The?Paris?climate?agreement?finalised?in?December?last?year?

heralded?

a?new?era?for?climate?action.?For?the?first?time,?the?world’s?nations?agreed?to?keep?global?warming?well?below?2℃.This?is?vital?for?climate-vulnerable?nations.?Fewer?than?4%?of?countries?

are?responsible?for

?more?than?half?of?the?world’s?greenhouse?gas?emissions.?In?a?study?

published?in

?Nature?Scientific?Reports,?we?

reveal?

just?how?deep?this?

injustice?

runs. 去年12月敲定的《巴黎氣候協(xié)定》預(yù)示著氣候行動進(jìn)入了一個新時代。世界各國首次同意將全球變暖幅度控制在2℃以內(nèi)。這對易受氣候變化影響的國家至關(guān)重要。不到4%的國家對全球一半以上的溫室氣體排放負(fù)有責(zé)任。在《自然科學(xué)報告》上發(fā)表的一項研究中，我們揭示了這種不公正現(xiàn)象有多嚴(yán)重。 Developed?nations?

such?as

?Australia,?the?United?States,?Canada,?and?European?countries?are?

essentially?

climate?“free-riders”:?causing

?the?majority?of

?the?problems?through?high?greenhouse?gas?emissions,?while?

incurring?

few?of?the?costs?

such?as

?climate?change’s?impact?on?food?and?water. ?In?other?words,?a?few?countries?

are?benefiting?enormously?from

?the?consumption?of?fossil?fuels,?while?

at?the?same?time

?

contributing

?disproportionately?

to

?the?global?burden?of?climate?change. 發(fā)達(dá)國家，如澳大利亞、美國、加拿大和歐洲國家，基本上都是氣候“搭便車者”:大部分問題都是由溫室氣體的高排放造成的，而氣候變化對食物和水的影響等代價卻很少。換句話說，少數(shù)幾個國家從化石燃料的消費中獲得了巨大的利益，同時也不成比例地加重了全球氣候變化的負(fù)擔(dān)。On?the?flip?side,?there?are?many?“?forced?riders”,?who?

are?suffering?from

?the?climate?change?impacts?

despite?

having?

scarcely?contributed?to

?the?problem.?Many?of?the?world’s?most?climate-?vulnerable?countries,?

the?majority?of

?which?are?African?or?small?island?states,?produce

?a?very?small?quantity?of

?emissions.?This?is?much?like?a?non-smoker?getting?cancer?from?

second-hand?smoke

,?while?the?

heavy?smoker

?is?fortunate?enough?to?smoke?in?good?health. 另一方面，有許多“被迫的乘客”，盡管他們幾乎沒有造成這個問題，但他們正在遭受氣候變化的影響。世界上許多最易受氣候影響的國家，其中大多數(shù)是非洲或小島嶼國家，產(chǎn)生的排放量非常少。這很像一個不吸煙的人因吸二手煙而患癌癥，而重度吸煙者卻很幸運地保持了健康。 The?Paris?agreement

?has?been?widely?hailed?as

?a?positive?step?forward?in?addressing?climate?change?for?all,?although?the?details?on?addressing?“climate?justice”?can?be?best?

described?as

?

sketchy

. 《巴黎協(xié)定》被廣泛譽(yù)為為所有人解決氣候變化問題邁出的積極一步，盡管解決“氣候正義”的細(xì)節(jié)只能用粗略來形容。 The?goal?of?keeping?global?temperature?rise?“well?below” 2℃?is?commendable?but?the?emissions-?reduction?pledges?submitted?by?countries?leading?up?to?the?Paris?talks?are?very?

unlikely?

to?deliver?on?this. 將全球氣溫上升幅度控制在“遠(yuǎn)低于”2攝氏度的目標(biāo)是值得稱贊的，但各國在巴黎會談前提交的減排承諾，不太可能實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。 More?than?$100?billion?in?funding?has?been?

put

?

on?the?table

?for?supporting?developing?nations?to?reduce?emissions.?However,?the?agreement?

specifies?

that?there?is?no?formal?distinction?between?developed?and?developing?nations?in?their?responsibility?to?cut?emissions,?effectively?ignoring?historical?emissions.?There?is?also?very?little?detail?

on?who

?will?provide?the?funds?or,?importantly,?

who?is?responsible?for

?their?provision.?

Securing?

these?funds,?and?establishing?

who

?

is?responsible?for

?raising?them?will?also?be?

vital?

for?the?future?of?climate-vulnerable?countries. 超過1000億美元的資金已經(jīng)提上日程，用于支持發(fā)展中國家減少排放。然而，該協(xié)議明確規(guī)定，發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家在減排責(zé)任上沒有正式區(qū)別，實際上忽略了歷史排放量。關(guān)于誰將提供資金，或者更重要的是，誰負(fù)責(zé)提供資金的細(xì)節(jié)也很少。獲得這些資金，并確定誰來負(fù)責(zé)籌集這些資金，對氣候脆弱國家的未來也至關(guān)重要。 The?most?climate-vulnerable?countries?in?the?world?have?contributed?very?little?to?creating?the?global?disease?from?which?they?now?suffer?the?most.?There?must?

urgently?

be?a?meaningful?

mobilisation?

of?the?

policies?

outlined?in?the?agreement?if?we?are?to?achieve?national?emissions?reductions?while?helping?the?most?vulnerable?countries?adapt?to?climate?change. 世界上最易受氣候影響的國家對造成這種全球疾病的貢獻(xiàn)微乎其微，而它們現(xiàn)在卻遭受了最多的痛苦。如果我們要在幫助最脆弱的國家適應(yīng)氣候變化的同時實現(xiàn)國家減排，就必須立即對協(xié)議中概述的政策進(jìn)行有意義的動員。 And?it?is?clearly?up?to?the?current?generation?of?leaders?from?high-emitting?nations?to?decide?whether?they?want?to?

be?remembered?as

?climate?change?tyrants?or?pioneers. 顯然，這取決于來自高排放國家的這一代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，他們是想被人們銘記為氣候變化的暴君，還是開拓者。 heralded?v. 預(yù)示……的來臨； well?below?2℃遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于2℃ are?responsible?for?負(fù)責(zé)、導(dǎo)致 greenhouse?gas?emissions溫室氣體排放：人類活動所產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亞氮等氣體的排放，導(dǎo)致全球氣溫升高，引發(fā)氣候變化。 reveal?v. 揭示，透露；表明，證明；展示，顯示； injustice?n. 不公正，無道義；非正義行為，不公正事件。Unfairdj. 不公平的，不公正的 Developed?nations發(fā)達(dá)國家：指經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和技術(shù)發(fā)展較為成熟的國家或地區(qū)。 Developing?nations發(fā)展中國家：指經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會方面發(fā)展程度較低的國家，與發(fā)達(dá)國家相對。 published?in發(fā)表于：指某篇文章、書籍、論文等在特定的出版物或媒體上發(fā)表或發(fā)布。 essentially?adv. 本質(zhì)上，根本上；大體上，基本上 the?majority?of大多數(shù)、大部分 incurring?n. 招致（遭受） are?benefiting?enormously?from從....獲得巨大利益 contributing??to有助于 /貢獻(xiàn) /作出貢獻(xiàn) Disproportionatelyad??v. 不成比例地 are?suffering?from從....中遭受痛苦 scarcely?adv. 勉強(qiáng)，幾乎不。???hardlyad???v. 幾乎不，幾乎沒有 second-hand?smoke,二手煙：指吸煙者吸煙時產(chǎn)生的煙霧，被周圍的非吸煙者吸入，對他們的健康造成危害的現(xiàn)象。 heavy?smoker重度吸煙者：指每天吸煙量較大的人，通常指每天吸煙超過20支香煙的人。 hail as??v. 贊揚?稱贊為 /稱贊…為???????commendable??adj. 值得贊揚的

described?as被描述為：用于表達(dá)某人或某物被描述為某種特定的品質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)。 sketchyadj. 粗略的，不完全的； pledges?n. 誓言，保證，承諾 unlikely?adj. 不大可能發(fā)生的；未必真實的，難以相信的； Put on?the?table在桌子上；（政治）提出正式討論 specifies?vt. 指定；詳細(xì)說明 formal?adj. 莊重的，合乎禮儀的；（語言）正式的，規(guī)范的；合法的；整齊的 Securing?vt獲得，設(shè)法得到 urgently?adv. 迫切地；緊急地；急切地 mobilisation?n. 動員（等于 mobilization）；運用 outlined?vt. 概述（outline 的過去式及過去分詞）；輪廓 be?remembered?as被記住為：作為某人或某事的歷史遺產(chǎn)而被人們記住。 tyrants??n. 暴君 Pioneers?n. 先鋒；拓荒者 be free from免受，免于；沒有……的，不受……影響的 cope?with應(yīng)對處理 Pay for 為...而付出代價 be unaware of未意識到 be?vulnerable?to易受……影響/攻擊/傷害 motivate?v. 成為……的動機(jī)，是……的原因；激勵，激發(fā)； clarification??n. 闡明、說明 initiativen. 措施，倡議；主動性，積極性；主動權(quán)； come?to?a?consensus達(dá)成共識 at?once立刻、馬上 ? ? 46.??The?author?is?critical?of?the?Paris?climate?agreement?because?

????

. 因為什么原因，作者對巴黎氣候協(xié)議而持批評態(tài)度？ A)?it?is?

unfair?

to?those?climate-vulnerable?nations B)?it?

aims?to

?keep?temperature?rise?below?only C)?it?is?

beneficial?

to?only?fewer?than?4%?of?countries D)?it?

burdens

?developed?countries?

with?

the?sole?responsibility A)對那些易受氣候變化影響的國家是不公平的 B)它的目的僅僅是把氣溫上升控制在以下 C)只有不到4%的國家受益 D)它使發(fā)達(dá)國家承擔(dān)了唯一的責(zé)任 47.?Why?does?the?author?call?some?developed?countries?climate?“free-riders”? 為什么作者稱一些發(fā)達(dá)國家為氣候“搭便車者”? A)?They?needn’t?

worry?about

?the?food?and?water?they?consume. B)?They?

are

?better?

able?to

???

cope?with

???the?global?climate?change. C)?They?

hardly???pay

?anything?

for?

the?problems?they?have?caused. D)?They?

are?free?from

?the?greenhouse?effects?affecting?“forced?riders”. A)?他們不必?fù)?dān)心他們消耗的食物和水。 B)?他們能更好地應(yīng)對全球氣候變化。 C)?他們幾乎不為自己造成的問題付出任何代價。 D)?它們不受溫室效應(yīng)的影響。 48.?Why?does?the?author?compare?the?“forced?riders”?to?second-hand?smokers? 為什么作者將“被迫騎車者”比作二手吸煙者? A)?They?have?little?

responsibility?for

?public?health?problems. B)?They?

are?vulnerable?to

?unhealthy?environmental?conditions. C)?They?have?to?bear?consequences?they?are?not?responsible?for. D)?They

?are?unaware?of?

the?potential?risks?they?are?confronting. A)?他們對公共衛(wèi)生問題幾乎沒有責(zé)任。 B)?他們?nèi)菀资艿讲唤】淡h(huán)境條件的影響。 C)?他們必須承擔(dān)不屬于他們的后果 D)?他們沒有意識到他們所面臨的潛在風(fēng)險。 49.?What?does?the?author?say?about?the?$ 100?billion?funding? 關(guān)于1000億美元的資金，作者說了什么? A)?It?will?motivate?all?nations?to?reduce?carbon?emissions. B)?There?is?no?final?agreement?on?where?it?will?come?from. C)?There?is?no?

clarification?

of?how?the?money?will?be?spent. D)?It?will?effectively?reduce?greenhouse?emissions?worldwide. A)它將激勵所有國家減少碳排放。 B)沒有最終的協(xié)議，它將來自哪里。 C)沒有明確說明這筆錢將如何使用。 D)它將有效地減少全球溫室氣體排放。 50.?What?urgent?action?must?be?taken?to?realise?the?Paris?climate?agreement? 為實現(xiàn)巴黎氣候協(xié)議，必須采取哪些緊急行動? A)?Encouraging?high-emitting?nations?to?take?the?

initiative

. B)?

Calling?on

?all?the?nations?concerned?to?make?joint?efforts. C)?Pushing?the?current?world?leaders?to?

come?to?a?consensus

. D)?Putting?in?effect?the?

policies?

in?the?agreement?

at?once

. A)鼓勵高排放國家采取主動。 B)呼吁所有有關(guān)國家共同努力。 C)推動當(dāng)前的世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人達(dá)成共識。 D)立即實施協(xié)議中的政策