今天推薦的演講者是：Josh Kaufman，發(fā)布于2019年的TED演講臺北大會！

學(xué)會一個新的技能需要多久？很多人都在說10000小時法則，也就是說當(dāng)你持續(xù)刻意練習(xí)一件事情，當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)一萬小時當(dāng)時候，你基本上就已經(jīng)可以精通了，你覺得呢？

The first 20 hours -- how to learn anything

Josh KaufmanHi everyone. Two year ago, my life changed forever. My wife Kelsey and I welcomed our daughter Lela into the world. Now, becoming a parent is an amazing experience.?大家好，兩年前，我的生活完全改變了。我和我的太太凱爾希迎來了我們的女兒萊拉。為人父母是一種奇妙的體驗。
Your whole world changes over night. And all of your priorities change immediately. So fast that it makes it really difficult to process sometimes.

一夜之間，一切都改變了。你所有的計劃全部被打亂。速度之快，讓人措手不及。

Now, you also have to learn a tremendous amount about being a parent like, for example, how to dress your child. This was new to me.?

然后你會有很多東西要學(xué)。比如，該如何打扮你的寶寶。對我而言這是新的挑戰(zhàn)。

This is an actual outfit, I thought this was a good idea. And even Lela knows that it's not a good idea. So there is so much to learn and so much craziness all at once.

這是我搭配的一套，我覺得還挺不錯的。但是好像連萊拉都看不上。要學(xué)的還很多，千頭萬緒的。

And to add to the craziness, Kelsey and I both work from home, we're entrepreneurs, we run our own businesses. So, Kelsey develops courses online for yoga teachers. I'm an author.?

更糟的是，凱爾希和我都在家工作，我倆都做生意，有自己的公司。凱爾希為瑜伽教練做在線課程開發(fā)。我是一名作家。

And so, I'm working from home, Kelsey's working from home. We have an infant and we're trying to make sure that everything gets done that needs done.

因此，我倆都在家上班。我們有嬰兒要照顧，我們竭盡全力把每件事都做好。

And life is really, really busy. And a couple of weeks into this amazing experience, when the sleep deprivation really kicked in, like around week eight, I had this thought, and it was the same thought that parents across the ages, internationally, everybody has had this thought, which is: I am never going to have free time ever again. Somebody said it's true.

日子過得非常忙碌。這種奇妙的體驗持續(xù)幾周過后，睡眠不足的弊端開始顯現(xiàn)，大概是在第八周的時候，我產(chǎn)生了一種想法，我覺得這種想法無論你是哪國人，無論你多大年齡，只要你當(dāng)父母了，都會有：我此生再無自由之日了。有人說確實如此。

It's not exactly true, but it feels really, really true in that moment. And this was really disconcerting to me, because one of the things that I enjoy more than anything else is learning new things. Getting curious about something and diving in and fiddling around and learning through trial and error. And eventually becoming pretty good at something. And without this free time, I didn't know how I was ever going to do that ever again.

這可能有點絕對，但在當(dāng)時的情境下，我真的是這么想的。這讓我很抓狂，因為我最喜歡的事情就是學(xué)習(xí)新事物。對某件事產(chǎn)生興趣，然后一頭扎進(jìn)去，不斷嘗試，不斷學(xué)習(xí)。最后變得比較擅長。但是，如果沒有自由支配的時間，我真不知該如何繼續(xù)我的這個愛好。

And so, I'm a big geek, I want to keep learning things, I want to keep growing. And so what I've decided to do was, go to the library, and go to the bookstore, and look at what research says about how we learn and how we learn quickly. And I read a bunch of books, I read a bunch of websites. And tried to answer this question, how long does it take to acquire a new skill?

沒錯，我是個死宅，我想持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，不斷成長。于是我做出一個決定，去圖書館和書店尋找研究資料，看我們該如何學(xué)習(xí)，如何快速學(xué)習(xí)。我讀了很多書，也瀏覽了不少網(wǎng)站。想搞清楚一個問題，掌握一項新的技能需要多久？

You know what I found? 10,000 hours! Anybody ever heard this? It takes 10,000 hours. If you want to learn something new, if you want to be good at it, it's going to take 10,000 hours to get there. And I read this in book after book, in website after website.

知道我找到的答案是什么嗎？1萬小時！你們聽過這說法嗎？要花1萬小時。如果你想學(xué)點新東西，并且變得很擅長，要用掉你1萬小時的時間。我在書本上，網(wǎng)站上不停地讀到這一點。

And my mental experience of reading all of this stuff was like: No! I don't have time! I don't have 10,000 hours. I am never going to be able to learn anything new. Ever again. But that's not true. So, 10,000 hours, just to give you a rough order of magnitude, 10,000 hours is a full-time job for five years. That's a long time.

我的內(nèi)心是崩潰的，我的心在吶喊：不！我沒有這么多時間！我上哪兒找1萬小時？我再也學(xué)不會新東西了。永遠(yuǎn)沒戲了。但事實不是這樣的。1萬小時是什么概念，打個比方，1萬小時相當(dāng)于5年的全職工作。那是一段很長的時間。

And we've all had the experience of learning something new, and it didn't take us anywhere close to that amount of time, right? So, what's up? There's something kinda funky going on here. What the research says and what we expect, and have experiences, they don't match up. And what I found, here's the wrinkle: The 10,000 hour rule came out of studies of expert-level performance.

我們都學(xué)過新東西，但誰也沒有花過那么長的時間，對吧？那這是怎么回事呢？有點不對勁啊。研究結(jié)果和我們的期望、我們的經(jīng)驗并不相符。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，問題在于：1萬小時定律針對的是專家。

There's a professor at Florida State University, his name is K. Anders Ericsson. He is the originator of the 10,000 hour rule. And where that came from is, he studied professional athletes, world class musicians, chess grand masters. All of this ultra-competitive folks in ultra-high performing fields.

佛羅里達(dá)州立大學(xué)有一位教授，叫做安德斯.埃里克森。1萬小時定律是他最先提出的。而這一定律的研究對象，是職業(yè)運動員，世界級音樂家和象棋大師。都是競爭激烈的領(lǐng)域，他們又是其中的佼佼者。

And he tried to figure out how long it takes to get to the top of those kinds of fields. And what he found is, the more deliberate practice, the more time that those individuals spend practicing the elements of whatever it is that they do, the more time you spend, the better you get. And the folks at the tippy top of their fields put in around 10,000 hours of practice. Now, we were talking about the game of telephone a little bit earlier.

他試圖弄清楚，在這些領(lǐng)域，登上巔峰需要多久。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，練習(xí)得越多，在各自的領(lǐng)域花費的時間越多，最后取得的成績就越大。那些站在最巔峰的人都花了差不多1萬小時來練習(xí)。這事兒其實就是個以訛傳訛的故事。

Here's what happened: an author by the name of Malcolm Gladwell Wrote a book in 2007 called "Outliers: The Story of Success", and the central piece of that book was the 10,000 hour rule. Practice a lot, practice well, and you will do extremely well, you will reach the top of your field. So, the message, what Dr. Ericsson was actually saying is, it takes 10,000 hours to get at the top of an ultra-competitive field in a very narrow subject, that's what that means.

事情是這樣的：有一個作家叫馬爾科姆.格拉德威爾在2007年寫了本書叫《異類：成功秘訣》，核心內(nèi)容就是1萬小時定律。多練習(xí)，好好練習(xí)，你就能成功，成為本領(lǐng)域的佼佼者。其實，埃里克森博士真正想說的是，要想在一個競爭非常激烈的特定領(lǐng)域里成為佼佼者，需要花費1萬小時的時間。

But here's what happened: ever since Outliers came out, immediately came out, reached the top of best seller lists, stayed there for three solid months.

但《異類》這本書一經(jīng)出版，就迅速沖上了暢銷榜首，并保持了整整三個月。

All of a sudden the 10,000 hour rule was everywhere. And a society-wide game of telephone started to be played. So this message, it takes 10,000 hours to reach the top of an ultra-competitive field, became, it takes 10,000 hours to become an expert at something, which became, it takes 10,000 hours to become good at something, which became, it takes 10,000 hours to learn something.

1萬小時定律一夜之間家喻戶曉。全民開始以訛傳訛。“在競爭激烈的領(lǐng)域登頂需要1萬小時”這條信息，變成了“精通某件事需要1萬小時”，之后變成了，“想要擅長某事，需要花1萬小時”，之后變成了，“學(xué)習(xí)一個新東西需要花1萬小時”。

But that last statement, it takes 10,000 hours to learn something, is not true. It's not true. So, what the research actually says -- I spent a lot of time here at the CSU library in the cognitive psychology stacks because I'm a geek. And when you actually look at the studies of skill acquisition, you see over and over a graph like this.

但最后這條結(jié)論：學(xué)習(xí)一個新東西需要花1萬小時，是不對的，大錯特錯。實際上，這項研究說的是——我在科羅拉多州立大學(xué)圖書館認(rèn)知心理學(xué)區(qū)域查了很多資料，因為我是死宅嘛。當(dāng)你在查找關(guān)于習(xí)得技能的研究成果時，你經(jīng)常會看到這張圖。

Now, researchers, whether they're studying a motor skill, something you do physically or a mental skill, they like to study things that they can time. Because you can quantify that, right? So, they'll give research participants a little task, something that requires physical arrangement, or something that requires learning a little mental trick, and they'll time how long a participant takes to complete the skill.

研究者們，無論他們研究的是運動技能，也就偏體力的（技能），還是偏腦力的技能，他們都喜歡用可以計時的事情為例。因為可以量化計算，對吧？于是，他們給研究參與者一個小任務(wù)，有些需要體力解決，有些需要動點腦筋，他們來統(tǒng)計參與者需要多長時間完成。

And here's what this graph says, when you start -- so when researchers gave participants a task, it took them a really long time, cause it was new and they were horrible. With a little bit of practice, they get better and better and better. And that early part of practice is really, really efficient. People get good at things with just a little bit of practice.

這個圖說明，剛開始的時候——研究者給參與者的任務(wù)，需要很長時間才能完成，因為以前沒做過，他們心里又沒底。但經(jīng)過一段時間練習(xí)后，他們會越做越好。早期的練習(xí)真的非常非常有效。人只需要一點點練習(xí)，就可以把事情做得不錯。

Now, what's interesting to note is that, for skills that we want to learn for ourselves, we don't care so much about time, right? We just care about how good we are, whatever good happens to mean. So if we relabel performance time to how good you are, the graph flips, and you get his famous and widely known, this is the learning curve.

有一點很有意思，對于那些我們真心想學(xué)的技能，我們就不會在乎花多少時間，對吧？我們只在乎能學(xué)得多好，無論這個好的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么。如果我們把練習(xí)時間換成擅長程度，圖表就倒過來了，就成為了那條著名的學(xué)習(xí)曲線。

And the story of the learning curve is when you start, you're grossly incompetent and you know it, right? With a little bit of practice, you get really good, really quick. So that early level of improvement is really fast. And then at a certain point you reach a plateau, and the subsequent games become much harder to get, they take more time to get. Now, my question is, I want that, right?

學(xué)習(xí)曲線告訴我們，作為初學(xué)者，我們都極爛，而且我們也知道自己極爛。只要一點練習(xí)，你很快就會做得很好。因此早期的進(jìn)步是非常大的。之后在一個特定時間點，你進(jìn)入了平臺期，之后進(jìn)步就越來愈難，要花更多的時間。我想了解的就是那個，對吧？

How long does it take from starting something and being grossly incompetent and knowing it to being reasonably good? In hopefully, as short a period of time as possible. So, how long does that take? Here's what my research says: 20 hours. That's it. You can go from knowing nothing about any skill that you can think of.

從一開始學(xué)，水平極差到比較入門，需要多長時間？理想狀態(tài)，當(dāng)然是越短越好。那么，到底需要多久呢？我的研究結(jié)果是：20小時。沒錯。你可以從什么都不懂的菜鳥，到學(xué)會任何一種技能。

Want to learn a language? Want to learn how to draw? Want to learn how to juggle flaming chainsaws? If you put 20 hours of focused deliberate practice into that thing, you will be astounded.

想學(xué)一門外語？想學(xué)會畫畫？想學(xué)會怎么耍電鋸？如果你拿出20個小時，全情投入一件事情，你會感到震驚的。

Astounded at how good you are. 20 hours is doable, that's about 45 minutes a day for about a month. Even skipping a couple days, here and there.

震驚于自己居然能這么厲害。20個小時并不多，也就是每天45分鐘，堅持1個月。中間空出幾天也沒關(guān)系。

20 hours isn't that hard to accumulate. Now, there's a method to doing this. Because it's not like you can just start fiddling around for about 20 hours and expect these massive improvements. There's a way to practice intelligently. There's a way to practice efficiently, that will make sure that you invest those 20 hours in the most effective way that you possibly can.

積累20個小時并不難。下面是具體辦法。并不是說你瞎玩20個小時，就能精通某件事。還是要用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄟM(jìn)行練習(xí)。要練習(xí)得有效率，這才能保證你投入的20個小時是最有效的。

And here's the method, it applies to anything: The first is to deconstruct the skill. Decide exactly what you want to be able to do when you're done, and then look into the skill and break it down into smaller pieces. Most of the things that we think of as skills are actually big bundles of skills that require all sorts of different things.

下面就來介紹方法，它適用于任何事情：首先將你想學(xué)的技能進(jìn)行分解。想好你最后要達(dá)成什么效果，然后將技能分解成一個個小的部分。絕大部分我們稱之為技能的事情實際上是由許多不同的技能組成的。

The more you can break apart the skill, the more you're able to decide, what are the parts of this skill that would actually help me get to what I want? And then you can practice those first. And if you practice the most important things first, you'll be able to improve your performance in the least amount of time possible.

你把技能分解得越細(xì)，你就越能決定，這項技能里面的哪些部分能幫我達(dá)成目標(biāo)。你就可以先練習(xí)這些。如果你先練習(xí)最重要的事情，你就可以在最短的時間內(nèi)最大限度地提高自己。

The second is, learn enough to self-correct. So, get three to five resources about what it is you're trying to learn. Could be book, could be DVDs, could be courses, and could be anything. But don't use those as a way to procrastinate on practice.

第二點，要有一定的（理論）學(xué)習(xí)，能幫你自我糾錯。要找到3-5種學(xué)習(xí)資源?？梢允菚?，可以是DVD，可以是課程，什么都行。但是不要因為這個而推遲練習(xí)。

I know I do this, right? Get like 20 books about the topic, like, "I'm going to start learning how to program a computer when I complete these 20 books". No. That's procrastination. What you want to do is learn just enough that you can actually practice and self-correct or self-edit as you practice. So the learning becomes a way of getting better at noticing when you're making a mistake and then doing something a little different.

我就這么干過。買了20本相關(guān)的書籍，說“我要先看完這20本書，然后開始學(xué)習(xí)編程?！边@樣不對。這就是拖延。（理論）學(xué)習(xí)不用太多，能支撐你開始練習(xí)就可以了并在練習(xí)過程中自我糾錯，自我調(diào)整。因此（理論）學(xué)習(xí)能幫你進(jìn)步，能在你犯錯時提醒你然后進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

The third is to remove barriers to practice. Distractions, television, internet. All of these things that get in the way of you actually sitting down and doing the work. And the more you're able to use just a little bit of willpower to remove the distractions that are keeping you from practicing, the more likely you are to actually sit down and practice, right?

第三點，是要排除干擾。電視，網(wǎng)絡(luò)，所有的干擾。這些東西都會阻止你坐下來開始練習(xí)。你的毅力越大，越能排除干擾，你就越能坐下來，認(rèn)真練習(xí)，不是嗎？

And the fourth is to practice for at least 20 hours. Now, most skills have what I call a frustration barrier. You know, the grossly-incompetent-and-knowing-it part? That's really, really frustrating. We don't like to feel stupid. And feeling stupid is a barrier to us actually sitting down and doing the work.

第四點就是要練習(xí)至少20小時。我覺得，（學(xué)習(xí)）大部分技能都存在“沮喪障礙”。就是“我很菜鳥而且我自己知道”的階段。真的很不爽。誰也不愿意覺得自己蠢。而覺得自己蠢真的會阻止我們坐下來安心練習(xí)。

So, by pre-committing to practicing whatever it is that you want to do for at least 20 hours, you will be able to overcome that initial frustration barrier and stick with the practice long enough to actually reap the rewards.

所以，無論你想做什么，先給自己定個目標(biāo)先練習(xí)個20小時，你就能渡過最初那段很受挫的時期從而（有信心）將練習(xí)持續(xù)下去，直到獲得回報。

That's it! It's not rocket science. Four very simple steps that you can use to learn anything. Now, this is easy to talk about in theory, but it's more fun to talk about in practice. So one of the things that I've wanted to learn how to do for a long time is play the ukulele.

就是這樣！并不復(fù)雜。學(xué)習(xí)任何東西都可以按這四步來。好的，理論說起來總是很容易，其實說到練習(xí)會更加有意思。有件樂器我想學(xué)已經(jīng)很久了，就是尤克里里琴。

Has anybody seen Jake Shimabukuro's TED Talk? TED where he plays the ukulele and makes it sound like -- he's like a ukulele god. It's amazing.

你們看沒看過杰克島袋的演講他彈奏尤克里里，那聲音簡直——他就像尤克里里之神。非常精彩。

I saw it, I was like, "That is so cool!" It's such a neat instrument. I would really like to learn how to play. And so I decided that to test this theory I wanted to put 20 hours into practicing ukulele and see where it got. And so the first thing about playing the ukulele is, in order to practice, you have to have one, right? So, I got an ukulele and -- My lovely assistant? Thank you sir. I think I need the chord here. It's not just an ukulele, it's an electric ukulele.

我看了之后覺得，“哇，太酷了！”非常精妙的一種樂器。我非常想學(xué)。于是我決定驗證一下我的理論花20小時來練習(xí)尤克里里看效果如何。演奏尤克里里的第一件事，想要演奏，你先得有一把琴，對吧？于是，我弄了一把尤克里里，有請我可愛的助理。謝謝你，先生。我想我還需要一根弦。這可不是普通的尤克里里，是插電的。

Yeah. So, the first couple hours are just like the first couple hours of anything. You have to get the tools that you are using to practice. You have to make sure they're available. My ukulele didn't come with strings attached. I had to figure out how to put those on. Like, that's kind of important, right? And learning how to tune, learning how to make sure that all of the things that need to be done in order to start practicing get done, right?

最開始的幾個小時就像其他所有事情一樣。你要把所需的工具準(zhǔn)備好。確保它們能正常使用。我的尤克里里最開始是沒有裝弦的。我要搞清楚如何把它裝好。這非常重要，對吧。還要學(xué)習(xí)調(diào)音，準(zhǔn)備好一切，確保在開始練習(xí)前，一切就緒。

Now, one of the things when I was ready to actually start practicing was I looked in online databases and songbooks for how to play songs. And they say, okay, ukuleles, you can play more than one string at a time, so you can play chords, that's cool, you are accompanying yourself, yay you.

當(dāng)一切準(zhǔn)備就緒，正式開始練習(xí)前我上網(wǎng)找了各種數(shù)據(jù)和歌本。上面說，哦，尤克里里，你可以彈奏不止一根弦，可以演奏和弦，很棒，你可以自己給自己伴奏。

And when I started looking at songs, I had an ukulele chord book that had like hundreds of chords.Looking at this and "Wow, that's intimidating". But when you look at the actual songs, you see the same chords over and over, right?

我開始看歌本，我還有一本尤克里里的和弦書，里面有上百種和弦。我當(dāng)時就傻了，“哇，這太恐怖了?！钡钱?dāng)你真正看歌本的時候，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)相同的和弦總是重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，對吧？

As it turns out, playing the ukulele is kind of like doing anything, there’s a very small set of things that are really important and techniques that you'll use all the time. And in most songs you'll use four, maybe five chords, and that's it, that's the song. You don't have to know hundreds, as long as you know the four or the five. So, while I was doing my research, I found a wonderful little medley of pop songs by a band called Axis of Awesome.

其實，彈尤克里里就跟做其他事一樣，有一些固定的模式，它們非常重要你會一直用到它們。在大部分歌曲里，你會用到4-5種和弦，那就夠了，就能彈出一首歌了。掌握這4-5種和弦就夠了，沒必要學(xué)會幾百種。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一首不錯的混音曲，由許多流行歌曲組成，來自“驚奇軸心”樂隊。

Somebody knows it. -- And what Axis of Awesome says is that you can learn, or you can play pretty much any pop song of the past five decades, if you know four chords, and those chords are G, D, Em and C. Four chords pump out every pop song ever, right? So I thought, this is cool! I would like to play every pop song ever. So, that was the first song I decided to learn, and I would like to actually share it with you. Ready? Alright.

看來有人知道他們，“驚奇軸心”認(rèn)為，我們可以學(xué)會可以彈奏，過去50年幾乎所有的流行歌曲，只要你能掌握4種和弦，就是G和弦、D和弦、Em和弦和C和弦。每首流行歌曲都由這4種和弦組成。我覺得這太酷了。我想學(xué)會彈所有的流行歌曲。于是我決定先學(xué)這一首，然后今天跟你們分享。準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？好的。

Thank you, thank you. I love that song. And I have a secret to share with you. So, by playing that song for you, I just hit my twentieth hour of practicing the ukulele. Thank you. And so it's amazing, pretty much anything that you can think of, what do you want to do. The major barrier to learn something new is not intellectual, it's not the process of you learning a bunch of little tips or tricks or things.The major barrier's emotional.

謝謝大家。謝謝。我超愛這首歌。告訴你們一個秘密。當(dāng)我為大家演奏完這首歌，我達(dá)成了練習(xí)尤克里里20小時的目標(biāo)。謝謝你們。真的很神奇，幾乎所有的事情，只要是你想做的。學(xué)習(xí)新事物的最大障礙并不是智力，并不是你要去掌握很多訣竅，走捷徑。主要的障礙是情緒上的。

We're scared. Feeling stupid doesn't feel good, in the beginning of learning anything new you feel really stupid. So the major barrier's not intellectual, it's emotional. But put 20 hours into anything. It doesn't matter. What do you want to learn? Do you want to learn a language? Want to learn how to cook? Want to learn how to draw? What turns you on? What lights you up? Go out and do that thing. It only takes 20 hours. Have fun.

我們會害怕。會覺得自己很笨，在你學(xué)一樣新東西的開始階段，你會覺得自己很傻。因此，最大的障礙并不是智力，而是情緒。投入20小時在任何事情上吧。你想學(xué)什么都可以。一門新的語言？學(xué)習(xí)烹飪？想學(xué)畫畫？什么讓你興奮，什么讓你開心。那你就去做什么。只需要20小時。去享受吧。