原文標(biāo)題：
The Human Genome Project at 20
Epic ambition
The genomics revolution has transformed biology. Its work is not over yet
人類(lèi)基因組計(jì)劃完成20周年
雄心壯志
基因組學(xué)革命改變了生物學(xué)，它的工作尚未結(jié)束

Big science
Yet for genomics to become a part of everyday medicine, the hard work is still ahead
大科學(xué)
然而，要使基因組學(xué)成為日常醫(yī)學(xué)的一部分，仍需努力

[Paragraph 1]
TWENTY YEARS ago the Human Genome Project (HGP) unveiled a mostly complete sequence of the roughly 3bn base pairs of DNA found in every set of human chromosomes.
20年前，人類(lèi)基因組計(jì)劃（HGP）公布了每組人類(lèi)染色體中約30 億個(gè) DNA 的基本完整序列。

The project was chock-full of ego and hype, but also heralded the rapid improvements and dramatically lower costs of sequencing.
該計(jì)劃充滿了自我和炒作，但也預(yù)示著測(cè)序的快速改進(jìn)和成本大幅降低。

This fed the success of the burgeoning field of genomics, which has transformed biology and medicine—and still holds plenty of promise.
這促進(jìn)了新興的基因組學(xué)領(lǐng)域的成功，基因組學(xué)已經(jīng)改變了生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)--且還有很多潛力。

[Paragraph 2]
Genomics has added a new dimension to the study of life and evolution. It has helped scientists understand genes and proteins, and how they govern the growth and function of cells.
基因組學(xué)為生命和進(jìn)化的研究增加了一個(gè)新的維度。它幫助科學(xué)家理解基因和蛋白質(zhì)，以及它們?nèi)绾慰刂萍?xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和功能。

CRISPR gene editing—a way to precisely modify the DNA in cells—gives researchers a handle on cellular function and dysfunction.
CRISPR基因編輯——一種精確修改細(xì)胞DNA的方法——讓研究人員能夠處理細(xì)胞功能和功能障礙。

The first treatments based on gene editing could be approved within a year.
首批基于基因編輯的治療可能會(huì)在一年內(nèi)獲得批準(zhǔn)。

Plant scientists have acquired ways to create disease- and heat-resistant crops.
植物科學(xué)家已經(jīng)掌握了培育抗病和抗熱作物的方法。

[Paragraph 3]
The era of cheap genome sequencing opened the doors to biology as a data science.
廉價(jià)基因組測(cè)序時(shí)代開(kāi)啟了生物學(xué)作為數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)的大門(mén)。

The data and findings from the HGP came close to being hidden behind patents.
HGP的數(shù)據(jù)和發(fā)現(xiàn)差點(diǎn)就被專(zhuān)利掩蓋。

Instead they were opened up to the public, which proved crucial—a useful lesson for other big projects.
反而，它們向公眾開(kāi)放很重要——對(duì)其他大型項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō)也非常有用。

Biologists’ databases now hold the sequences of millions of people and other organisms.
生物學(xué)家的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)現(xiàn)在保存著數(shù)百萬(wàn)人和其他生物的序列。

This has helped draw links between genes, traits and diseases and also enhanced scientists’ understanding of evolution.
這有助于建立基因、特征和疾病之間的聯(lián)系，并增強(qiáng)科學(xué)家對(duì)進(jìn)化的理解。

[Paragraph 4]
Most of the revolution’s tangible effects have been in medicine.
基因組學(xué)革命的大部分實(shí)際影響都體現(xiàn)在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。

Screening for serious but treatable genetic diseases is already possible.
篩查嚴(yán)重但可治療的遺傳性疾病已經(jīng)成為可能。

Cancer is largely the result of genetics gone awry. Sequencing the genome has become a routine part of treating many tumours.
癌癥主要是遺傳出錯(cuò)的結(jié)果?；蚪M測(cè)序已成為治療許多腫瘤的常規(guī)操作。

Doing so allows doctors to work out which mutations the cancer has and therefore which course of treatment is likely to work best.
這些操作可以讓醫(yī)生找出癌癥的突變位置，從而確定效果最好的治療方案。

[Paragraph 5]
Genomics will increasingly inform doctors’ decisions.
基因組學(xué)將越來(lái)越多地影響醫(yī)生的決策。

Starting later this year, 100,000 babies in England will have their genomes sequenced and screened for around 200 conditions.
從今年年底開(kāi)始，英格蘭將對(duì)10萬(wàn)名嬰兒進(jìn)行基因組測(cè)序，并針對(duì)200種左右情況進(jìn)行篩查。

Each disease is rare; together, they affect nearly one in 200 children. Early detection means early treatment, and a higher chance of a better outcome.
每種疾病都是罕見(jiàn)?。坏傮w而言，它們共同影響了將近二百分之一的兒童。早發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著早治療，治愈的幾率就更高。

The hope is that, in time, the precise variations in many hundreds of locations on a person’s genome will guide doctors.
希望隨著時(shí)間的推移，一個(gè)人基因組上數(shù)百個(gè)精確變異點(diǎn)將為醫(yī)生提供指導(dǎo)。

They seem likely to become a factor in assessments of whether a patient is likely to develop conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes.
他們似乎有可能成為評(píng)估患者是否會(huì)患上心血管疾病和2型糖尿病等疾病的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。

[Paragraph 6]

Yet for the genomics revolution to realise its potential, plenty more can be done.

然而，要讓基因組學(xué)革命充分發(fā)揮潛力，還有許多工作要做。

Sequencing has fallen in cost from over $50m a genome at the end of the HGP to a few hundred dollars today, but making it even cheaper and more convenient would allow it to be more widely available.

基因組測(cè)序的成本已經(jīng)從HGP2003年結(jié)束時(shí)的每個(gè)基因組的 5000 多萬(wàn)美元下降到今天的幾百美元，但價(jià)格還可以更低，這樣就可以進(jìn)行更方便且更廣泛的應(yīng)用。

People’s genetic sequences need to be integrated into their medical records, requiring data infrastructure, digitised records, and the setting of robust security and privacy standards.

人們的基因序列需要整合到他們的病歷中，這需要數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、數(shù)字化記錄以及強(qiáng)大的安全和隱私標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)置。

Scientists must also continue to collect more diverse data, beyond those of patients in the rich world. That will help them understand variations in the genome.

科學(xué)家還必須繼續(xù)收集更多樣化的數(shù)據(jù)，而不僅僅是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家患者的數(shù)據(jù)。這將幫助他們理解基因組中的變異。

Some projects, such as the Three Million African Genomes and GenomeAsia 100k, are already under way.
一些項(xiàng)目已在進(jìn)行中，如300萬(wàn)非洲人基因組計(jì)劃和10萬(wàn)亞洲人基因組計(jì)劃。

[Paragraph 7]

The science will need to progress further, too.

科學(xué)也需要進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。

Researchers now have a decent understanding of diseases that are affected by single genes.

研究人員現(xiàn)在對(duì)受單個(gè)基因影響的疾病有了很好的理解。

But they do not yet have a good grasp of how genes interact with each other.

但他們還沒(méi)有很好地理解基因之間的相互作用。

And much is unclear about the interplay between groups of genes and people’s environments.

關(guān)于基因組與人類(lèi)環(huán)境之間的相互作用，還有很多不清楚的地方。

Nature versus nurture was once a popular debate in genetics but these days is largely seen as a false dichotomy.

先天還是后天曾經(jīng)是遺傳學(xué)領(lǐng)域的熱門(mén)辯論話題，但如今在很大程度上被認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的二極管思維。

With genomes as with much successful research, the more you find out, the more you realise that you do not have the whole story.
同許多成功的研究一樣，對(duì)于基因組，你發(fā)現(xiàn)的越多，你就越意識(shí)到你并沒(méi)有了解全貌。

（恭喜讀完，本篇英語(yǔ)詞匯量632左右）
原文出自：2023年4月15日《The Economist》Leaders版塊

精讀筆記來(lái)源于：自由英語(yǔ)之路

本文翻譯整理: Irene

本文編輯校對(duì): Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。

【補(bǔ)充資料】（來(lái)自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)）
基因組學(xué)Genomics是研究生物基因組的組成，組內(nèi)各基因的精確結(jié)構(gòu)、相互關(guān)系及表達(dá)調(diào)控的科學(xué)。該學(xué)科提供基因組信息以及相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)利用，試圖解決生物，醫(yī)學(xué)，和工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的重大問(wèn)題?；蚪M學(xué)、轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)、蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)與代謝組學(xué)等一同構(gòu)成系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)的組學(xué)（omics）生物技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。

人類(lèi)基因組計(jì)劃The Human Genome Project 是歷史上最偉大的科學(xué)成就之一。該計(jì)劃是由一組國(guó)際研究人員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的生物學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)之旅，旨在全面研究一組有機(jī)體的所有DNA（稱(chēng)為基因組）。該計(jì)劃于1990年啟動(dòng)，于2003年完成。它的主要目標(biāo)是確定人類(lèi)基因組中的所有基因，并確定它們的序列。這項(xiàng)工作需要開(kāi)發(fā)新技術(shù)，例如自動(dòng)化DNA測(cè)序和計(jì)算機(jī)分析。這項(xiàng)工作還需要大量的協(xié)調(diào)和合作，以便研究人員可以共享數(shù)據(jù)和資源。

CRISPR基因編輯是一種基于細(xì)菌CRISPR-Cas9抗病毒防御系統(tǒng)的分子生物學(xué)遺傳工程技術(shù)，可以修改生物體的基因組。這種技術(shù)可以用于治療遺傳性疾病、癌癥和其他疾病，也可以用于改善農(nóng)作物和畜牧業(yè)。CRISPR基因編輯技術(shù)具有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，例如速度快、成本低、精度高、可重復(fù)性好等。但是，它也存在一些問(wèn)題，例如可能會(huì)引起意外的副作用、可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不可預(yù)測(cè)的后果、可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的變化等。

GenomeAsia 100K項(xiàng)目成立于2016年，由Macrogen、盆唐首爾大學(xué)醫(yī)院精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療中心、新加坡南洋理工大學(xué)、印度基因組分析企業(yè)MedGenome和美國(guó)羅氏集團(tuán)子公司Genentech等組成，旨在對(duì)生活在亞洲的10萬(wàn)人（64個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的219個(gè)群體）的基因組進(jìn)行測(cè)序，在全球公開(kāi)的亞洲人基因組數(shù)據(jù)中涵蓋最多的亞洲區(qū)域和人種。

【重點(diǎn)句子】（4個(gè)）
Genomics has added a new dimension to the study of life and evolution. It has helped scientists understand genes and proteins, and how they govern the growth and function of cells.
基因組學(xué)為生命和進(jìn)化的研究增加了一個(gè)新的維度。它幫助科學(xué)家理解基因和蛋白質(zhì)，以及它們?nèi)绾慰刂萍?xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和功能。

Genomics will increasingly inform doctors’ decisions.
基因組學(xué)將越來(lái)越多地影響醫(yī)生的決策。

Nature versus nurture was once a popular debate in genetics but these days is largely seen as a false dichotomy.
先天還是后天曾經(jīng)是遺傳學(xué)領(lǐng)域的熱門(mén)辯論話題，但如今在很大程度上被認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的二極管思維。