阿散蒂王國歷史 | 波蘭球歷史向科普
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嘿，歡迎來到我的頻道
很高興今天能帶你穿越歷史長河，經(jīng)歷一場驚心動魄的冒險
因為我們將踏上一段迷人王國的黃金心臟之旅
那是一段長久以來等待被揭曉的歷史
我向你保證，這會是一段有趣的旅程
所以系好安全帶，拿好零食，我們出發(fā)吧！
坐落于阿肯森林深處、遠離著閃亮黃金海岸的，
便是庫馬西王國
幾個世紀以來，他們一直在登基拉王國的枷鎖下苦苦掙扎
但在1701年，轉(zhuǎn)折點出現(xiàn)了：
一場名為“*費亞斯之戰(zhàn)*”的戰(zhàn)斗打響了
庫馬西取得了決定性的勝利，由此獲得了作為獨立王國的合法地位
好吧話說回來那有點太簡潔了，讓我再試一次
登基拉王國是說契維語民族中最強大的
他們與埃爾米納的荷蘭商站進行了有利可圖的貿(mào)易
當然也少不了沒被邀請卻到處都是的——海岸角英國商隊
在該國權利鼎盛時期，
登基拉國王*博蓬森*十分富有
因此被譽為第一個雇傭會計來記錄其龐大財產(chǎn)的阿肯族統(tǒng)治者
登基拉王國確保了與他的貿(mào)易伙伴在整個阿肯地區(qū)的順利發(fā)展
為了確保這種自由貿(mào)易，王國對這些貿(mào)易路線進行了嚴密的監(jiān)控
這種努力的代價是相當昂貴的
為了支付這筆費用，
王國要求其公民繳納高昂的貢品，并在其征服的領土上征收高額稅收
這使王國成為了一支不可忽視的力量，但代價又是什么呢？
1694年，*恩蒂姆·賈卡里*在*博蓬森*統(tǒng)治40年后
于金凳子上宣誓(就任)
*恩蒂姆·賈卡里*是一個魯莽且沖動的領導人，
他犯了一個致命的錯誤，即增加已經(jīng)過高的貢品(征收)
附屬王國拒絕并聯(lián)合起來對抗登基拉(王國)
庫馬西(王國)的奧塞·圖圖領導了聯(lián)軍
登基拉軍隊在殘酷且血腥的*費亞斯之戰(zhàn)*中被擊敗
這便是阿散蒂帝國的誕生
阿散蒂帝國以無與倫比的力量和財富蓬勃發(fā)展，
這要歸功于從奧芬河中開采的數(shù)量驚人的黃金
這種金色的資源不僅使阿散蒂富有，
而且使他們有能力從荷蘭人那里購買槍支
這給了他們一個優(yōu)勢，使他們成為一支強大的力量，
輕易地支配了其他說阿肯語的王國，并將這片雨林鞏固為一個真正的帝國
就財富和繁榮而言，阿散蒂的財富無與倫比
即使與傳說中的"黃金之國"——加納帝國相比 也是如此
盡管加納帝國可能已經(jīng)贏得了這個稱號，但與阿散蒂相比簡直微不足道
阿散蒂王國的財富規(guī)模相當驚人
那么為了幫助我們了解阿散蒂王國的財富，讓我們來看看黃金的產(chǎn)量
據(jù)估計，到20世紀初約為7000噸，相當于今天的4550億美元
正如你所見，你很難想象當時在彈指揮間會有多少黃金流經(jīng)這個王國
提取這些黃金是一項艱苦的工作，
由受奴役的人不知疲倦地進行
黃金以金粉的形式儲存，與貝幣一道作為該地區(qū)的貨幣使用
評估和操縱黃金的過程是一項復雜和高度專業(yè)化的工作，
需要庫馬西的熟練工匠的專業(yè)知識
阿散蒂帝國是一個神權國家，
它有一個令人印象深刻的官僚機構(gòu)，負責國家事務的各個方面
其外交辦公室是管理貿(mào)易和條約的重要組成部分
每種關系都由外交辦公室中的獨立部門管理
這表明了帝國對效率和組織的執(zhí)著
財政局是另一個關鍵角色，
其龐大的黃金儲備在維護帝國的權力和繁榮方面發(fā)揮了重要作用
這個動態(tài)體系的目標在于領導公務員制度的*賈塞赫內(nèi)*
金凳子是權力的終極象征，
在阿散蒂王國的人民中備受尊敬
據(jù)說這張金凳子包含了每個阿散蒂公民的靈魂
同時也是阿散蒂帝國之皇——阿散蒂赫內(nèi)的寶座
根據(jù)傳說，它還是從天上降落到第一任阿散蒂赫內(nèi)——奧塞·圖圖的膝上
從此成為了令人垂涎的象征
就像我之前所說的那樣，阿散蒂帝國的皇帝被稱為阿散蒂赫內(nèi)
是帝國內(nèi)最有權勢的人
他還擔任帝國元首、 軍隊總司令和帝國最高法官
*奧赫馬*，也就是(阿肯文化中的)王母，在阿散蒂帝國中承擔著非常關鍵的職能
除了司法和立法職能外，
同時作為戰(zhàn)爭委員會的成員，
她還有去挑選并提名下一任皇帝候選人的責任
她的人選必須獲得地區(qū)酋長委員會的批準，然后進行選舉
如果當選，新皇帝將負責維護主要由宗教教條和國家保護組成的阿散蒂法律
但如果阿散蒂赫內(nèi)違反了其中的任何規(guī)定，
他就有可能會通過一種叫做“下凳”的程序被彈劾
包括脫掉他的拖鞋并將他打倒三次，
剝奪他的權力和職務象征
阿散蒂赫內(nèi)與阿散蒂酋長大會分享權力
后者是由高級酋長和統(tǒng)治者組成的國民議會，
每年舉行一次會議，以解決爭端并為各邦做出決策
阿散蒂赫內(nèi)還得到了阿散蒂科托科的建議
后者是由富有的貴族組成的議會，兼具司法和立法職能
阿散蒂帝國建立在家族單位的基礎上，
每個家族由可追溯到共同女性祖先的親屬組成
該家族單位由通過民主程序選舉產(chǎn)生的*奧迪基奧*領導
整個帝國等級制度中反復出現(xiàn)的一種模式是：
家族聚集在一起形成一個村莊，
村莊聚集在一起組成一個由*奧赫內(nèi)*統(tǒng)治的地區(qū)，
然后多個地區(qū)聯(lián)合起來形成一個由*阿曼赫內(nèi)*監(jiān)管的王國
最終，所有王國聯(lián)合起來，在阿散蒂赫內(nèi)的統(tǒng)治下，
建立了強大的阿散蒂帝國
民選領導人制度和家族紐帶在塑造這個帝國的過程中發(fā)揮了至關重要的作用
庫馬西是阿散蒂帝國繁忙不停的首都
有統(tǒng)一的警察駐守并管理進城人員
還有被稱為*安科比亞*的秘密警察部隊通過收集情報和鎮(zhèn)壓一切叛亂
來保護阿散蒂赫內(nèi)的利益
這種強大的結(jié)合使阿散蒂帝國在19至20世紀一直保持著統(tǒng)治地位
阿散蒂政府從庫馬西接收來自40多個王國的貢品，
每個王國必須繳納的貢品數(shù)量會發(fā)生變化，
一個特別法庭負責處理一切可能出現(xiàn)的糾紛，
沒錯，荷蘭人和英國人也必須向庫馬西繳納地租
社會和社會地位是以財富和家庭關系為基礎的
王室處于社會頂層，
其次是富裕的貴族上層階級，稱為*西卡波*
下層階級自由但貧窮，處于社會底層，
都是些要從事體力勞動、 應征入伍和自我犧牲的被奴役者
盡管社會存在分化，但法律禁止談論他人的社會背景，
即使會說阿肯語的奴隸也能成為阿散蒂家族的重要成員
少數(shù)人通過經(jīng)商獲得了巨大的成就，
更多的人被阿散蒂赫內(nèi)承認為貴族階層的一員
為了維護封建王權，阿散蒂制定了相關法律，
以防止強大的商人階級發(fā)展壯大，從而構(gòu)成威脅
財政部派遣了數(shù)百名稅務人員
在富人死后(對其)執(zhí)行嚴格的遺產(chǎn)稅
只有一小部分得以在世上流傳，
而大多數(shù)被沒收并成了不動產(chǎn)的一部分
阿散蒂帝國通過軍事力量維持對阿肯地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治
軍隊的力量并不完全在于槍支的使用，
而主要在于軍隊的組織水平
這是任何鄰國都無法比擬的
盡管這個帝國是通過戰(zhàn)爭建立的，但它也是通過和平維系的
阿散蒂帝國的鄉(xiāng)村生活與庫馬西的活力形成了鮮明對比
大多數(shù)村莊都是由小家庭組成，以農(nóng)業(yè)為生
這個村莊通常有一條街道，我們將其作為社區(qū)的聚會場所
傍晚時分，村民們通常會沿著街道漫步，
進行社交和休閑活動
對于大多數(shù)村民來說，生活是平靜而又可預測的
好了，一切終了
我們剛剛看到了阿散蒂帝國簡史，豐富而又復雜
要學的東西還很多
如果您喜歡本視頻，我有個好消息要告訴您
本視頻只是同時上傳的幾個視頻之一，
是“不為人知的黑人歷史”系列的一部分
所以才會有那么酷的入場動畫
我知道你也會喜歡其他視頻，
所以請查看它們
如果您有任何想得到答案的問題，可以在下面的評論中留言
請務必訂閱并按鈴通知，這樣您就不會錯過任何新視頻
感謝觀看，我們下期再見
拜
*中文文本未經(jīng)許可禁止轉(zhuǎn)載
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*英文文本著作權歸原作者所有
Rise of the Golden Stool: A Short History of the Asante Empire
"Hey guys, welcome to my channel! Today I'm excited to take you on a thrilling adventure through history, as we'll embarking on a journey through the golden heart of a fascinating kingdom that has been waiting to be discovered. I guarantee you, this will be one interesting ride So, buckle up, grab a snack, and let's go!
"Nestled deep in the heart of the Akan forest, away from the glittering shores of the 'Gold Coast', lay the kingdom of Kumase, for centuries, it toiled under the yoke of the Denkyira kingdom. But in 1701, a turning point came. A battle was fought. The Battle of Fayiase. And with a decisive and triumphant victory, Kumase claimed its rightful place as an independent kingdom.
The Kingdom of Denkyria was the most powerful among the Twi-Akan-speaking people, who engaged in profitable trade with the Dutch stationed at Elmina and of course, rolling up ever where they aren't invited, British on the cape coast. At the height of his power, the king of Denkyria, Boamponsem was so wealthy, that he’s credited as the first Akan ruler to employ an accountant to keep track of estate.?
Denkyria ensured the smooth flow of goods with its trading partners throughout the Akan region, enabling the free trade of its wares, To ensure this free trade, the Denkyria kingdom heavily? policed its trade route, an endeavour that was quite expensive, to offset this cost, the kingdom demanded exorbitant tributes and taxes from its citizens and conquered territories. These made the Kingdom of Denkyria a force to be reckoned with, but at what cost?
By 1694 Ntim Gyakari was sworn onto the stool, after 40 years of Boamponsem's reign. Ntim Gyakari was a reckless and impulsive leader who made the fatal mistake of increasing the already excessive tributes. The tributary kingdoms refused and banded together against the Denkyira. Osie Tutu of Kumase led this alliance. The Denkyira army was defeated in the brutal and bloody battle at Feyiase in 1703. The kingdom of Kumase pillaged the capital of Denkyria and in the years to come, Kumase crushed the last resistance of Denkyira, establishing control over the O?n–Oda basin. This was the birth of the Asante empire
The Asante empire flourished with unparalleled might and wealth, thanks to the staggering amounts of gold it extracted from the Ofin-Oda River. This golden abundance not only made Asante rich but also empowered them to purchase guns from the Dutch. This gave them an advantage as they became a formidable force, easily dominating other Akan-speaking kingdoms and solidifying their reign as a true empire.
In terms of wealth and prosperity. Its riches were unparalleled, even when compared to the legendary empire of Ghana, also known as the "land of gold", while the empire of Ghana empire may have earned its title, it paled in comparison to the Asante's abundance. The sheer magnitude of the Asante kingdom's wealth is staggering. To put it into perspective, their output of gold alone was estimated to be a staggering 7,000 tons by the early 1900s. That's equivalent to 455 billion US dollars in today's currency. It's hard to imagine just how much gold was flowing through this kingdom at its peak.
The extraction of this gold was a gruelling task, carried out by enslaved individuals who toiled tirelessly. The gold was stored in the form of gold dust, which, along with cowry shells, was used as the primary currency in the region. The process of evaluating and manipulating the gold was a complex and highly specialized task, requiring the expertise of 100 skilled craftsmen in Kumase. These specialists were the backbone of the industry, transforming heavy gold ingots into the finest gold dust, and vice versa, with a precision that was unmatched.
The Asante? Empire was a theocratic state that boasted an impressive bureaucracy, which was responsible for all aspects of state affairs, from it’s Foreign Office was a crucial component, managing trade and treaties, with each relationship managed by a separate department within the Foreign Office, showcasing the empire's dedication to efficiency and organization. The Treasury office was another key player, with its vast gold reserves playing a significant role in maintaining the empire's power and prosperity. At the helm of this dynamic system was the Gyaasehene who lead the civil service.
The Sika Dwa Kofi was the ultimate symbol of power, held in high reverence among the people of the Asante kingdom. This golden stool said to contain the soul of every Asante citizen, is the throne of the Asantehene, the emperor of the Asante empire. According to legend, the stool descended from the heavens and landed on the lap of Osie Tutu, the first Asantehene, and has remained a coveted symbol of leadership ever since.?
The emperor of the Asante empire called the Asantehene was the most powerful person in the empire, he was the head of state, Commander-in-Chief of the army, and the highest court judge.??
The Ohenemaa, also known as the Queen Mother, plays a very pivotal figure in the Asante Empire. In addition to her judicial and legislative role and also being a member of the war council, She had the responsibility of handpicking and nominating candidates to be the next emperor from the royal family. Her selections had to be approved by the council of district chiefs, and then faced an election. If elected, the new emperor was responsible for upholding Asante law, which primarily consisted of religious tenets and the protection of the nation. However, if the Asantehene broke any of his oaths, he could be impeached through a process called destoolment.This involved removing his sandals and knocking him down three times, stripping him of his authority and r symbols of office.
The Asantehene shared power with the Asantemanhyiamu, a national assembly of senior chiefs and rulers who met annually to resolve disputes and make decisions for the state. The Asantehene was also advised by the Ashanti Kotoko, a council of eighteen wealthy nobles who served both judicial and legislative functions.
The Asante Empire was built on the foundation of the family unit. At its core, each family was comprised of relatives tracing back to a common female ancestor, led by the Odikio who was elected through a democratic process. This was a recurring pattern throughout the empire's hierarchy, with families joining forces to form a village, villages coming together to create a district (town) ruled by the Ohene, and multiple districts then combining to form a kingdom overseen by the Amahene. Finally, all the kingdoms were united under the rule of the Asantehene to create the mighty Asante Empire. The system of elected leaders and the bond of family ties played a crucial role in shaping this empire.
Kumasi was the bustling ever busy capital city of the Asante empire, home to politics and ceremonies. Uniformed police maned and regulate who enters the city, while the secret police force, the Ankobia, acted as special forces, who protected the interests of the Asantehene, gathering intelligence, and suppressing any rebellions. This powerful combination allowed the Ashanti Empire to maintain its dominance through the 19th into the 20th century.?
From kumase, the Asante government received tributes from over 40 other kingdoms. These kingdoms paid tributes in the form of? slaves, cattle, gold, or skilled labour, the amount of tribute was subject to change, and a special court handle any disputes that may arise. The emperor usually sent gifts to Amanhenes to offset their tributes. And Yes, The Dutch and British also had to pay rent to Kumase.?
Society and social status was based on wealth and family ties. The royalty and noble class were at the top, followed by the affluent Sikapo upper class. The lower class who were free but poor. Enslaved individuals were at the bottom, and were faced with manual labour, conscripted military service and human sacrifice. Although the treatment of slaves was often decent, they could escape harsh treatment by their master, if they swore an oath to serve another master or sought refuge at a temple. Some slaves were sold into indentured servitude as collateral for loans but were eventually freed once the debt was paid. Despite the divisions in society, it was forbidden by law to discuss another's social background, allowing even Akan-speaking slaves to become valuable members, of Asante families.
A few individuals, both men and women, achieved great wealth through their business ventures and were recognized by the king as part of a noble class, which was represented by the privilege of being escorted by a group of boys of noble birth. These boys carried elephants' tails as symbols of their nobility.
To maintain the monarchy's power, laws were put in place to prevent the growth of a strong merchant class that might pose a threat. The Treasury Department dispatched hundreds of tax collectors to enforce a stringent inheritance tax. Upon the death of a wealthy individual, only a small portion of their wealth was passed on to their heir, while the majority was seized and became part of the royal estate.?
The Asante empire maintained its domination of the Akan region through military force. As I alluded to earlier, it was one of the most powerful armies at the time,? with a potential strength of 200,000 thousand men, the power of the army was not solely due to the use of guns at the time but primarily due to the level of organisation the army had, which was unparalleled to any of its neighbouring states, although this empire was built through war, it was maintained through peace.?
To facilitate trade, the Asante built and maintained roads and deployed, a network of police to ensure peaceful and unhinged movement of goods and people?
Life in the countryside of the Asante Empire was a contrast to the energy of Kumase. Most villages were composed of small families, who earned their livelihood through agriculture. These villages often had only one main street, which served as a gathering place for the community.
In the shade of large trees, villagers would spend their days strolling along the street, socializing and enjoying leisurely activities. While there were specialized settlements for artisans, religious leaders, and goldsmiths, for most villagers, life was peaceful and predictable.
Well, this is where we are going to stop as we are just looking at a brief overview of the Asante empire. With its rich and complex history, there's much more to learn. If you enjoyed this video, I have good news for you. This video is just one of several videos that were uploaded at the same as part of the Untold black history series, that’s why the cool intro was there, I know you will enjoy them too, so please check them out. If you have any questions that you would like answered, leave a comment below. Be sure to subscribe and hit the notification bell so that you don't miss any future videos. Thank you for watching, and we'll see you at the next one. Bye.
