注：英語(yǔ)原文取自最古老版本的帝國(guó)時(shí)代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開(kāi)hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因?yàn)樵環(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個(gè)系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因?yàn)槟甏眠h(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語(yǔ)，翻譯腔，懶得潤(rùn)色的語(yǔ)句。

注：英語(yǔ)原文放在前面，漢語(yǔ)翻譯放在后面。

更多資料：

世界地理歷史小常識(shí)04——日本（CV4765201）

這是帝國(guó)時(shí)代一相關(guān)文明說(shuō)明文件翻譯的第（12/12）部：

1.埃及：CV13647116?

2.希臘：CV13828033

3.巴比倫：CV13907052

4.亞述：CV13984562

5.米諾斯：CV14070144

6.赫梯：CV14097823

7.腓尼基：CV14186644

8.蘇美爾：CV14251992

9.波斯：CV14307291

10.商：CV14349315

11.朝鮮：CV14444428

12.大和：?本篇

Yamato culture (300 to 800 AD)

The Yamato period of Japanese culture is also called the age of the great tombs because of the appearance in these centuries of great tombs and tomb clusters, presumably for the burial of rulers and other elites. The name Yamato comes from the region of Japan that was the home of the first clan to consolidate rule over most of the islands. During the Yamato period, Japan accelerated its advance in technology by adopting the cultivation of rice, improving its pottery, developing iron working, building social hierarchies, and accomplishing a political, economic, and cultural consolidation of the islands.

Location

The hereditary lands of the Yamato clan are on a peninsula on the southwest coast of Ise Bay. This bay is located on the main island of Honshu, southwest of modern Tokyo.

Capital

Prior to the late seventh century AD, there was no permanent capital of Japan. Each king ruled from his own palace, which was usually abandoned following his death. As the Yamato began to adopt the Chinese system of governmental bureaucracy and organization, the need for a permanent seat of government arose. The first capital was founded at Fujiwara in 694 AD and served three emperors before being abandoned in 710. The second capital of this period was built at Heijo (west of modern Nara) and occupied from 710 to 784.

Rise to power

Chinese documents from the second century AD make reference to 100 countries existing in Wa, their name for Japan. By the third century the Chinese refer to a queen of Wa, probably of the Yamato clan, who had consolidated 30 countries under her rule. During this period, the Yamato clan consolidated its control over most of Japan.In the fourth century, the Yamato extended their rule into southern Korea until they were ousted by the Chinese in 562. For the next 100 years, the Yamato tried to reestablish their influence in Korea but they and their Korean allies suffered a devastating loss at the battle of Hakusukinoe in 663 that drove them from the peninsula.

Economy

The Japanese economy remained dependent on rice growing under the Yamato. It was primarily a barter economy and taxes were paid in rice, cloth, and other commodities by peasants who worked public lands. Beginning with the seventh century, coins were imported from China to facilitate tax collection. An attempt was made to mint Japanese coins, but rulers could not resist the temptation to debase the local coinage and it fell out of use.

Religion and culture

New concepts were added to the ancient Japanese beliefs and rituals during the Yamato period, including respect for clan ancestors and a mythology of divine ancestry for the Yamato dynasty. Under the influence of Chinese Buddhism, the Japanese religion became more formalized as Shinto, the Way of the Kami. The kami were an infinite number of natural spirits and powers that could be called upon for aid or appeased when angered. The hierarchy of Shinto divinities was defined and the mythology was written down. The rulers of Japan descended from the sun goddess, the supreme Shinto deity.Early Shinto was concerned with the present, not the past or an afterlife. It fostered a reverence for a natural universe that was seen as good and ethical. Evil was identified with impurity and the unnatural. Sincere honesty was the central virtue.Around the sixth century, Buddhism spread across the sea from China and began influencing Shinto. The Buddhist doctrine of salvation was especially popular with the common people.

Government

During the Yamato period, tribal states of various sizes and power were brought together gradually by a dynasty of Yamato clan rulers. The leader of the Yamato in the second half of this period was known as the Dai or Great King. The power of the Yamato was expanded and strengthened through blood ties within the clan, their apparent military supremacy, diplomacy, and manipulation of the sun myth that bestowed divinity on their ancestry.The different tribal groups or clans were the nobility or uji class. Serving the uji was an occupational / professional class called the be, who worked as farmers, scribes, traders, and manufacturers. The lowest class were slaves. Immigrants fit in among both the uji and be, depending on their skills and wealth.

Architecture

The outstanding architectural achievements of the Yamato are their tombs. These are mounds of earth in the shape of a keyhole if viewed from above. The largest tombs are found in the Yamato region of Japan, and this is further evidence of power emanating from that locale. The Nintoku tomb on the Osaka Plain rivals the Pyramids in size. The central tomb is 500 meters long and 35 meters high. It is surrounded by three moats with intervening belts of trees and covers 80 acres. Stone burial chambers were excavated in the earth below the central tomb mound.Tombs thought related to the imperial family are now controlled by a government agency. Although some have been pillaged in the past, many remain unexcavated.

Military

Based on the large numbers of warrior figures, weapons, and pieces of armor found in burial tombs from this era, warfare was apparently a common feature of Yamato culture. Despite the existence of a dominant ruler, clan groups found reason for conflict. All adult men were available for military service and were required to serve for at least one year. The uji class provided the elite troops and officers for armies.Warrior figures from tombs are shown wearing full body armor and visored helmets. The most commonly found weapons are swords, spears, and bow quivers. Horse figures are also found in abundance, suggesting the existence of cavalry. The sudden appearance of horses in burial goods around the fifth century has led to the hypothesis that Japan was invaded by a cavalry army at that time. It is more probable that the horse was an import that became a status symbol for the elite who were most likely to receive a ceremonial burial. The elite uji class made up the cavalry of the period because they could afford the horse and equipment.

Legacy

The Yamato period is remembered for the sun goddess mythology from which all later emperors of Japan claimed divine ancestry. The Yamato period also formalized the Shinto religion that would compete with imported Buddhism to the present day. Most modern Japanese consider themselves descendants of the Yamato. The great tombs spread about the countryside are the most material legacy.

大和文明（300至800年）

日本文明的大和時(shí)期也被稱為大冢時(shí)代（古墳時(shí)代），因?yàn)樵谶@幾個(gè)世紀(jì)間出現(xiàn)了大概是為了埋葬統(tǒng)治者或其他貴族的大墳?zāi)购湍谷?。大和這個(gè)名字來(lái)自于日本的一個(gè)地區(qū)，是第一個(gè)鞏固統(tǒng)治大部分島嶼的家族的所在地。在大和時(shí)期，日本通過(guò)種植水稻、改進(jìn)陶器、發(fā)展制鐵業(yè)、建立社會(huì)等級(jí)制度、完善島嶼政治經(jīng)濟(jì)文化建設(shè)，加速了技術(shù)進(jìn)步。

位置

大和的世襲土地位于伊勢(shì)灣西南海岸的一個(gè)半島上，這個(gè)海灣位于本州島上，現(xiàn)代東京的西南方。

首都

公元七世紀(jì)末之前，日本沒(méi)有固定的首都。每一個(gè)國(guó)王都在自己的宮殿中統(tǒng)治，這座宮殿通常在其死后被遺棄。當(dāng)大和采用中國(guó)的政府官僚和組織體制時(shí)，需要一個(gè)永久的政府席位。第一個(gè)首都在公元694年于藤原建立，公元710年被遺棄之前曾為三位皇帝服務(wù)。這一時(shí)期的第二個(gè)首都是平城（現(xiàn)代奈良的西邊），從710年至784年作為首都。

發(fā)展壯大

公元二世紀(jì)的中國(guó)文獻(xiàn)提到了在倭存在著100多個(gè)國(guó)家，倭這個(gè)名字指代日本。到了第三世紀(jì)，中國(guó)人提到了倭國(guó)女王，可能是大和家族的人，在她的統(tǒng)治下，統(tǒng)一了30多個(gè)國(guó)家，在這一時(shí)期，大和氏族鞏固了對(duì)日本大部分地區(qū)的控制，在第四世紀(jì)，大和氏族將統(tǒng)治擴(kuò)展到韓國(guó)，直到562年被中國(guó)人趕走。在接下來(lái)的100年里，大和試圖重建他們?cè)陧n國(guó)的影響力，但是他們和他們的韓國(guó)盟友在663年的白江口戰(zhàn)役遭受了毀滅性的損失，這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)把他們趕出了朝鮮半島。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

大和時(shí)期的日本經(jīng)濟(jì)十分依賴水稻種植，這基本是一種易貨經(jīng)濟(jì)，農(nóng)民在公共土地上勞作，用大米、布料和其他商品支付稅款。從七世紀(jì)開(kāi)始，硬幣被從中國(guó)引入便于征稅。曾有人試圖鑄造日本硬幣，但統(tǒng)治者無(wú)法控制住通貨膨脹的誘惑，于是其失去了作用。

宗教文化

在大和時(shí)期，日本的古代信仰和儀式中加入了新的概念，包括對(duì)氏族祖先的尊重和大和王朝神性祖先的神話。在中國(guó)佛教的影響下，日本的宗教更加正式化成為神道教，神的道路。神是無(wú)數(shù)的自然意志和力量，可以被請(qǐng)求幫助，也可以被惹怒或安慰。神道教神靈的等級(jí)被定義，神話被記錄。日本的統(tǒng)治者是太陽(yáng)神，是神道教至高無(wú)上的神。早期神道教關(guān)注的是當(dāng)下，而非過(guò)去或來(lái)世。它培養(yǎng)了人們對(duì)被視為良好的合乎道德的自然宇宙的崇敬。邪惡被認(rèn)為是不潔的和不自然的。誠(chéng)信為本是核心美德。大約六世紀(jì)左右，佛教從中國(guó)跨海而來(lái)，開(kāi)始影響神道教。佛教的救世教義特別受普通人歡迎。

統(tǒng)治

在大和時(shí)期，大和氏族統(tǒng)治者王朝逐漸將各種規(guī)模和勢(shì)力的部落國(guó)家聚集在一起，這個(gè)時(shí)期的后半葉，大和的首領(lǐng)被稱為大或大王。通過(guò)宗族內(nèi)部的血緣關(guān)系、表面上的軍事霸權(quán)、外交手段以及對(duì)太陽(yáng)神話的操縱，大和的勢(shì)力得到了擴(kuò)張加強(qiáng)，太陽(yáng)神話賦予了他們的祖先以神性。不同的部落或宗族是貴族或武士。為武士服務(wù)的是一個(gè)職業(yè)的、專業(yè)的階級(jí)，被稱為俾，包括了農(nóng)民、書(shū)記、商人和工人。最底層的階級(jí)是奴隸。武士和俾一般可以是移民，這取決于他們的技能和財(cái)富。

建筑

大和的杰出建筑就是他們的墳?zāi)埂Ｈ绻麖纳厦婵?，這些土堆就像是鑰匙孔。在日本的大和地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了最大的墓穴，這進(jìn)一步證明了從那個(gè)地區(qū)產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)大的力量。大阪平原的仁德墓在規(guī)模上與金字塔相提并論，中央墓穴長(zhǎng)500米，高35米。它由三條護(hù)城河環(huán)繞，中間有林帶，占地80英畝。石墓是從中央墓穴下面的泥土中挖出來(lái)的，被認(rèn)為與皇室有關(guān)的墳?zāi)宫F(xiàn)在由政府機(jī)構(gòu)控制，雖然其中有些曾經(jīng)被盜挖過(guò)，但仍有許多幸免于難。

軍事

根據(jù)這個(gè)時(shí)代墓葬中發(fā)現(xiàn)的大量戰(zhàn)士人偶、武器和盔甲。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)顯然是大和文明的一個(gè)普遍特征。盡管存在一個(gè)最大的統(tǒng)治者，但族群之間不缺乏沖突的原因。所有成年男子都可以服兵役，并且必須至少服役一年。武士為軍隊(duì)提供精銳部隊(duì)和軍官，墓穴中的戰(zhàn)士身穿全身盔甲，戴著頭盔，最常見(jiàn)的武器是劍、矛和弓箭。馬的形象也很常見(jiàn)，這證明了騎兵的存在。公元五世紀(jì)左右，馬匹突然出現(xiàn)在墓葬品中，這產(chǎn)生了當(dāng)時(shí)日本被騎兵入侵的假設(shè)。更可能的是，馬匹作為一種進(jìn)口商品，成為了精英階級(jí)的地位象征，他們最有可能接受葬禮儀式。精銳的武士組成了那個(gè)時(shí)代的騎兵，因?yàn)橹挥兴麄冐?fù)擔(dān)得起馬和相應(yīng)的裝備。

遺產(chǎn)

大和時(shí)代是因?yàn)樘?yáng)神話而被人們銘記的，所有后來(lái)的日本皇帝都從神話中獲得了神圣的祖先。大和時(shí)代也使神道教正式化，并與外來(lái)的佛教競(jìng)爭(zhēng)直到今天。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代日本人認(rèn)為自己是大和的后代。散布在鄉(xiāng)村的大墳?zāi)故亲顬槲镔|(zhì)化的遺產(chǎn)。

這個(gè)系列的一些增補(bǔ)：羅馬復(fù)興資料片新增文明的科技樹(shù)極限：（迦太基文明的科技樹(shù)極限已經(jīng)在腓尼基文明內(nèi)展示，故不重復(fù)展示）