如此這般這般如此（三）：屁股影響腦袋
中胚層來(lái)源的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)
原文：
Age-associated changes in lineage composition of the enteric nervous system regulate gut health and disease
腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)（ENS）是人體內(nèi)的第二大神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。哺乳動(dòng)物出生前腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是神經(jīng)嵴衍生物，然而在出生后會(huì)逐漸被中胚層來(lái)源的神經(jīng)元取代，二者的比例會(huì)逐漸發(fā)生變化。并且這種比例與成熟衰老都有關(guān)——在衰老的過(guò)程中中胚層來(lái)源的神經(jīng)會(huì)逐漸超過(guò)神經(jīng)嵴發(fā)育來(lái)的神經(jīng)（成年小鼠中大概一般的ENS是神經(jīng)嵴來(lái)源的），同時(shí)與腸道蠕動(dòng)有密切關(guān)系。
MET immunostaining (green) labels (a) Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato- MENs and (b) a population of Mesp1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato+ MENs (white arrow) while not labeling all MENs (red arrow).
(c) RET immunostaining (green) only labels Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato+ NENs (green arrow) and not tdTomato- MENs (white arrows).
(d) NOS1 is expressed by both tdTomato+ NENs (red, white arrows) and tdTomato- MENs (blue arrows) in an adult Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato mouse, but most MENs do not express NOS1 (marked by *).
(e) NEN lineage contains significantly higher proportions of NOS1+ neurons compared to MEN lineage in Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato mice. Data represent mean ± S.E.M. p < 0.0001; Fisher’s exact test.
(f) ChAT is expressed by both tdTomato+ NENs (red, white arrows) and tdTomato- MENs (blue arrows) in an adult Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato mouse.
(g) NEN lineage contains significantly higher proportions of ChAT+ neurons compared to MEN lineage in Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato mice. Data represent mean ± S.E.M. p < 0.0001; Fisher’s exact test.
(h) Both tdTomato+ (red) and tdTomato- neurons in the myenteric plexus of an adult Wnt1- cre:Rosa26-tdTomato mouse (Hu, green) express CGRP (blue) Inset showing a tdTomato- CGRP+ neuron (white arrow) is magnified on the right.
(i) MEN lineage contains significantly higher proportions of CGRP+ neurons compared to NEN lineage in Wnt1-cre:Rosa26-tdTomato male mice. Data represent mean ± S.E.M. p < 0.0001; Fisher’s exact test.
Nuclei in (b) and (c) are labeled with DAPI (blue). Scale bar for all images denotes 10 μm.
只因擬態(tài)美
原文
Beetle grows ‘termite’ on back to steal food
，未找到具體的論文
在澳洲北領(lǐng)地發(fā)現(xiàn)的隱翅蟲(chóng)新種，Austrospirachtha carrijoi 寄生在白蟻巢中，為此其腹部發(fā)生了極為逆天的特化：通過(guò)膨脹腹部產(chǎn)生了類似白蟻的擬態(tài)。這可能有助于其通過(guò)白蟻的觸碰識(shí)別機(jī)制。寄生物同樣可以吸收白蟻巢穴的表皮碳?xì)浠衔飦?lái)進(jìn)一步偽裝自己。不過(guò)寄生物的口器很小，推測(cè)可能依賴于工蟻喂食而非主動(dòng)襲擊卵幼。
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