peasant

a poor farmer who owns or rents a small amount of land, either in past times or in poor countries?〔從前的或貧窮國家的〕農民，佃農

of·fen·sive

very rude or insulting and likely to upset people?無禮的，冒犯的，令人惱火的

?opp(反義詞): inoffensive

relating to getting points and winning a game, rather than stopping the other team from getting points?〔體育比賽中〕進攻的，攻勢的

opp:?defensive

de·nounce

to express strong disapproval of someone or something, especially in public?譴責，指責，斥責

to give information to the police or another authority about someone’s illegal political activities 告發(fā)，檢舉，舉報〔某人的非法政治活動〕

ban·ish.

to not allow someone or something to stay in a particular place?驅逐，趕走；驅除，排除

ec·cle·si·as·ti·cal

relating to the Christian church or its priests?基督教會的；基督教士的

Chris·tian: a person who believes in the ideas taught by Jesus Christ?基督徒

priests

someone who is specially trained to perform religious duties and ceremonies in the Christian church?〔基督教的〕牧師，神父

Christian

a man with religious duties and responsibilities in some non-Christian religions?〔基督教之外一些宗教的〕教士，祭司，神職人員

rid·i·cule

unkind laughter or remarks that are intended to make someone or something seem stupid?嘲笑，奚落

The government’s proposals were?held up to ridicule?(= suffered ridicule) by opposition ministers.

政府的提案遭到反對黨部長們的嘲笑。

He had become an?object of ridicule?among the other teachers.

他成了其他教師嘲笑的對象。

pam·phlet

rel(相關詞):leaf·let

a?very thin book with paper covers, that gives information about something?小冊子

leaf·let:a?small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject?散頁印刷品；傳單；廣告單；〔廣告或提供資料的〕小冊子

a·the·is·m

the belief that God does not exist?無神論

?rel: agnosticism (agnostic)

someone who believes that people cannot know whether God exists or not?不可知論者

boo

to shout ‘boo’ to show that you do not like a person, performance, idea etc?發(fā)噓聲，噓（某人等）〔表示反感〕

She was?booed off stage?(= they shouted ‘boo’?until she left the stage).

她被一片噓聲轟下了臺。

hiss

to say something in a loud whisper?低聲呵斥，低聲喝道

?if a crowd hisses a speaker, they interrupt them with angry sounds to show that they do not like them?〔因不滿而〕（對?）發(fā)噓聲

He was booed and hissed during a stormy meeting.

他在鬧哄哄的會議中被人喝倒彩、發(fā)噓聲。

cha·me·le·on

1.a LIZARD that can change its colour to match the colours around it 變色龍，變色蜥蜴

2.someone who changes their ideas, behaviour etc to fit different situations 善變的人，見風使舵的人

lizard: a type of reptile that has four legs and a long tail 蜥蜴

rep·tile:

1.a type of animal, such as a snake or?LIZARD, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies?爬行動物

2. informal【非正式】?someone who is unpleasant or cannot be trusted?可鄙的人；不可信賴的人

issue v.(在視頻中是名詞)

to officially produce something such as new stamps, coins, or SHAREs and make them available to buy 正式發(fā)行〔新郵票、硬幣、股票等〕

lad

old-fashioned or informal【過時或非正式】 a boy or young man 男孩；年輕男子，小伙子

the lads

spoken【口】 a group of male friends that a man works with or spends his free time with 伙伴，哥們兒

mag

informal【非正式】?a magazine?雜志

music mags

音樂雜志

pre·serve

to save something or someone from being harmed or destroyed 維護，保護，保存〔使免受破壞〕

clamp down

to take firm action to stop a particular type of crime 取締；壓制；鉗制；鎮(zhèn)壓

crime

illegal activities in general?〔泛指〕犯罪活動

Don’t use ‘the crime’ when talking about illegal activities in general.?crime泛指犯罪活動時，前面不加the。?You say?要說:

Crime has increased dramatically.

犯罪活動大幅度增加。

Don’t say?不要說:?The crime has increased dramatically.

語法

3.1 Countable and uncountable nouns 可數和不可數名詞

Countable nouns have a singular and plural form. You can use them with?a/an?and with numbers. 可數名詞有單數和復數形式，可與 a/an 或數詞連用。

There’s?a man?here to see you. 有個人要見你。

I’ve just bought?two T-shirts. 我剛買了兩件 T 恤。

Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form. You cannot use them with?a/an?and they are followed by a singular verb. 不可數名詞沒有復數形式，不與 a/an 連用，后接單數動詞。

?The book contains a lot of useful?information. 這本書里有很多有用的信息。

× The book contains a lot of useful informations.

?The information?in this book?is?very useful. 這本書里的信息很有用。

× The informations in this book are very useful.

To refer to quantity with uncountable nouns, you can use a phrase with a countable noun +?of. 要表達不可數名詞的數量，可用可數名詞加 of 構成的短語。

a piece of advice 一條建議

a packet of sugar 一包糖

an item of clothing 一件衣服

a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏

a sheet of paper 一張紙

a litre of milk 一升牛奶

a bar of soap 一塊肥皂

a kilo of sugar 一公斤糖

a slice of cake 一塊蛋糕

a gram of flour 一克面粉

a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡

a metre of cable 一米電纜

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable, but with a change in meaning. 有些名詞既可作 可數名詞，也可作不可數名詞，但意思不同。

Do you like?coffee? (uncountable = the drink) 你喜歡咖啡嗎？（不可數，指飲品）

I’ll have?a coffee, please. (countable = a cup of the drink) 請給我一杯咖啡。（可數，指一杯飲品）

She’s very good at?painting. (uncountable = the activity) 她很擅長繪畫。（不可數，指活動）

It’s one of the artist’s best?paintings. (countable = work of art) 這是這位畫家最優(yōu)秀的畫作之一。（可數，指藝術品）

I need some writing?paper. (uncountable = the material) 我需要一些信紙。（不可數，指材料）

He’s gone out to buy?a paper. (countable = newspaper) 他出去買報紙了。（可數，指報紙）

Sometimes, you can use an uncountable noun as countable (usually in the plural form), to talk about a particular type of something. 有時不可數名詞可作可數用（一般用復數形式），表示一類 事物。

Fatty?foods?are bad for your health. 高脂食品對身體有害。

There are many different skin?creams. 潤膚霜有很多種。

3.2 Singular and plural nouns 單數和復數名詞

Some nouns look like plural nouns because they end in -s, but they are, in fact, uncountable. You use a singular verb with these nouns. 有些名詞以 -s 結尾，看起來像復數名詞，但實際為不 可數名詞。這類名詞后接單數動詞。

Many of these are subjects that you can study 這些名詞很多為學科名稱 (e.g. 如?business studies,?electronics,?genetics,?home economics,?linguistics).

Physics?is my favourite subject at school. 物理是我在學校最喜歡的科目。

Others are types of physical activity 其他為體育運動類別 (e.g. 如?aerobics,?athletics,?gymnastics).

I realized that?athletics?was great fun. 我意識到田徑運動非常有趣。

There are also some names of diseases that are uncountable but end in –s?有些疾病名是不可數 的，但也以 -s 結尾 (e.g. 如?diabetes,?measles,?mumps,?rabies,?shingles).

Shingles?is most common in older adults. 帶狀皰疹在年紀大些的成年人中最常見。

You can use some nouns with a singular or plural verb, depending on the meaning 有些名詞既可后接單數動詞，也可后接復數動詞，具體使用取決于其詞義 (e.g.如?acoustics,?economics,?logistics,semantics,?statistics).

You use a singular verb when talking about the subject of study. 指學科時后接單數動詞。

Economics is?the study of how people choose to use resources. 經濟學是研究人們如何使用資源的學科。

?Aerodynamics?is a branch of dynamics. 空氣動力學是動力學的一個分支。

You use a plural verb when talking about a particular feature or aspect of something. 指某事物的某個特色或方面時后接復數動詞。

The?economics are?simple. (= the economic aspects, the way in which money influences something) 經濟賬容易算。

The?aerodynamics?of a racing car?are?very important. (= the aerodynamic qualities) 跑車的空氣動力性能非常重要。

Some nouns end in -s?in both the singular and plural form 有些以 -s 結尾的名詞單復數同形 (e.g.如 means, series, crossroads, species).

This?is?my favourite comedy?series. 這是我最喜歡的喜劇類劇集。| Both?series are?available on DVD. 兩部劇集都有 DVD 版本。

Some nouns are only plural and are followed by a plural verb. These are usually nouns that refer to things with two parts 有些名詞僅作復數名詞，后接復數動詞，這些名詞一般指由兩部分組成的物品 (e.g. 如?binoculars,?jeans,?pyjamas,?scissors,?shorts,?trousers) and other nouns ending in –s?或為其他以 –s 結尾的名詞 (e.g. 如?belongings,?clothes,?congratulations,?earnings,outskirts,?surroundings).

The?scissors are?in that drawer. 剪刀在那個抽屜里。| I believe?congratulations are?in order. 我想 應該祝賀你。

To count nouns that refer to things with two parts, you can use?a pair of. 要計數由兩部分組成的物品名詞，可用 a pair of。

I’ve just bought?two pairs of jeans. 我剛買了兩條牛仔褲。

3.3 Collective nouns 集合名詞

Collective nouns (also called group nouns) are nouns that refer to a group of people. 集合名詞指一群人。

audience,?band,?committee, company,?congregation,?family,?government,?jury,?team

These nouns are usually followed by a singular verb.

這些名詞一般后接單數動詞。

The?government has to?do something. 政府要有所作為。

The?team plays?in red and white. 球隊 身穿紅白相間的運動服參賽。

In British English, these nouns can take a singular or plural verb. Singular verb forms are common when we think of the group of people as a whole, as a single unit. Plural verb forms are common when the noun refers to the members of the group considered as individuals. 在英國英語中，這些名詞可后接單數或復數動詞。名詞所指群體視作單一整體時，常接單數動詞。名詞所指為群體中的單個個體時，常接復數動詞。

Mario’s?family is?Italian. (= the group as a whole) 馬里奧一家是意大利人。

| Mario’s?family have decided?to move to Florence. (= each individual in the group) 馬里奧一家已決定搬到佛羅倫薩。

3.4 Nouns and prepositions 名詞和介詞

Preposition + noun 介詞 + 名詞

Many nouns are used with particular prepositions in fixed phrases. Here are some common preposition + noun combinations. 很多名詞和特定介詞連用構成固定短語。以下為一些常用的 “介詞 + 名詞”組合。

at breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper 在吃早餐/中餐/正餐/晚餐

in conclusion 最后

at the cinema/theatre 在電影院/劇院

in my opinion 在我看來

at university 在大學念書

in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上

by accident 因意外

in the world 在世界上

by bike/bus/car/boat/train/plane/sea/air 騎自行車/坐公交車/坐小汽車/乘船/坐火車/乘飛機/由海路/乘飛機

on fire 著火

for breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper 作為早餐/中餐/正餐/晚餐

on foot 步行

Sometimes you can use more than one preposition with a noun, but the meaning is different. 有時一個名詞可與不同的介詞連用，意思也不同。

Make sure you arrive for your interview?on time. (= at the right time, not late) 去面試一定要準時到。

I hope my passport arrives?in time. (= with enough time to be able to do something, before something happens) 希望我的護照能及時送達。

She got up three times?in the night. (= during the night) 她夜里起了三次。

Never go out alone?at night. (= when it is night and not day) 晚上不要一個人外出。

He’s?on television?tonight. (= appearing on a programme) 他今晚會在電視上出鏡。

She works?in television. (= in the business of television) 她從事電視行業(yè)。

Noun + preposition 名詞 + 介詞

Many nouns are followed by particular prepositions. Here are some common noun + preposition combinations. 很多名詞后接特定介詞。以下為一些常用的“名詞 + 介詞”組合。

advice on/about 有關...的建議

increase in??...的增長

answer to 對...的解答

information about/on 有關...的信息

argument about (something)/with (someone) 有關（某事）/ 和（某人）的爭論

interest in??...方面的興趣

lack of 缺乏??

beginning of??...的開始

need for?...方面的需求

cause of?...的原因

permission for 對?...的同意

comment on 對?...的評論

problem with??...出的問題

decrease in??...的減少

proof of?...的證據

difference between??...之間的不同

reaction to 對?...的反應

example of?...的例子

reply to 對 ...的回答

search for 對 ...的搜索

To find the right preposition(s) to use with a noun, look up the noun in the dictionary. 想要了解某名詞應與什么介詞連用，可在本詞典中查這個名詞。

3.5 Using articles with nouns 名詞與冠詞連用

When to use a/an?何時用 a/an

You use the indefinite article a/an with singular countable nouns. Use it 可數名詞單數形式前用 不定冠詞 a/an。a/an 可用于以下情況:

to talk about any one of a group, kind or class, without saying which particular thing, person, place etc you mean 泛指某一群體、種類或類別中的一個，而非特指某一物、某一人或某一地 等時

There’s a car parked outside their house. 他們房子外停了一輛車。

She was talking to an old man. 她正和一位老人談話。

with jobs, nationalities and religions/beliefs 與表示職業(yè)、國籍、宗教/信仰的詞連用

He’s a plumber. 他是個管子工。

My father is an Italian. 我父親是意大利人。

I’m an atheist. 我是無神論者。

to define something or say what it is used for 要定義某物或描述其用途時

A zebra is a wild animal that looks like a horse. 斑馬是一種野生動物，看起來像馬。

She uses this room as a studio. 她把這個房間用作工作室。

with large numbers and fractions, to mean ‘one’ 與較大的數字或分數連用，意為“一”時

a thousand 一千 | one and a half 一個半 | a quarter 四分之一 | half a mile 半英里

with expressions of quantity and frequency, to mean ‘each’ or ‘per’ 與數量詞或頻度詞連用， 意為“每個”或“每一”時

six euros a kilo 每公斤六歐元 | two dollars a bag 一袋兩美元

twice a day 一天兩次 | 80 miles an hour 一小時八十英里

When to use the 何時用 the

You use the definite article the 定冠詞 the 可用于以下情況:

when you are talking about something unique or specific, or something the reader or listener already knows about 所指之物為獨有或特指，或已為讀者、聽者了解時

the moon 月亮 | the sun 太陽 | the world 世界 | the sky 天空

I didn’t like the music in the film. 我不喜歡這部影片的配樂。

All the computers in the building were down. 這棟大樓里的計算機全癱瘓了。

No one knows who committed the crime. 沒人知道這起罪案是誰犯下的。

They go to the school in the village. 他們去村里的學校上學。

with the names of some countries, oceans/seas, rivers, deserts, mountain ranges and regions 某些國家、海洋、河流、沙漠、山脈、地區(qū)名稱前

the UK 英國

the Atlantic 大西洋

the Black Sea 黑海

the Mississippi 密西西比河

the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠

the Andes 安第斯山脈

with the names of hotels, cinemas, theatres, museums and newspapers 酒店、影院、劇院、 博物館、報紙名稱前

the Hilton 希爾頓酒店

the Odeon 歐迪恩影院

the National Theatre 英國國家劇院

the New York Times《紐約時報》

with surnames, adjectives of nationality and other adjectives, when they are used as nouns to refer to a group of people 姓氏名、國籍的形容詞形式及其他形容詞前，用作名詞，指代一 群人

the Johnsons (= the Johnson family) 約翰遜一家

the Italians (= people from Italy) 意大利人

the poor (= poor people) 窮人

When not to use an article 何時不用冠詞

You do not use an article 以下情況不用冠詞:

with uncountable or plural nouns, when you are talking about something in general 泛指某類 事物的不可數名詞或復數名詞前

I like music. 我喜歡音樂。

Crime is increasing in this area. 這個地區(qū)的罪案數在增加。

with the names of people, most countries, continents, cities, towns and states, streets, squares and parks 人名、大多數國家名、大洲名、城市名、城鎮(zhèn)名、州名、街道名、廣場名、 公園名前

Emma Jones 埃瑪·瓊斯

Japan 日本

Europe 歐洲

Paris 巴黎

Washington 華盛頓

Downing Street 唐寧街

Trafalgar Square 特拉法爾加廣場

Hyde Park 海德公園

with meals, games, sports, school subjects and languages 三餐、游戲、體育運動、學科、語 言名稱前

Have you had breakfast? 你早餐吃了沒？

I love chess. 我喜歡下國際象棋。

Do you play basketball? 你打籃球嗎？

She’s always hated Maths. 她一直討厭數學。

Do you speak English? 你會說英語嗎？

with times, months or days 表示時間、月份、星期的詞之前

We went to bed at midnight. 我們午夜時分上床睡覺。

I’ll see you on Tuesday. 我禮拜二見你。

They’re getting married in May. 他們將在五月份結婚。

with institutions and places 機構名或地名前 (e.g. 如 school, prison, hospital, college, university, church), when you are talking about the purpose they are used for 側重其功用時

When did you start school? (as a student) 你什么時候開始上學？

She is in hospital. (as a patient) 她住院了。

but 但是:

There was a fire in the school four years ago. (the building itself) 四年前學校失過一次火。

She went to the hospital to see her friend. (as a visitor) 她去醫(yī)院看望朋友。

pa·ram·e·ter

[C usually plural 一般用復數]C在這里表示可數，countable

a set of fixed limits that control the way that something should be done 限定因素；界限，范圍

ex·clude

1.to deliberately not include something 〔故意〕不包括；把 ?排除在外

opp: include

In everyday English, people usually say leave something or someone out rather than exclude something or someone.在日常英語中，人們一般說leave something/someone out，而不說exclude something/someone

Some information was left out of the report.

有些消息報道中并沒有提到。

We didn’t mean to leave you out.

我們并非故意把你遺漏的。

2.to not allow someone to take part in something or not allow them to enter a place, especially in a way that seems wrong or unfair 〔尤指以看起來錯誤或不公正的方式〕不準 ?參與，不準 ?進入，排斥〔某人〕

opp. include

3.BrE【英】 to officially make a child leave their school because of their bad behaviour 開除〔舉止不端的學童〕

4.to decide that something is not a possibility 認為 ?不可能；排除 ?的可能性

SYN. rule out

At this stage we cannot entirely exclude the possibility of staff cuts.

到了這個階段，我們不能完全排除裁員的可能性。

brand

1.to describe someone or something as a very bad type of person or thing, often unfairly 給 …加上〔往往是不公的〕惡名

brand sb (as) sth

You can’t brand all football supporters as hooligans.

你不能給所有的足球迷都加上流氓的惡名。

Stealing that money has branded Jim for life – no one will trust him again.

吉姆偷了那筆錢，就背上了一輩子的惡名，再也沒有人信任他。

2.to burn a mark onto something, especially a farm animal, in order to show who it belongs to 給〔牲畜〕打烙印〔以標明其主人〕

brand sth with sth

Each cow was branded with the ranch’s logo.

每頭母牛都烙上了該牧場的標記。

3.technical【術語】 to give a name to a product or group of products so that they can be easily recognized by their name or design 給〔產品〕設計品牌