原文標題：
The future of the car
Driven away
Around the world, the young seem to be falling out of love with cars
汽車的未來
漸行漸遠
世界各地的年輕人似乎對汽車失去了興趣

That could have big political ramifications
這可能會產(chǎn)生一些重大的政治影響

[Paragraph 10]
The falling popularity of cars among the under-40s chimes with the mood among city planners and urbanists, who have been arguing against cars for over two decades.
越來越多的40歲以下人群不喜歡開車，這與城市規(guī)劃者及城市學者的情緒不謀而合，他們反對汽車已經(jīng)有20多年了。

Sometimes they have managed to get big, bold policies passed, such as the introduction of congestion-charging zones in the middle of London, Milan and Stockholm, under which drivers must pay a fee to enter.
有時候，他們成功通過了一些大膽的大政策，例如在倫敦、米蘭和斯德哥爾摩市的市中心引入擁堵收費路段，政策規(guī)定司機必須交費才能進入該路段。

All three schemes have managed to cut traffic substantially and consistently. (A much-delayed and bitterly contested congestion-pricing scheme in New York could start later this year.)
這3個城市的方案都成功地大幅削減了交通量，且一直有效。（紐約的擁堵收費政策備受爭議且推遲已久，可能會在今年晚些時候?qū)嵤＃?br>

[Paragraph 11]
So move your feet from hot pavement
移移步子

But in most cases, the squeeze on motorists has been slower and more gradual.
但在大多數(shù)情況下，政策對機動車司機的壓力是緩慢且循序漸進的。

In Britain many local councils have begun to introduce “l(fā)ow-traffic neighbourhoods”, blocking off streets to discourage passing drivers from taking shortcuts between main roads.
在英國，許多地方議會已經(jīng)開始引入“低交通流量的街區(qū)”，通過堵路來防止路過司機在主干道之間走捷徑小道。

In 2020 Oslo, the Norwegian capital, finished removing almost all on-street parking spaces from its city centre.
2020年，挪威首都奧斯陸完成了停車位的拆除工作，市中心路邊停車位幾乎都被拆了。

Paris’s drastic drop in traffic volume has been partly forced by policies brought in by Ms Hidalgo, who has removed parking, narrowed streets and turned a motorway that used to run along one bank of the Seine into a park.
由于伊達爾戈女士出臺的政策，巴黎的交通量急劇下降。她拆除了停車位，縮窄了街道，并將一條曾經(jīng)沿著塞納河的高速公路變成了公園。

In 2021 she announced plans to redevelop the Champs-élysées to reduce the space given over to cars by half, in favour of making room for pedestrians and urban greenery.
2021年她公布了重新開發(fā)香榭麗舍街的計劃，為了給行人和城市綠化騰出空間，她計劃將汽車占用的空間減少一半。

[Paragraph 12]
In America, New York has banned cars from Central Park, and experimented with banning them from some streets in Manhattan too.
在美國，紐約禁止汽車進入中央公園，也試著禁止汽車進入曼哈頓的某些街道。

In the past few years dozens of American cities, including Minneapolis in 2018 and Boston in 2021, have removed rules that compel property developers to provide a certain amount of free parking around their buildings.
在過去幾年里，數(shù)十個美國城市（2018年的明尼阿波利斯和2021的波士頓）不再強制要求房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商提供房屋周邊的免費停車位。

California has removed such rules across the whole state, at least for buildings that are relatively close to public transport.
整個加州已經(jīng)取消了這類規(guī)定，至少在離公共交通相對較近的建筑周圍不需要提供免費停車位。

[Paragraph 13]
In the past, such changes have often been imposed from above. Increasingly they are finding favour with at least some voters.
在過去，這些城市的變化是政策帶來的。他們越來越多地受到一些選民的青睞。

“Chicago for 80 years has been: cars first, everyone else dead last,” says Daniel La Spata, an “alderman” (or city council member) in the north-west of the city.
芝加哥西北部的“市議員”（或市議會成員）丹尼爾·拉斯帕塔說：“芝加哥80年來一直是：汽車最先消亡，其他后消亡?！?br>
Now, he says, cycling activists are playing a big role in the city’s local elections.
他說，現(xiàn)如今騎行愛好者在該市的地方選舉中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

In Oxford, in England, residents in favour of one traffic-reduction scheme manned barricades to stop irate drivers pushing the barriers aside.
在英國牛津，少車計劃的支持者們設(shè)置了人工路障，以阻止憤怒的司機將路障撞開。

[Paragraph 14]
As the example in Oxford shows, not everyone is keen.
牛津的例子表明，并非所有人都熱衷于此。

In Hackney, in north London, the council had to install special vandalism-proof screens on the cameras that spot motorists who break the rules. One local councillor received death threats.
在倫敦北部的哈克尼，為了監(jiān)控違規(guī)的司機，委員會不得不在監(jiān)控攝像頭上安裝特殊的屏幕，防止有人故意破壞。一名地方議員收到了死亡威脅。

Chats on Nextdoor, a neighbourhood-focused social-media app, are full of angry disputes and diatribes about the measures.
Nextdoor是一款鄰里社交APP，平臺上的聊天內(nèi)容滿是對這些措施的抱怨和謾罵。

[Paragraph 15]
Political opposition could put the brakes on the growth of anti-car policies.
政治反對聲音可能會阻礙禁車政策的推行。

In New York it is suburban politicians, whose constituents are more dependent on cars, who have resisted the new congestion charge.
在紐約，反對擁堵收費政策的是郊區(qū)政客，因為他們的選民更離不開汽車。

Another worry is that as city centres freed from cars become more attractive, they also become more expensive—pushing some, especially families, out to suburbs where they need cars after all.
另一個擔憂是，無車的市中心變得更有魅力，但這樣市中心也會變得越來越貴，迫使一些人（尤其是拖家?guī)Э诘拇蠹彝ィ┝粼诮紖^(qū)，人們在郊區(qū)是需要用車的。

In America housing in the most walkable neighbourhoods now costs 34% more than it does in sprawling places, according to one study.
據(jù)一項研究顯示，美國市中心（最適宜步行）的街區(qū)房價比擴張的郊區(qū)高34%。

New technology might change things too. Electric cars may blunt climate-change concerns. They are cheaper to run than fossil-fuelled vehicles, which could encourage more driving.
新技術(shù)也起到了一定作用。電動汽車可能使人們對氣候變化的擔憂減輕。電動汽車比燃油車更便宜，這可能會鼓勵人們多開車。

[Paragraph 16]
But in the parts of Europe where anti-car policies have been in place for the longest, they appear to have worked like a ratchet.
但在歐洲“禁車政策”實施時間最長的地區(qū)，政策似乎帶來了棘輪效應(yīng)。

Giulio Mattioli, a transport professor at Dortmund University, notes that almost nowhere in the world that has removed a big road, or pedestrianised a shopping street, has decided to reverse course. “Once people see [the benefits], they generally don’t want to go back.”
多特蒙德大學交通學教授朱利奧·馬蒂奧利指出，世界上幾乎沒有一個地方成功拆除了大馬路，或?qū)①徫锝衷O(shè)置為行人專用區(qū)，也沒有一個地方?jīng)Q定返璞歸真?！叭藗円坏┯羞^好的體驗，通常就不想再回到原來的狀態(tài)了?！?br>
Several studies have concluded that driving habits that are formed in youth seem to persist, with those who begin to drive later continuing to drive less, even into their 40s.
幾項研究得出一個結(jié)論：年輕時養(yǎng)成的開車習慣似乎會持續(xù)存在，而那些很晚才學會開車的人，即使到了40多歲，他們的開車頻率也低。

If that pattern holds, the 21st century might just see the car’s high-water mark.
如果這種模式成立，21世紀汽車行業(yè)可能要見頂了。

（恭喜讀完，本篇英語詞匯量750/1634左右，有刪減）
原文出自：2023年2月18日《The Economist》International版塊。

精讀筆記來源于：自由英語之路

本文翻譯整理: Irene本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個人英語學習交流使用。

【補充資料】（來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)）
Nextdoor 成立于 2010 年，是美國最大的鄰里社交 App，強調(diào)鄰里間的安全和互助問題，已覆蓋全美 53000 個社區(qū)，2014 年 8 月份時相應(yīng)的數(shù)字為 40000 個。在這個時代頗有一些“小國寡民”的色彩，注冊過程繁瑣，用戶需要提供家庭住址證明自己屬于這一社區(qū)范圍，社區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)布的消息僅僅該小區(qū)的用戶可以看到。很多情況下，Nextdoor 更是一個社區(qū)二手交易市場，鄰里之間可以方便地互通有無?；陬愃频男枨?，Nextdoor 將來可能會在小區(qū)周邊信息服務(wù)上探索商業(yè)模式，比如修理電器、疏通下水道等等。

棘輪效應(yīng)指人的消費習慣形成之后有不可逆性，即易于向上調(diào)整，而難于向下調(diào)整。這種習慣效應(yīng)，使消費取決于相對于自己過去的高峰收入。類似于中國老話里的“由儉入奢易，由奢入儉難”。

High-Water Mark指投資基金或賬戶價值達到的最高點。這一術(shù)語經(jīng)常用于基于業(yè)績的基金經(jīng)理薪酬。HWM保證了經(jīng)理不會因為業(yè)績差而得到大筆的報酬。如果基金經(jīng)理在一段時間內(nèi)出現(xiàn)虧損，他必須努力讓基金高于HWM，然后才能從管理的資產(chǎn)中獲得績效獎金。

【重點句子】（3?個）
The falling popularity of cars among the under-40s chimes with the mood among city planners and urbanists, who have been arguing against cars for over two decades.
越來越多的40歲以下人群不喜歡開車，這與城市規(guī)劃者及城市學者的情緒不謀而合，他們反對汽車已經(jīng)有20多年了。

Political opposition could put the brakes on the growth of anti-car policies.
政治反對聲音可能會阻礙禁車政策的推行。

But in the parts of Europe where anti-car policies have been in place for the longest, they appear to have worked like a ratchet.
但在歐洲“禁車政策”實施時間最長的地區(qū)，政策似乎帶來了棘輪效應(yīng)。