passage1

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

????????Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking偷懶, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as"all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of thisfinely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

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1.slack偷懶，lack缺乏，=be short of

2.grievance 諧音“格林問死”，因為格林對自己非常重要的人死因至今不明，所以懷著憤憤不平的心情，一定要找仇家問個明白，所以就誕生出“格林問死”。

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????????The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, andthey share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services"than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchersspent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

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1.brown棕色 brow眉毛：區(qū)別記憶：brown諧音：不老翁，不倒翁。家里有個棕色的不倒翁。 brow諧音：不勞。他眉頭一皺，說：不勞煩你了。

2.ready事先準(zhǔn)備好的 readily樂意地：內(nèi)聯(lián)記憶：因為這是我事先準(zhǔn)備好的，所以很樂意給你。

3.take過去式took，過去分詞taken 而token代幣，在某種程度上，可以說是take的過去分詞taken改a為o變成的新單詞。token內(nèi)聯(lián)記憶：便于攜帶，并且可用于交易的代幣，叫token。因為人類早期是物物交換，為了攜帶方便，所以出現(xiàn)了使用幣。token是為了紀(jì)念攜帶方便，故用taken的過去分詞的變形。

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????????In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

????????The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

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1.righteous 從詞面上看，就是權(quán)利均等的。故righteous公平公正的。

2.indignation=文章中的outraged。

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一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

這是一篇議論文。這是一篇關(guān)于動物行為與動物心理的文章。

文章首段通過首先介紹人憎恨不公平的行為現(xiàn)象引出猴子和人一樣也有這種情感，

第二、三、四段通過一些研究者對雌性猴子的行為進(jìn)行了研究論證具體論證了這一觀點。

最后一段在以上研究的基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)一步對這一結(jié)論做出了說明。

21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by.

[A] posing a contrast

[B] justifying an assumption

[C] making a comparison

[D] explaining a phenomenon

21.在文章開始段落，作者引入主題的方法是。

【A】提出一個對比

【B】證明一種假定是正確的

【C】進(jìn)行類比

【D】解釋一種現(xiàn)象

22. The statement"it is all too monkey"(Last line, Paragraph I) implies that.

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals

[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other

[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

22.（第一段最后一行）的句子“it is all too monkey”意味著。

【A】猴子也會被懶散的對手激怒

【B】怨恨不公平也是猴子的天性

【C】和人一樣，猴子也往往相互妒忌

【D】除了猴子，沒有其他動物可以產(chǎn)生這樣的情感

23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are.

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get

[B] attentive to researchers' instructions

[C] nice in both appearance and temperament

[D] more generous than their male companions

23.雌卷尾猴被選來做研究最有可能是因為它們。

【A】更喜歡權(quán)衡比較她們所得到的東西

【B】注意聽從研究者的指令

【C】外表和性情都很好

【D】比雄卷尾猴慷慨

24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys.

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers

[B] can be taught to exchange things

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated

[D] are unhappy when separated from others

24.布盧斯南博士和德·瓦爾博士最終在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)猴子。

【A】喜歡葡萄甚于喜歡黃瓜

【B】可以被教會交換物品

【C】如果覺得受了欺騙就不會合作

【D】如果與其他猴子分開就會不高興

25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

25.根據(jù)最后一段我們可以推知什么？

【A】通過訓(xùn)練，猴子可以形成社會情感。

【B】人類的憤怒源自什么不得而知。

【C】動物通常像人類一樣公開表達(dá)其情感。

【D】猴子間的合作只有在野外才能保持穩(wěn)定。

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

1.a fat pay rise 豐厚的加薪

2.vanish v.消失，不復(fù)存在

3.reputation n.名聲，名望

4.slack adj.懈怠的，懶散的

5.outrage n./v.暴行；激怒，引起……義憤

6.underlying adj.潛在的，含蓄的

7.assumption n.假定，設(shè)想

8.grievance n.怨憤，不平；抱怨

9.good-natured 和藹的，和善的

10.counterpart n.極相似的人或物，對應(yīng)的人或物

11.candidate n.候選人，應(yīng)試者

12.token n.象征的東西，代幣

13.adjoining adj.連著的

14.in return for作為（對…….的）交換/報答/回報

15.markedly adv.顯著地，明顯地

16.toss v.扔，拋

17.resentment n.憤恨，怨恨

18.righteous adj.正當(dāng)?shù)?，正直的，公正?/span>

19.preserve v.保存，保護(hù)

20.reward n.報酬，獎金

21.evolve v.逐漸形成，進(jìn)化

22.stem from 源于……，由....造成

三、閱讀答案：C B A C B

四、全文翻譯：?

????????人人都喜歡豐厚的加薪，但是當(dāng)你得知一位同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候，那么加薪帶給你的喜悅就消失得無影無蹤了。事實上，如果他還有懶散的名聲的話，你甚至變得義憤填膺。這樣的行為被看作是“人之常情”，它潛在的假定是其他動物不可能有這種高度發(fā)達(dá)的不滿意識。但是由佐治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學(xué)的薩拉·布魯斯南和弗蘭·德·瓦爾進(jìn)行的一項研究卻表明，它也是“猴之常情”。

????????這項研究成果剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上。研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進(jìn)行了研究。這些猴子看起來很可愛，她們生性溫和，樂于合作，并且樂意分享食物。最重要的是，像人類女性一樣，它們往往比雄性更注重“物品和服務(wù)”的價值。這些特點使它們成為布魯斯南博士和德·瓦爾博士理想的研究對象。兩位研究人員花了兩年時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下，猴子非常樂意用石塊交換黃瓜片。但是，當(dāng)兩只猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里，能夠互相看見對方用石塊換回來什么東西時，猴子的行為就會變得明顯不同。

????????在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黃瓜受歡迎得多）。所以當(dāng)一只猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代幣只換回一片黃瓜。如果一只猴子根本無須用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話，那么另一只猴子就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上，只要在另一房間出現(xiàn)了葡萄（不管有沒有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

????????研究人員指出，正如人類一樣，卷尾猴也受社會情感的支配。在野外，它們是協(xié)作、群居的物種。只有當(dāng)每只猴子都感到自己沒有受到欺騙時，這種合作才可能穩(wěn)定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳達(dá)給其他成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自三千五百萬年前他們共同的祖先，這至今還是一個有待回答的問題。