Critical thinkers, scientists, and psychologists, in contrast,?

are skeptical of their own theories

Three areas of ethical倫理的 concern in behavioral research are the?

use of deception欺騙, invasion of privacy,and the risk of lasting harm.?

Because of confirmation bias, people only remember predictions that?

seemed to come true and forget all the errors.

Basic Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Researchers:

Do no harm.

Accurately describe risks to potential participants.

Ensure that participation is voluntary.

Minimize any discomfort to participants.

Maintain confidentiality.

Do not unnecessarily invade privacy.

Use deception only when absolutely necessary.

Remove any misconceptions caused by deception (debrief).

Provide results and interpretations to participants.

Treat participants with dignity and respect.

Like a melody, many experiences cannot be broken into smaller units.

According to Freud, our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious?

thoughts, impulses, and desires———especially those concerning sex and aggression.

★Cultural relativity———the idea that behavior must be judged relative?

to the values of the culture in which it occurs—can greatly affect?

the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

A single perspective is unlikely to fully explain complex human behavior.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that prompts people to act in

ways that make the prediction come true.

People sometimes become what we prophesy★預(yù)言 for them. It is wise to?

remember that others tend to live up or down to our expectations for them.

?9. Yes. It appears to be difficult for humans to?

resist thinking of other species and even machines in human terms

★Psychology in Action：

1: Be skeptical懷疑的.

2: Consider the source of information.

3: Beware of oversimplifications, especially those motivated by monetary貨幣的 gain.

4: Remember, “for example” is no proof.

5: Ask yourself if there was a control group.

6: Look for errors in distinguishing between correlation相互關(guān)系?

and causation因果關(guān)系.

7: Be sure to distinguish between observation評論 and inference結(jié)論.