P54 prepositions

Prepositions tells where/when/how

The box is under/above the hamster

Before / After the hamster got the hat.

This hat for wearing at party.

This is the hat of hamster

P55 Prepositions of time

The bats come out after the sun goes down.

The vampire wakes at ten o'clock.

The place had better be cleaned by 4 o'clock,

I have been a chef for forty years.

Diversified cultures were created in the Middle Ages.

Since 1974, we have made nothing but toasters.

You have to rescue the Ambassador until 10 o'clock.

P56 prepositions in space

We stood at the entrance to the cave. at = a point

The creature launched itself at her.

The house by the mid mill is totally haunted.

by = near

from

in an enclosed area,

there is a goblin on the steps

out away from an enclosed area

off away from a surface

P57 prepositions of neither time nor space

About - subject tell me about yourself.

By-agency. The book was written by the photographer.

For - use. It is for chipping woods.

of - belonging.

with - together there goes that snail with the painted shell

p58 compound prepositions

between - consider individuals

The firefly zipped between the raindrops.

Among - consider collectively

Ashley and Cyrus frolicked among daisies.

Around

against - opposition

within

without

inside

beyond

59 prepositional phrases

He blew the horn with the strength of a giant.

use prepositional phrases as nouns, adverbs, adjectives

To steal the Queen's diamonds would be a terrible crime.

infinitive - (不定式 never conjugates). prepositional phrase to steal is used as noun.

The Cathedral of Glass

the prepositional phrase is used as adjective

p 60 ending sentences with prepositions.

p 61 coordinating conjunctions 并列連詞

For - since, because

And - combine things

Nor - express untrue things/negations

But - express exceptions

Or - choose between options

Yet - to the contrary

So - show consequences

p 62 subordinating conjunctions 從屬連詞

What subordinating conjunctions do is unite independent and dependent clauses.

The dependent leans against the independent clause.

Coordinating conjunctions 并列連詞 only unite independent clauses with each other.

subordinating conjunctions unite independent and dependent clauses.

Although she loved Sir Reginald, Lady Penelope hated his pranks.

Dependent clauses grant the additional context and detail to the fact presented in the sentence as a whole.

Some common subordinating conjunctions

after / although / as / as if / before / because / even If / even though / if / if only / like / rather than / since / that / though / unless/ until / when / where / whereas / wherever / whether / which / while

p 63 correlative conjunctions 關(guān)聯(lián)連詞

either or - offer choices

neither nor - reject something

both and

p 64 starting sentences with conjunctions

p 95 syntax

A sentence is a grammatically complete idea including:

subject - the noun / pronoun

predicate - the vert part.

p 96 three types of sentences

declarative sentences 陳述句

interrogative sentences 疑問句

imperative sentences 祈使句

P 97 exclamation

p 98 simple and compound sentences

簡單句 復(fù)合句

compound sentences include two or more simple sentences.

I visited the beach and got a bad sunburn.

this is a long sentence but not a compound sentence.

I visited the beach, and I got a bad sunburn.

p 99 complex sentences 復(fù)雜句

a complex sentence includes one independent clause and dependent clause(s).

When we buy his birthday cake, we have to make sure it is lemon.

p 100 compound complex sentences 并列復(fù)雜句

complex = independent + dependents

compound = independents

compound - complex sentences = independents + dependents.

After the storm passed, I went outside, and I picked flowers.

Although he has a crippling walnut allergy, Alberto bravely walked through the walnut grove, but he made sure to wear long sleeves.

p 101 subject and predicate

p 102 subject, direct object and indirect object

subject is a noun or pronoun that performs the verb in a sentence.

direct object is the thing that is acted upon.

indirect object is the recipient of that direct object.

Althea threw me a frisbee

frisbee - direct object

me - indirect object

p 103 phrases and clauses 短語和從句

phrase is a group of words like a part of speech, and it cannot be a sentence.

noun

adjective phrase 名詞短語 with the blue shirt

adverbial phrase 副詞短語 for twenty days.

clauses have a subject and a verb.

the wizard who cast a spell

the wizard cast a spell

P 104 dependent and independent clauses

The bear roared, while the salmon flopped.

P 105 relative clause 關(guān)系代詞

a dependent clause that starts with a relative pronoun.

We need to find a store that sells the new Willamette cold brew coffee ice cream

P 106 subject - verb agreement

Verbs in a sentence need to be conjugated with the subject.

indefinite pronouns are third person singular verbs

P 107 pronoun - antecedent agreement 代詞與先行詞一致

The monkeys threw snowballs, but they had a crummy aim.

p 108 sentence fragments 句子片段

p 109 run-ons and comma splices 流水句和逗號誤接句

we bought nails we bought hammer

splice is not a common term If you are neither a sailor nor a film editor.

A comma splice is an inappropriate joining of two independent clauses by using a comma