhì)的程度。

二、副詞的分類

時間副詞、地點副詞、方式副詞、疑問副詞及程度副詞。

1、時間副詞：時間副詞表達的內(nèi)涵包括回答“什么時候”或“經(jīng)常與否”

A: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;

B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;

C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;

2、地點副詞：表示地點或位置關(guān)系的副詞。

A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;

B: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;

注：B類中表示位置的副詞有時也可作介詞。

如：come in, please----- They live in the next room.

3、方式副詞：badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.

4、 程度副詞：常見的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely, terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。這些副詞多用來修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞以加強語氣。

5、 疑問副詞：是用來引導一個特殊問句，有時用來引導時間狀語從句或賓語從句。

疑問副詞有：how, when, where, why, who

6、部分副詞的用法：

1）too, either, also都是表示“也”。

too和either都用于句末，too用于肯定句中，either用于否定句及一般疑問句中，also放在句子中，BE動詞前，實義動詞后。

2）so, neither都可以用在倒裝句的開頭。

so接在肯定句后表示“也一樣”，句式：so+助動詞+主語；

neither接在一個否定句后面表示“也不，沒…….”

句式：neither+助動詞+主語

I have read the book, so has he.

Jim didn’t win the game, neither did Tom.

3）already, yet

already 和yet通常用于現(xiàn)在完成時中，already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑問句中。

He has already finished his homework.

Jim hasn’t come back yet.

7、副詞的比較等級

副詞和形容詞一樣，也有比較級和最高級，其變化形式與形容詞的比較比較級和最高級一樣。

第九課時??介??詞

一、知識概述

介詞是一種虛詞，一般在句子中不重讀，也不能單獨充當句子成分，但與它的介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，就可以在句子中作狀語、定語和表語。

介詞又稱前置詞，一般位于名詞或代詞的前面，表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系。在學習介詞時，最重要的是掌握介詞的用法，動介詞組的搭配，時間介詞、方位介詞、方向介詞、位置介詞、成語介詞以及動向介詞和靜向介詞的比較和區(qū)別。

二、介詞的定義及句法功能

介詞是一種虛詞，在句中不單獨作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名詞或相當于名詞的詞語與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞后的名詞，或相當于名詞的其他詞組、短語或從句，稱為介詞賓語。介詞和介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語在句中主要用作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。

The boy?over there?is my brother.（作定語）

A friend?in need?is a friend indeed.（作定語）

I shall meet you?at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地點狀語）

To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因狀語）

I’ll be?in the office?every afternoon.（作表語）

He isn’t?at home（作表語）

The farmer made the king?out of the water.（作賓語補足語）

I found everything?in good order（作賓語補足語）

三、介詞與其他詞類的固定搭配。

介詞和動詞、形容詞、名詞等常構(gòu)成固定搭配。也就是說，在這些詞的后面，常常要求用一定的介詞。

1、形容詞與介詞的固定搭配

有些形容詞后面要求用固定的介詞，這類介詞常見的有：

about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with

（1）?形容詞+about

careful about?hopeful about?sure about

He is careless about his clothes

（2）形容詞 +at

good at?surprised at?angry at

（3）形容詞 + for

famous for?ready for?sorry for

I’m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.

（4）形容詞 + from

different from?safe from

He was absent from class this morning

My sister is different from me in many ways.

（5）形容詞 + in

interested in?successful in

He is interested in making model ships.

2、名詞與介詞的固定搭配

（1）?名詞?+ for

He made up an excuse for being late.

Did you find the cause for your failure?

（2）?名詞?+ in

He has some difficulty in translating the book

She has made great progress in English.

（3）?名詞?+ of

She found another way of solving the problem

He forms a bad habit of getting up late

（4）?名詞?+ on

There have been several attacks on foreigners recently.

Have pity on me!

（5）?名詞?+ with

I wanted to have a talk with you

He is always getting into trouble with the police

第十課時????連??詞

一、知識概述

連詞是一種虛詞，不能在句子中單獨作句子成分，也沒有句子重音，在句子中只起連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子以及從句的作用。連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩種。并列連詞是連接彼此并列關(guān)系的詞。從屬連詞是用來引導從句的詞。

二、并列連詞

并列連詞用來連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或句子。并列連詞按其作用可分為表示轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、選擇和聯(lián)合關(guān)系等四大類。

表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞，常見的有：and, not only……but also, as well as, both…and, neither…nor….

Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.

They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.

Work hard and you’ll pass the exam?

=If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam.

While I was in the university, I learned both English and Japanese.

Both European and Asian speak Russia

You can’t speak both American English and British English at the same time.

Neither Tom nor you are a driver.

Neither I nor he has seen the play.

Neither of us is a teacher

You don’t like it, Neither do I .

She is beautiful as well as clever.

He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.

三、從屬連詞

從屬連詞是用來連接各種從句的詞

1、連接主語從句、表語從句與賓語從句的連詞只有三個，即that, if, whether。如：

Ask her if she will come with me.

The reason is that she never wasted her time.

I don’t know whether he had passed the exam.

2、引導狀語從句的從屬連詞

(1) 連接時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever.

I’ll tell you as soon as I know.

(2) 連接地點狀語從句的從屬連詞有: where, wherever

Sit wherever you like.

I found my books where I had left them.

(3) 連接讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有：although, though, even if, however.

Although she was tired, she kept on working.

(4) 連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有：as, because, since, now that,

He was absent because he was ill.

(5) 連接目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有：that, so that, in order that.

He raised his voice so that we could hear him.

(6) 連接條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有：if, unless, once, in case.

You’ll miss the train unless you hurry up.?

(7) 連接結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so…that, such…that.

He came so late that he missed the class.

(8) 連接比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有：as…as…, not so…as…, less(more)…than, the …the…

This is more than I can accept.

(9) 連接方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有：as, as if

It looks as if it was going to rain.

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第十一課時????動??詞（一）

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一、知識概述

在英語中，每個句子必須有一個動詞來擔當謂語。說明主語“是什么”或“做什么”，動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞。動詞和名詞、代詞一樣，有人稱和數(shù)的變化。謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)一般要與主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。

學好了英語動詞相當于學好了一半的英語語法，可見英語動詞的重要性。在初中英語中，動詞的分類、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)以及動詞的各種形式之間的聯(lián)系，非謂語動詞的構(gòu)成、用法等等貫穿整個初中課本，包括英語句型都離不開動詞時態(tài)或語態(tài)，因此在學習時特別要注意英語中時態(tài)的運用和語態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。

二、動詞的分類及作用

按照動詞的詞義和在句中的作用，英語動詞可分為行為動詞（又叫實義動詞）、連系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。

1、行為動詞

表示動作或狀態(tài)，能獨立作謂語。如：

She took pictures of trees

He is typing letters.

行為動詞又分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。

（1）及物動詞

及物動詞后面必須跟賓語，意思才完整。

I enjoyed the film very much

I gave the child another piece of cake.

常見的能帶兩個賓語的動詞有：

bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.

（2）不及物動詞

本身詞義完整，后面不要求跟賓語。如：

Horses run fast.

They work in a factory.

She curled up in bed and began her book.

2、連系動詞

（1）本身有詞義，不能在句子中單獨作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常見的連系動詞有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.

My father is an engineer.

My brother has become a doctor.

It seems that he was a millionaire.

I don’t feel very well today.

（2）表示感覺知覺的動詞可以是連系動詞，如feel, touch, sound, smell.

I can smell the sea.

The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.

I feel a pain in the arm.

She looked worried about it.

3、動詞與介詞的固定搭配

動詞與介詞的搭配主要指下列兩種形式：

（1）動詞+賓語+介詞

The song always?reminds?me?of?my school days.

Parents usually?expect?a lot?of?their children.

I often?take?her?for?her sister.

He?hide?everything?from?me.

The headmaster?praised?the boy?for?his courage.

They?supplied?people?with?enough food and drink.

They?presented?us?with?a lot of flowers.

The man was?charged with?mueder.

（2）動詞+反身代詞+介詞

dress oneself in;?prepare oneself for

give oneself to?pride oneself on

He?gives?himself?to?pop music.

She always?dresses herself in?white.

第十二課時????動??詞（二）

一、動詞的形式

大多數(shù)動詞有四種基本形式：

1、現(xiàn)在式；2、過去式；3、過去分詞；4、現(xiàn)在分詞；

現(xiàn)在式是字典中所給的形式，也可稱為動詞原形。按照動詞各種形式的構(gòu)成方法，動詞可分為規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞兩類。

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1、第三人稱單數(shù)形式；加-s的規(guī)則

動詞一般現(xiàn)在時單數(shù)第三人稱形式的構(gòu)成和名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成法及讀音完全一樣。

2、動詞的過去式和過去分詞：構(gòu)成動詞-ed形式的規(guī)則。

（1）規(guī)則變化的過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成是一樣的。都加-ed。

（2）不規(guī)則動詞的過去式及過去分詞的形式是不規(guī)則的，可以查不規(guī)則動詞變化形式表。

①?有些動詞的三種形式一樣。如：

bet ;?burst;?cast;?cost;

cut;?hit;?hurt;?let;

read;?shut;?spread

②?下面是一些易誤用的不規(guī)則動詞

bear, bore, born?bite, bit, bitten?blow, blew, blown

draw, drew, drawn?drink, drank, drunk?eat, ate, eaten

fly, flew, flown?hide, hid, hidden?lend, lent, lent

mean, meant, meant?ride, rode, ridden?rise, rose, risen

shake, shook, shaken?swim, swam, swum?tear, tore, torn

throw, threw, thrown?wear, wore, worn

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3、英語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，一般在動詞末尾加-ing。

第十三課時????動??詞（三）

教學重點

一、助動詞

助動詞本身沒有詞義，不能單獨作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等語法形式，或用來加強語氣。常用的助動詞有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它們的具體用法如下：

（1）助動詞be

A. 可用于構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)

She is doing her homework now.

I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.

B. 可用于構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)

The baby was put in bed by his mother.

The invitation was received yesterday.

C. 可與動詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語

These books are not to be taken out of the room.

She is to arrive at six this morning.

（2）助動詞have

A. 構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)

I have not seen him for three years.

How long has your uncle taught in the village?

He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.

B. 和動詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語，表示因客觀環(huán)境促使不得不做的事情

She had to go shopping yesterday.

（3）助動詞do

A. 構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句

Did anyone sharpen this knife?

I don’t think you are right.

B．用來加強語氣

I do want to have a talk with you

Do come and see me.

C．用來代替動詞詞組

Have you finished your work??Yes, I did yesterday.

He plays basketball well. So does his brother.?

（4）助動詞shall

構(gòu)成將來時態(tài)，單純表示未來情況

I shall not be back tonight.

We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.

（5）助動詞will

構(gòu)成將來時，用于第一、二、三人稱。如：

They will move to a new house.

She will not eat any solid food.

注意：

（1）have to 與must的區(qū)別

must是情態(tài)動詞，意思是“必須”、“應(yīng)該”、“一定要”，后接動詞原形。Must的否定形式為mustn’t.構(gòu)成疑問句時，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如：

Must I do it now ?

Yes, you must?No, you needn’t.

have to 表示“不得不，必須”，可用于多種時態(tài)。

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.

I’m sorry I won’t go with you, I’ll have to go to the bank.

We don’t have to install this new television set.

（2）used to 表示過去常常，而現(xiàn)在不再有的習慣。其否定形式為: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.

I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.

I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.

Used they to have a lot more free time ?

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第十四課時????動??詞（四）

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教學重點

情態(tài)動詞

（1）情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，或表示主觀設(shè)想。情態(tài)動詞有自己的詞義，但不能單獨作謂語動詞，必須和不帶to的動詞不定式連用，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，常用的情態(tài)動詞有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.

①?情態(tài)動詞有自己的詞義，表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，或主觀設(shè)想。如：

You may go now.

This bus can seat 40 people.

The work must be finished as soon as possible.

②?情態(tài)動詞不能單獨作謂語，必須和不帶to的不定式連用，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

③?情態(tài)動詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式。

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（2）情態(tài)動詞的用法。

①?may的用法

a. 表示允許或征詢對方的許可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示說話人“不許可”，如：

You may go now.

May I use you typewrite?

You may not go=I do not permit you to go.

b. 在回答may引導的疑問句時，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t或No, you had better not.

②?can的用法

a．表示能力，有“能、會、能夠”的意思。

b. 表示允許，在口語中代替may，有“可以的意思。

c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑問句。

The hall can hold at least 200 people.

The librarian said we could take these books.

Today is Sunday, he can’t be at school today.

d. can和be able to的用法比較

can用來表達能力時，由于只有現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種形式，其他時態(tài)要用be able to來表達。如：

I can play piano.

He has not been able to finish the work in time.

③?must 的用法

a. must表示必須，應(yīng)該。如：

Must I come to the party?

The article must be completed before Friday.

b. must的否定形式mustn’t, 表示“不應(yīng)該、不可以、禁止”。如：

You mustn’t get to school too late.

Must I do it now??Yes, you must. ????No, you needn’t

She must have gone to Beijing.

You must say sorry to me for that

You mustn’t clean only own room.

④?need的用法

a. need作為情態(tài)動詞主要用于否定句和疑問句，較少用于肯定句。如：

I needn’t wear a coat. = I don’t think I need wear a coat.

I don’t need things like that.

⑤?shall

用于第二、第三人稱，表示說話人的意愿。如:

He shall get his money.

You shall do exactly as you wish.

Shall I turn on the light?

Shall I poen the window?

⑥?would的用法

表示愿望、決心、建議或看法，如：

I would like to go there.

I promised that I would do my best.

表示過去的習慣.

He would often come to my house to see me.

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第十五課時????動詞的時態(tài)（一）

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教學重點

一般現(xiàn)在時

在英語中，不同時間里以不同方式發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用不同的動詞形式來表示，動詞的這種不同形式稱為動詞的時態(tài)。

時態(tài)從時間上劃分，可分為四大類：現(xiàn)在時；過去時；將來時；過去將來時。從行為上，每一類可以分為四種形式：一般式；進行式；完成式；完成進行式。這樣英語的動詞合起來，總共有十六種時態(tài)，初中只需掌握其中的八種時態(tài)。

1、一般現(xiàn)在時

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、習慣性的動作或主語所具備的性格和能力等。

①?當動詞是be時，第一人稱用am,第二人稱用is,其他人稱用are.

②?當動詞是實義動詞時，一般用動詞原形，但如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞必須用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，其變化規(guī)則如下：

助動詞do（第三人稱單數(shù)用does）構(gòu)成否定句、疑問句及答語，但要注意助動詞后原來的謂語動詞要恢復(fù)原形。例如：

I like music.?I don’t like music.

Do you like music??Yes, I do?No, I don’t

（2）一般現(xiàn)在時的用法

①?表示經(jīng)常、習慣性動作，常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等時間狀語連用。如：

He goes to school by bus every day.

They often play football

②?表示能力、職業(yè)、特征。如：

Miss Gao teaches English.

Do you speak Japanese?

③?表示客觀存在。如：

The earth moves round the sun.

Time and tide wait for no man.

④?表示已經(jīng)安排好或計劃好的事。如

The plane takes off at 7:30.

Classes begin at 8:00

⑤?在時間狀語和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：

If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.

We’ll wait until he comes back.

注意：

a. 一般現(xiàn)在時的一些常見的時間狀語有：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time

b. 現(xiàn)在進行時有時用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時，表示一個經(jīng)常性的重復(fù)的動作或狀態(tài)。這時句中常帶always, forever以表示說話人的某種感情，如贊嘆、厭煩等。如：

He is always thinking of others.

He is always talking big.

第十六課時????動詞的時態(tài)（二）

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教學重點

一般過去時??

一般過去時

（1）一般過去時表示過去某一時間所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

①?當動詞為be動詞時，應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的過去式：

am is ---- was?are ---- were

否定形式為：was not ---- wasn’t ???were not ---- weren’t

疑問句是將was, were 置于主語之前。

I was in Grade Three last term.

I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.

Which grade were you in?

②?當動詞為實義動詞時，用動詞的過去式，過去式的變化有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則變化如下：

動詞過去式的不規(guī)則變化需要逐個記憶。見初三教材后的不規(guī)則動詞變化形式表。

go ---- went?begin ---- began?sleep ---- slept?run ---- ran

I heard the good news just now.

The twins didn’t go to school last week

Did you see the film yesterday ?

（2）一般過去時的用法

①?表示過去某一時間或一段時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過去的狀語連用：yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如：

They had a baby last month.

My mother was ill yesterday.

He went out just now.

②?用于since引導的從句，主句的謂語動詞如果用現(xiàn)在完成時，since引導的從句一般要用一般過去時。如：

He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.

You haven’t changed much since we last met.

注意：

a. 表示過去的時間狀語常見的有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引導的的表示過去的時間狀語。

b. 一般過去時可以用來表示現(xiàn)在的時間， 這主要用于日常會話，使用的語氣較為婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣。如：

I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.

第十七課時????動詞的時態(tài)（三）

教學重點

一般將來時???過去將來時

一般將來時

（1）一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示將來的時間狀語連用：tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如

I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.

I’ll be there in half an hour.

We’ll arrive tomorrow.

（2）一般將來時的構(gòu)成

①?be going to + 動詞原形。Be隨主語人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化，否定句在be后面加not, 疑問句是將be放到主語之后。例如：

It’s going to be fine tomorrow.

He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.

What are you going to do next?

②?will +動詞原形。Will可以和各種人稱及數(shù)的主語連用。否定句在will后加not,縮寫成won’t，疑問句需將will提至主語之前。例如：

We will have a basketball match next week.

Will you come to the party?

I son’t lend it to you.

③?shall + 動詞原形。此結(jié)構(gòu)常用于主語為第人稱I / we的句中，疑問句表示提建議或征求意見。如：

When and where shall we meet ?

Shall I turn on the TV ?

（3） 一般將來時的基本用法。

①?“be going to +動詞原形”表示“意圖”，即打算、計劃要做某事。如：

Are you going to post the letter ?

How long is he going to stay here ?

②?“be going to + 動詞原形”還可以表示“預(yù)見”，即現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要發(fā)生的事。如：

There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.

It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.

③?“will + 動詞原形”表示客觀上要發(fā)生的事或表示“帶意愿色彩的將來”。如：

He will help you if you ask him.

They will come back tomorrow.

?

過去將來時

過去將來時表示在過去將來的某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。其結(jié)構(gòu)與一般將來時類似，只需將助動詞改為過去式。

am/ is/ are going to + 動詞原形→was/ were going to + 動詞原形

will + 動詞原形→ would + 動詞原形

should + 動詞原形 → should + 動詞原形

例如：

You knew I would come.

He asked me when he would see me again.

Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.

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第十八課時????動詞的時態(tài)（四）

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教學重點

現(xiàn)在進行時??過去進行時

1、現(xiàn)在進行時

（1）現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生或進行的動作。它是由“be + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑問句則將be提到主語之前。

（2）?現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成

（3）現(xiàn)在進行時的用法。

①?表示說話時正在進行的動作。如：

What are you doing ??Who are you waiting for ?

I’m cooking

②?表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進行的動作，但說話時不一定在進行。如：

He is working in a factory.?She is translating look now.

③?表示不斷重復(fù)的動作。如：

The boy is always asking some strange questions.

The children are singing and dancing.

④?表示位置移動的動詞，可以用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將要發(fā)生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如：

When are you starting ??I’m leaving tomorrow.

2、過去進行時

過去進行時表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。

過去進行時常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其構(gòu)成和現(xiàn)在進行時類似，只需將be變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的過去式：was/ were + 動詞-ing。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday ?

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

I was watching TV.

I was writing while my mother was cooking.

教學難點：

①?過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生之后，另一個過去的動作正在進行。過去進行時也可用來表示過去一段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生的動作。如：

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

當我在花園澆水時，突然下雨了。

While we were having a party, the lights went out.

②?過去進行時還可以表示兩個過去的動作同時進行，這時可用連接詞while引導。如：

George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.

③?“was going + 不定式”表示過去打算。如

He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算當我們的領(lǐng)隊。

④?過去進行時與一般過去的區(qū)別

過去進行時表示在過去一段時間正在進行的動作，而一般過去時表示一個完成的動作。如：

I was typing letters last night.

I typed some letters last night.

第十九課時????動詞的時態(tài)（五）

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教學重點

現(xiàn)在完成時（一）??

現(xiàn)在完成時

（1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示某個動作發(fā)生在過去，但對現(xiàn)在有影響（或結(jié)果），這個動作或狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束，也可能還要持續(xù)下去。

其構(gòu)成形式是：?have/ has + 動詞過去分詞

否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t

疑問句要將have/ has放到主語之前。

（2）現(xiàn)在完成時的用法。

①?表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。常用的時間狀語有：already, yet, ever, never, just等。如：

I have already finished the work.

Have you ever been to Beijing?

He has never seen such a nice car.

②?表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。往往和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：

for + 時間段；

since + 時間點（表時間段）；時間段+ago；一般過去時態(tài)。如：

I have taught in this school for ten years.

I have taught in this school since ten years ago.

③?for和since引導的短語都表示“一段時間”，所以謂語動詞應(yīng)該用延續(xù)性動詞，不能用非延續(xù)性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示該動詞可以延續(xù)一段時間，如：live, work, study, teach, stay等，非延續(xù)性動詞是指該動詞所表示的動作不能持續(xù)，是短暫的、瞬間完成的，如：borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。

許多非延續(xù)性動詞可以用意思相同或相近的延續(xù)性動詞來表示：

leave ---- be away from?arrive ---- be in

go ---- be away?come ---- be in / at?finish ---- be over

buy ---- have?borrow ---- keep?die ---- be dead

join ---- be in/be a member of?begin ---- be on

如：He has gone?He has been away for an hour

I have bought a watch?I have had the watch for several days

④?have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to?

have/ has been to ：曾去過

have/ has gone to ：已去，去了（不在說話現(xiàn)場，在途中或已經(jīng)到達）

My mother has been to America. 我媽媽曾經(jīng)去過美國

My mother has gone to America. 我媽媽已經(jīng)去了美國

（3）現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的用法比較

①??一般過去時只單純表示過去，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系，它可以和確定的表示過去的時間狀語連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時表示某一完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以不能和確定的過去的時間狀語連用。如：

We have visited the farm（現(xiàn)在對農(nóng)場有所了解）

We visited the farm last week（說明上周參觀農(nóng)場這件事）

②?如果詢問某事發(fā)生的時間、地點只能用一般過去時。如：

When did you lose your cat ?

I lost it last night.?I found it in the garden.

第二十課時????動詞的時態(tài)（六）

教學重點

現(xiàn)在完成時（二）??過去完成時

現(xiàn)在完成時難點：

①?由since引導的時間狀語，它們的主句通常使用完成時態(tài)。

He has taught English since 1970.

It has been a long time since I last saw you.

②?只有在It is …since…這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句的謂語才可用一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在完成時或一般過去時。如：

It’s ten years since I left school.

It’s a long time since I saw you last.

③?表示短暫性的動詞不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，這類動詞有：

begin, ?borrow, ?buy, ?close, ?come, ?die, ?fall, ?find, ?finish, ?

join, ??kill, ????lend, ?leave, ?sell, ??start, ?stop等，如：

不能說：His father has died for three years.

只能說：His father died three years ago.

不能說：He has left home for two months.

只能說：He left home two months ago.

④?非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù)?？膳cfor, since時間狀語連用。如：

I haven’t seen him for a long time.

I haven’t heard from him since he left.

She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.?

⑤?have(has) been 和have (has) gone的區(qū)別。

Have been to a place意思是“到過、去過”，表示曾到過某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒；have gone to意思是“去了”，表示已經(jīng)去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已在那兒。如：

Has she ever been to Nanjing ?

You have never been there before, have you?

I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.?

總之，have been to講的是過去的情況，強調(diào)去過或沒有，著重于到目前為止的一個結(jié)果，而have gone to指現(xiàn)在人在不在，只用于第三人稱，不用于第一、第二人稱，不能用來代替have been to.

2、過去完成時

（1）過去完成時表示在過去某一時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：had + 動詞過去分詞。否定、疑問句同現(xiàn)在完成時一樣。

（2）用法

①?表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即“過去的過去”。如：

The meeting had begun when we got there.

He said he had seen the film.

②?表示某一動作在過去某一時間已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間，常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用。如：

The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.

She said that she had made much progress since she came here.

?

第二十一課時????動詞時態(tài)的一致

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教學重點

時態(tài)的一致

時態(tài)的一致主要是指在主從復(fù)合句中，主句與從句之間的時態(tài)一致通常主句的時態(tài)決定從句的時態(tài)。原則是：當主句是現(xiàn)在時與將來時，從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況可以使用任何時態(tài)。但是，當主句謂語使用過去時，從句必須使用過去時態(tài)。如下表：

教學難點

1、賓語從句和間接引語與主句的時態(tài)一致，符合上述原則。但如果賓語從句表示客觀事實和真理，即使主句謂語用過去時，從句的謂語也應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時：如：

Our teacher?told?us a little knowledge?is?dangerous

我們老師告訴我們一知半解是危險的。

He?said?that light?travels?faster than sound.

他說光傳播速度比聲音快。

2、有些形容詞后可以跟從句，這種從句?？闯少e語從句，它的主、從句時態(tài)也符合上述原則。這些形容詞有：afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried。如：

I’m sure?that he will succeed.

3、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句也要與主句的時態(tài)一致。如：

That is why?he was late for school.

例題：

1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She _______ to the station to meet Mr Brown.

A. went?B. has gone?C. has been?D. would go

2. ________ a letter from him since he left.

??A. haven’t got?B. didn’t receive?C. didn’t have?D. haven’t feel

3. When I came in, they______ games in the room.

??A. were playing?B. are playing?C. played?D. plays

4. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.

A. has begun?B. had begun?C. has been on?D. began

第二十二課時????被動語態(tài)（一）

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教學重點

被動語態(tài)

在英語中，須通過動詞的某種形式來表明句子的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者還是動作的承受者，前一種句子是主動句，后一種是被動句。

英語的動詞有兩種語態(tài)形式，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作是執(zhí)行者，謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)。如果主語是動作的對象，謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)。如：

They build this school.

They school is built by them.

1、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

“助動詞 +（及物動詞的）過去分詞”構(gòu)成動詞被動語態(tài)的形式。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為系動詞的變化完全一樣。如：

This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.（一般現(xiàn)在時）

The thief was arrested.（一般過去時）

A new road is being built outside my house.（現(xiàn)在進行時）

The man was being questioned by the police.（過去進行時）

Your wallet has been found.（現(xiàn)在完成時）

By the time we got there. The work had been finished.（過去完成時）

My sister would be taken care of by grandma.（過去將來時）

Your watch will be repaired.（一般將來時）

教學難點：

在英語里，有一些動詞是不及物動詞，后面不能跟賓語，所以沒有被動語態(tài)。以下動詞只有主動語態(tài)，沒有被動語態(tài)。

appear, die, happen, fall, arrive.

2、五種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)舉例

①?一般現(xiàn)在時

A lot of books are kept in our school library.

Radio is used in everyday life.?

②?一般過去時

A thief was caught last night.

They were asked to speak at the meeting.

③?現(xiàn)在進行時

A new library is being put up in their school now.

The watch is being repaired.

④?一般將來時

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The thieves will be arrested.

⑤?現(xiàn)在完成時

My bag has been stolen.

Many stamps have been collected by me since last year.

3、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)

①?主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語。

②?主動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。

③?主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，組成介詞短語，放在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動詞之后。在動作的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必強調(diào)時，by短語可以省略。

④?主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)兩種時態(tài)要保持一致。如：

We repaired the motor.

The motor was repaired by us.

第二十三課時????被動語態(tài)（二）

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教學重點

被動語態(tài)（二）

幾種不同形式的被動語態(tài)

（1）含有直接賓語和間接賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)，變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，可以將其中一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般是主動結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語，這樣句子顯得自然一些。如：

He showed me his pictures.

I was shown his pictures by him.

I was sent a birthday present (by him).

A birthday present was sent to me (by him).

（2）含有復(fù)合賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳涞姆椒ā?/p>

①?將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓語補足語保留不動。如：

They call her little Li.?She is called little Li.

He left the door open.?The door was left open by him.

②?make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, have, notice, help等動詞后面作賓語補足語的不定式一般不帶to，可是當變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，后面的不定式必須帶to。如：

My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.

I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I was young.

③?含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，是由“情態(tài)動詞 + be +（及物動詞的）過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：

They can not find him.

He can not be found.

④?短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

一般說來，只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)，因為只有及物動詞才可能有動作的承受者。但有許多由不及物動詞加介詞及其他詞類構(gòu)成的短語動詞，相當于及物動詞，可以有賓語，因而也可以有被動語態(tài)。但應(yīng)注意，短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語動詞的介詞或副詞。如：

They had put out the fire before the fire brigade arrived.

The fire had been put out before the fire brigade arrived.

They will set up a new public school here.

A new public school will be set up here.

You must take good care of these trees.

These trees must be taken good care of.

?

被動語態(tài)的基本用法

①?不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時。如：

Paper is made from wood.

The house is quite old, it was built in 1950.

He was wounded in the fight.

②?需要強調(diào)動作的承受者時。如：

Calculator can’t be used in the maths exam.

Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.

He was awarded first prize in that contest.

③?為使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍诱Z態(tài)，或由于修辭的需要使用被動語態(tài)使句子得以更好安排。如：

The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.

Electricity is used to run machines.

第二十四課時????非謂語動詞（一）

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教學重點

動詞不定式??

在英語中，不充當句子謂語的動詞，叫作非謂語動詞。由于非謂語動詞不受主語的限制，沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)，所以又叫非限定動詞。非限定動詞有三種形式：動詞不定式；動名詞和分詞。

1、動詞不定式

（1）動詞不定式的構(gòu)成和性質(zhì)

動詞不定式是一種非謂語動詞，所謂非謂語動詞就是不能作謂語的動詞。正因為如此，它不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但它具有動詞的某些特征，可以帶賓語和狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語。其構(gòu)成是：“to + 動詞原形”，否定式是“not to +動詞原形”。to是不定式符號，無詞義。

（2）動詞不定式的用法

動詞不定式除了不能作謂語外，可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。

①?作主語

To learn English well is not easy.

To drive fast is quite dangerous.

不定式作主語時常常用it作形式主語，不定式放在謂語之后以上兩個例句可以寫成：

It is not easy to learn English well.

It is quite dangerous to drive fast.

這種用法可以歸納成這樣一個句型：

It is (not) + 形容詞 + (for sb.) to do sth.

It is very expensive for me to buy a car.

It is very difficult for a child to do that job.

有些形容詞之后跟of + 名詞（代詞賓語）+不定式。如：

It is very kind of you to say so.?It is very good of you to come.

②?作表語。如：

My job is to teach English.?The first thing is to ring him up.

③?作賓語。如：

She wanted to ask you a question.?He forgot to turn off the light.

We decided to hold a class meeting.

常見的可以用不定式作賓語的動詞有：like, love, begin, start, try, ask, prefer, hate, find等，有些形容詞可接不定式，這種不定式也可作賓語。如：

I’m very glad to see you?He’s sure to come.

④?作賓語補足語

不定式是用來補充說明賓語的，通常不定式的動作是賓語發(fā)出的?？梢詭Р欢ㄊ阶髻e補的動詞有：ask sb. To do sth. ??want sb. To do sth.

tell sb. To do sth. ???like sb. To do sth. ???help sb. (to) do sth.，還有些動詞可以跟省略to的不定式作賓語補足語。如：hear, watch, see, feel, make, let, have等。如：

I often help my mother do housework.

The policeman asked the driver to stop.

The teacher asked us not to talk in class

I want you to buy some bananas for me.

We saw him play football.?We felt the house shake.

⑤?作定語：常常放在所修飾的名詞、代詞之后，如：

I have a lot of of work to do.?He wants something to drink.

⑥?作狀語。如：

He went to the station to meet his friend.（表目的）

She has gone to the market to buy some vegetables.（表目的）

I’m so glad to hear that you have passed the exam.（表原因）

The boy is too young to go to school.（表結(jié)果）

（3）疑問詞加動詞不定式

疑問代詞when, who, which和疑問副詞when, where, why, how等加動詞不定式，在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等成分。如：

I’m don’t know how to use the computer.（作賓語）

We can’t decide which one to buy.（作賓語）

The question is how to get there.（作表語）

When to start has not been decided.（作主語）

第二十五課時????非謂語動詞（二）

教學重點

動名詞??

動名詞具有名詞的特性，它在句子里主要起到主語、賓語和介詞賓語的作用。

（1）動名詞作主語

一般情況下表示一種抽象、泛指的動作，而不是一次性的具體的動作。動名詞作主語時，常采用形式主語it。

Swimming in this river is dangerous.

It is dangerous swimming in this river.

（2）動名詞作賓語

英語中有些動詞只能接動名詞作賓語，不能接不定式，這些動詞有：

admit（承認）?avoid（避開）?can’t help（禁不住）

consider（考慮）?deny（否認）?enjoy（喜歡）

excuse（原諒）?finish（完成）?mind（介意）

practise（練習）?miss（錯過）?suggest（建議）

I can’t help laughing.

I enjoyed reading this novel.

教學難點

動名詞與不定式作直接賓語的比較

①?remember doing sth. 表示“記午過去做過的一件事”。

???remember to do sth. 表示“記得要去做某事”。

I remember seeing the man before.

②?forget doing sth.?表示“忘記曾做過某事”。

???forget to do sth.?表示“忘記去做某事”。如

I forgot to turn off the lights when I left the room

③?regret doing sth.?表示“對過去做過的一件事情后悔”。

???regret to do sth.?表示“對還沒做，或正在做的事情感到后悔、抱歉”。如：

I regret telling you the bad news.

I regret to say I’m unable to help you.

④?stop doing sth.?表示“停止正在做的事情”。

???stop to do sth.?表示“停下來，去做另一件事情”。如：

We stopped to see what happened.

Let’s stop talking about it.

⑤?try doing sth.?表示“嘗試著做某事”。

???try to do sth.?表示“設(shè)法做某事”。如：

I’ll try doing it in a new way.

I once tried to learn Japanese.

⑥?mean doing sth?表示“意味著，意思是”

???mean to do sth.?表示“打算，想要做某事”。如：

Giving up the job means missing a good opportunity.

放棄這份工作意味著錯過了一個好機會。

I mean to help him with it.

⑦?prefer to do sth ……rather than do sth

???prefer doing sth. to doing sth.?表示“喜歡做這件事而不喜歡做那件事”。如：

I prefer working to staying at home.

This pair of shoes needs repairing.

The walls of the room want whitewashing.

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