【管理辭典】去中心化 / Decentralization


「釋義」
“去中心化”是一種現(xiàn)象或結(jié)構(gòu),其只能出現(xiàn)在擁有眾多用戶或眾多節(jié)點的系統(tǒng)中,每個用戶都可連接并影響其他節(jié)點。通俗地講,就是每個人都是中心,每個人都可以連接并影響其他節(jié)點,這種扁平化、開源化、平等化的現(xiàn)象或結(jié)構(gòu),稱之為“去中心化”。
同時“去中心化”是區(qū)塊鏈的典型特征之一,其使用分布式儲存與算力,整個網(wǎng)絡節(jié)點的權(quán)利與義務相同,系統(tǒng)中數(shù)據(jù)本質(zhì)為全網(wǎng)節(jié)點共同維護,從而區(qū)塊鏈不再依靠于中央處理節(jié)點,實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的分布式存儲、記錄與更新。而每個區(qū)塊鏈都遵循統(tǒng)一規(guī)則,該規(guī)則基于密碼算法而不是信用證書,且數(shù)據(jù)更新過程都需用戶批準,由此奠定區(qū)塊鏈不需要中介與信任機構(gòu)背書。
「應用場景」
盡管設想的是去中心化,但采礦的高成本導致了實踐中相當多的共識集中化。為了分擔花費資源但未能在競爭中獲勝的風險,礦工群體組成了礦池。這導致只有少數(shù)礦池驗證大多數(shù)交易。同時,礦池向礦工收取參與費用,大的礦池收費更高。因此,他們吸引的礦工更少,增長更慢。只有一個礦池的環(huán)境最終不太可能完全集中化。因此,雖然在實踐中實現(xiàn)共識比設想的更集中,但仍然保留了一定程度的分散性。
Despite envisioned decentralization, the high cost of mining has led to considerable centralization of consensus in practice. In order to share the risk of spending the resources but failing to win the competition, groups of miners form mining pools. This resulted in just a few mining pools validating most transactions. At the same time, mining pools charge miners for participation, with larger mining pools charging more. Therefore, they attract fewer miners and grow more slowly. It is unlikely that the environment would end up fully centralized with just one mining pool. So while in practice achieving consensus is more centralized than it was envisioned, a certain degree of decentralization is still retained.