【經(jīng)濟衰退】羅斯福第12次爐邊談話 1938年4月14日
1938年4月14日，羅斯福總統(tǒng)發(fā)表了這篇爐邊談話，由于美國經(jīng)濟增長速度放慢，甚至出現(xiàn)衰退現(xiàn)象，引起了國內(nèi)恐慌，羅斯福安撫了人民的恐慌情緒，并分析經(jīng)濟衰退的原因，呼吁人民和企業(yè)配合政府工作，嚴格履行新政法案，重振美國經(jīng)濟。
Five months have gone by since I last spoke to the people of the Nation about the state of the Nation.
自上次我同全國人民談論國家狀況以來，已經(jīng)過去5個月了。
I had hoped to be able to defer this talk until next week because, as we all know, this is Holy Week. But what I want to say to you, the people of the country, is of such immediate need and relates so closely to the lives of human beings and the prevention of human suffering that I have felt that there should be no delay. In this decision I have been strengthened by the thought that by speaking tonight there may be greater peace of mind and that the hope of Easter may be more real at firesides everywhere, and therefore that it is not inappropriate to encourage peace when so many of us are thinking of the Prince of Peace.
我本想等到下周再和大家講話，因為眾所周知，本周是圣周。但是，我想與你們——美國人民談論的事情重大，與人類生活、阻止人類苦難密切相關(guān)，所以我覺得不該拖延。而且我覺得，今晚的講話有助于大家保持鎮(zhèn)靜，也可讓全國各地的復活節(jié)更有盼頭，而且現(xiàn)在大家都在心想和平之主(譯者注：指耶穌)，那么此時說一些安撫大家內(nèi)心的話語也并無不妥，所以我決定在今晚講話。
Five years ago we faced a very serious problem of economic and social recovery. For four and a half years that recovery proceeded apace. It is only in the past seven months that it has received a visible setback.
5年前，我們面臨著非常嚴重的經(jīng)濟危機和社會復興問題。這4年半以來，國家在不停復興。只在過去7個月里，國家復興速度明顯下降。
And it is only within the past two months, as we have waited patiently to see whether the forces of business itself would counteract it, that it has become apparent that government itself can no longer safely fail to take aggressive government steps to meet it.
我們耐心地等待，看看企業(yè)能否戰(zhàn)勝這一挫折，但顯然，過去2個月里，政府不能繼續(xù)袖手旁觀，我們必須采取政策應對這一挫折。
This recession has not returned to us (to) the disasters and suffering of the beginning of 1933. Your money in the bank is safe; farmers are no longer in deep distress and have greater purchasing power; dangers of security speculation have been minimized; national income is almost 50% higher than it was in 1932; and government has an established and accepted responsibility for relief.
但這場經(jīng)濟衰退并未讓我們直接退回1933年初的災難之景。你們的銀行存款安然無恙；農(nóng)民也走出了困境，擁有了更強的購買力；證券炒股的風險已經(jīng)降至最低；國民收入比1932年時的水平上漲了50%；政府確立并執(zhí)行著自身對人民的救濟義務。
But I know that many of you have lost your jobs or have seen your friends or members of your families lose their jobs, and I do not propose that the Government shall pretend not to see these things. I know that the effect of our present difficulties has been uneven; that they have affected some groups and some localities seriously but that they have been scarcely felt in others. But I conceive the first duty of government is to protect the economic welfare of all the people in all sections and in all groups. I said in my Message opening the last session of the Congress that if private enterprise did not provide jobs this spring, government would take up the slack -- that I would not let the people down. We have all learned the lesson that government cannot afford to wait until it has lost the power to act.
但我知道，你們許多人失業(yè)了，或者有家人朋友失業(yè)了，我不會讓政府對此視若無睹。我也知道，目前的經(jīng)濟困境對各地的影響也是不一樣的，有的群體和地區(qū)受到嚴重波及，有的地區(qū)則幾乎沒有受到影響。但我認為，政府的首要職責便是保護全體各階層人民的經(jīng)濟福祉。在上一屆國會開幕致辭時，我說過，如果今年春天時，私人企業(yè)無法再繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位，那么政府便會下場代替他們——而我不會背棄對人民的承諾。我們都從過去吸取了教訓，政府不能等到回天乏術(shù)之時才采取行動。
Therefore, my friends, I have sent a Message of far-reaching importance to the Congress. I want to read to you tonight certain passages from that Message, and to talk with you about them.
我的朋友們，我已經(jīng)在國會致辭中闡述了重要事務。所以，今晚我想節(jié)選部分這份致辭中的部分內(nèi)容，和你們一起探討。
In that Message I analyzed the causes of the collapse of 1929 in these words:
那次致辭中，我如此分析了1929年經(jīng)濟崩潰的原因：
"over-speculation in and over-production of practically every article or instrument used by man .... millions of people, to be sure, had been put to work, but the products of their hands had exceeded the purchasing power of their pocketbooks...Under the inexorable law of supply and demand, supplies so overran demand (which would pay)that production was compelled to stop. Unemployment and closed factories resulted. Hence the tragic years from 1929 to 1933."
“過度的股市投機行為，以及人為生產(chǎn)了過剩的產(chǎn)品和工具...成百上千萬人在工作生產(chǎn)，但是他們的購買力追不上他們工作的產(chǎn)量...而根據(jù)永恒不變的供求規(guī)律，供給量大幅超過需求量，生產(chǎn)就只能被迫中止。于是工廠倒閉，工人失業(yè)。造就了1929年——1933年的悲劇?！?br>
Today I pointed out to the Congress that the national income -- not the Government's income but the total of the income of all the individual citizens and families of the United States -- every farmer, every worker, every banker, every professional man and every person who lived on income derived from investments -- that national income had amounted, in the year 1929, to eighty-one billion dollars. By 1932 this had fallen to thirty-eight billion dollars. Gradually, and up to a few months ago, it had risen to a total, an annual total; of sixty-eight billion dollars -- a pretty good come- back from the low point.
今天，我在國會指出，國民收入——注意，國民收入不是政府財政收入，而是美國全體公民、全體家庭的收入總和——包括每一位農(nóng)民，每一位工人，每一位銀行家，每一位技工和每一位股民——1929年的國民收入高達810億美元。而到了1932年，這一數(shù)字已經(jīng)驟降至380億美元。之后該數(shù)字從這一低值慢慢上升，直至幾個月前，它上升到了一年680億美元——一次強勢反彈。
I then said this to the Congress:
之后我對國會說：
"But the very vigor of the recovery in both durable goods and consumers' goods brought into the picture early in 1937, a year ago, certain highly undesirable practices, which were in large part responsible for the economic decline which began in the later months of that year. Again production had (outran) outrun the ability to buy."
“但在1937年初，也就是一年前，人們才注意到企業(yè)在加大耐用品和消費品的生產(chǎn)過程中又采取了一些不理想的做法，而很大程度上，正是這些做法在這年的后幾個月導致了我國經(jīng)濟衰退。生產(chǎn)力再一次超過購買力?！?/span>
"There were many reasons for this over-production. One of them was fear -- fear of war abroad, fear of inflation, fear of nation-wide strikes. None of these fears have been borne out."
“造成這一結(jié)果的原因很多。其中一種原因便是恐懼——對國外戰(zhàn)爭的恐懼，對通貨膨脹的恐懼，對全國大罷工的恐懼。但這些恐懼都是虛無縹緲?！?br>
"...Production in many important lines of goods outran the ability of the public to purchase them, as I have said. For example, through the winter and spring of 1937 cotton factories in hundreds of cases were running on a three-shift basis, piling up cotton goods in the factory, (and) goods in the hands of middle men and retailers. For example, also, automobile manufacturers not only turned out a normal increase of finished cars, but encouraged the normal increase to run into abnormal figures, using every known method to push their sales. This meant, of course, that the steel mills of the Nation ran on a twenty-four hour basis, and the tire companies and cotton factories and glass factories and others speeded up to meet the same type of abnormally stimulated demand. Yes, the buying power of the Nation lagged behind."
“...如我所述，許多重要商品產(chǎn)線的產(chǎn)量都已經(jīng)超出了公眾購買力。比如說，1937年的冬春季，全國有數(shù)百家制棉廠采用三班輪換制，導致大量棉產(chǎn)品只能堆疊在廠里，中介商和零售商手里也積攢著一堆。再比如說，汽車廠商的成品車產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)正常增長，但是他們卻還使用各種方式增加銷量，致使汽車產(chǎn)量逐漸失控。當然，這也就意味著我國的鋼鐵廠需要24小時運轉(zhuǎn)，輪胎廠商、制棉廠、玻璃廠等其他工廠也需要加快生產(chǎn)速度，以滿足這一失控的需求量。沒錯，我國的購買力已經(jīng)滯后了?！?/span>
"Thus by the autumn of 1937, last autumn, the Nation again had stocks on hand which the consuming public could not buy because the purchasing power of the consuming public had not kept pace with the production."
“由于人民的購買力跟不上產(chǎn)量增加，所以到了1937年秋季，也就是去年秋季，國家手上又有了大量無法銷售出去的庫存?！?/span>
"During the same period ... the prices of many vital products had risen faster than was warranted. (....) For example, copper -- which undoubtedly can be produced at a profit in this country for from ten to twelve cents a pound -- was pushed up and up to seventeen cents a pound. The price of steel products of many kinds was increased far more than was justified by the increased wages of steel workers. In the case of many commodities the price to the consumer was raised well above the inflationary boom prices of 1929. In many lines of goods and materials, prices got so high in the summer of 1937 that buyers and builders ceased to buy or to build."
“同時期的...許多主要產(chǎn)品的價格上漲也超出了我們預期。比如說，銅——如果我國產(chǎn)出的每磅銅只出售10到12美分，廠商毫無疑問還是賺的——但是現(xiàn)實中這一價格卻上升到17美分。各種鋼鐵產(chǎn)品價格的上漲幅度也遠遠超過鋼鐵廠工人的工資增速。許多產(chǎn)品的市場價格，甚至遠高于1929年通貨膨脹引起的虛假繁榮時的價格。到了1937年夏季，許多商品和材料的價格都過高，致使買家不再進貨，建筑商叫停項目。”
"... the economic process of getting out the raw materials, putting them through the manufacturing and finishing processes, selling them to the retailers, selling them to the consumer, and finally using them, got completely out of balance."
“...原材料提煉，加工直至最終完工，發(fā)貨給零售商，零售商再賣給消費者，消費者最終再使用掉，這一整個經(jīng)濟過程已經(jīng)完全失衡?！?/span>
"...The laying off of workers came upon us last autumn and has been continuing at such a pace ever since that all of us, Government and banking and business and workers, and those faced with destitution, recognize the need for action."
“...去年秋季，我國許多企業(yè)進行了裁員，自此之后，裁員浪潮便一發(fā)不可收拾，使得我們所有人，無論是政府、銀行業(yè)、企業(yè)、工人還是貧困群體，都意識到采取行動刻不容緩。”
All of this I said to the Congress today and I repeat it to you, the people of the country tonight.
我會將今天在國會的講話向美國人民復述一遍。
I went on to point out to the Senate and the House of Representatives that all the energies of government and business must be directed to increasing the national income, to putting more people into private jobs, to giving security and a feeling of security to all people in all walks of life.
然后我又向參議院和眾議院指出，政府和企業(yè)都必須全身心致力于增加國民收入，讓更多人進入私企任職，并讓各行各業(yè)的人民得到安全、感到放心。
I am constantly thinking of all our people -- unemployed and employed alike -- of their human problems, their human problems of food and clothing and homes and education and health and old age. You and I agree that security is our greatest need -- the chance to work, the opportunity of making a reasonable profit in our business -- whether it be a very small business or a larger one -- the possibility of selling our farm products for enough money for our families to live on decently. I know these are the things that decide the well-being of all our people.
我時刻牽掛著我國全體人民——無論失業(yè)與否——牽掛著人民的衣食住行、教育、健康和年邁一類的基本問題。大家和我都同意，安全保障是我們的頭等需求——工人有得到工作的機會，企業(yè)有賺得合理利潤的機會——大小企業(yè)機會均等——讓農(nóng)民能夠賣掉農(nóng)產(chǎn)品賺錢，使得其家人可以過上體面的生活。我知道上述同全體人民的福祉息息相關(guān)。
Therefore, I am determined to do all in my power to help you attain that security and because I know that the people themselves have a deep conviction that secure prosperity of that kind cannot be a lasting one except on a basis of (business) fair business dealing and a basis where all from the top to the bottom share in the prosperity. I repeated to the Congress today that neither it nor the Chief Executive can afford?"to weaken or destroy great reforms which, during the past five years, have been effected on behalf of the American people. In our rehabilitation of the banking structure and of agriculture, in our provisions for adequate and cheaper credit for all types of business, in our acceptance of national responsibility for unemployment relief, in our strengthening of the credit of state and local government, in our encouragement of housing, and slum clearance and home ownership, in our supervision of stock exchanges and public utility holding companies and the issuance of new securities, in our provision for social security itself, the electorate of America wants no backward steps taken."
所以，我決心竭我所能，將這種安全帶給人民，因為我知道人民自己也堅信，只有建立了企業(yè)公平貿(mào)易的基礎，只有建立了全體各層人民能夠共享繁榮的基礎，這種繁榮才能穩(wěn)定地持續(xù)下去。我今天在國會講話時再次強調(diào)，無論是國會還是總統(tǒng)都不能“動搖或廢除政府在過去5年里，代表美國人民進行的偉大改革。美國選民不希望改革出現(xiàn)任何倒退，重建銀行體系、復興農(nóng)業(yè)、為各類企業(yè)提供充足的低息貸款、為失業(yè)群體發(fā)放救濟的義務、增強各州各地政府的信譽、幫助購房、拆除貧民窟、監(jiān)督證券交易、監(jiān)督公共事業(yè)控股公司、發(fā)行新證券還有社會保障法，都不能廢除?！?br>
"We have recognized the right of labor to free organization, to collective bargaining; and machinery for the handling of labor relations is now in existence. The principles are established even though we can all admit that, through the evolution of time, administration and practices can be improved. Such improvement can come about most quickly and most peacefully through sincere efforts to understand and assist on the part of labor leaders and employers alike."
“我們承認工人有自由集會、集體談判的權(quán)利；處理勞資問題的制度已經(jīng)確立。雖然當前的原則得到我們普遍認可，但是隨著時間推移，管理實踐方法可以相應改進。我們要幫助工人領(lǐng)袖和企業(yè)家相互理解，相互幫助，以盡快盡可能實現(xiàn)和平改進?！?/span>
"The never-ceasing evolution of human society will doubtless bring forth new problems which will require new adjustments. Our immediate task is to consolidate and maintain the gains we have achieved."
“人類社會在不斷變化，不可避免地會產(chǎn)生新的問題，需要我們不停做出調(diào)整。而我們的當務之急，是鞏固維持我們已取得的成果。”
"In this situation there is no reason and no occasion for any American to allow his fears to be aroused or his energy and enterprise to be paralyzed by doubt or uncertainty."
“從而讓任何美國人都不會因為懷疑和失控而心生恐懼，喪失激情與動力?！?/span>
I came to the conclusion that the present-day problem calls for action both by the Government and by the people, that we suffer primarily from a failure of consumer demand because of lack of buying power. Therefore it is up to us to create an economic upturn. "How and where can and should the Government help to start an (upward spiral) economic upturn?"
我最后得出結(jié)論，我們當前的問題需要政府和人民攜手解決，當前問題主要是人民購買力不足，進而使得社會需求滯后造成的。而經(jīng)濟形勢能否逆轉(zhuǎn)，取決于我們的行動?！罢谑裁辞闆r下，用什么方法，才能或可能實現(xiàn)(螺旋上升式的)經(jīng)濟增長呢？”
I went on in my Message today to propose three groups of measures and I will summarize my recommendations.
我在今天的國會致辭中繼續(xù)說道，然后提出了三類措施，我來總結(jié)一下告訴大家。
First, I asked for certain appropriations which are intended to keep the Government expenditures for work relief and similar purposes during the coming fiscal year that begins on the first of July, keep that going at the same rate of expenditure as at present. That includes additional money for the Works Progress Administration; additional funds for the Farm Security Administration; additional allotments for the National Youth Administration, and more money for the Civilian Conservation Corps, in order that it can maintain the existing number of camps now in operation.
第一類，今年7月即將開始下一個財政年度，我要求國會進行撥款，用于政府維持以工代賑一類工程的開支，讓這些工程保持當前的效率。這一撥款包含公共事業(yè)振興署的額外經(jīng)費；農(nóng)業(yè)安全局的額外資金；給全國青年總署的更多撥款，還有民間資源保護隊的額外資金，以讓他們能維持現(xiàn)有的營地數(shù)量。
These appropriations, made necessary by increased unemployment, will cost about a billion and a quarter dollars more than the estimates which I sent to the Congress on the third of January last.
且由于失業(yè)率持續(xù)上升，所以國會必須進行撥款，并且撥款數(shù)額要比我在今年1月3日國會上要求的數(shù)額再高12.5億美元。
Second, I told the Congress that the Administration proposes to make additional bank reserves available for the credit needs of the country. About one billion four hundred million dollars of gold now in the Treasury will be used to pay these additional expenses of the Government, and three-quarters of a billion dollars of additional credit will be made available to the banks by reducing the reserves now required by the Federal Reserve Board.
第二類，我已告知國會，為滿足國家信貸需求，政府準備提供銀行額外儲蓄金。現(xiàn)在國庫約有價值14億美元的黃金可用于政府的額外開支，還可以減少聯(lián)邦儲備委員會要求的儲蓄金額，再為全國各銀行提供7.5億美元的信貸。
These two steps taking care of relief needs and adding to bank credits are in our best judgment insufficient by themselves to start the Nation on a sustained upward movement.
但根據(jù)我們的縝密判斷，僅靠上述兩類救濟和信貸措施，是不足以讓國家經(jīng)濟持續(xù)上升的。
Therefore, I came to the third kind of Government action which I consider to be vital. I said to the Congress:
所以，我又向國會提出了至關(guān)重要的第三類措施。我又對國會說：
"You and I cannot afford to equip ourselves with two rounds of ammunition where three rounds are necessary. If we stop at relief and credit, we may find ourselves without ammunition before the enemy is routed. If we are fully equipped with the third round of ammunition, we stand to win the battle against adversity."
“在我們需要三發(fā)子彈才能打敗敵人時，只裝上兩發(fā)子彈肯定行不通。如果我們打出了救濟和信貸這兩發(fā)子彈就?；?，恐怕敵人尚未咽氣，我們卻已耗盡彈藥。但如果此時我們有第三發(fā)子彈，那么我們就可以徹底打敗敵人。”
This third proposal is to make definite additions to the purchasing power of the Nation by providing new work over and above the continuing of the old work.
第三類，就是在保護已有工作的數(shù)量前提下，創(chuàng)造新的工作崗位，從而拉升國家購買力。
First, to enable the United States Housing Authority to undertake the immediate construction of about three hundred million dollars worth of additional slum clearance projects.
第一項，給美國住房署撥款3億美元，使其立刻新開展貧民窟清除工作。
Second, to renew a public works program by starting as quickly as possible about one billion dollars worth of needed permanent public improvements in our states, and their counties and cities.
第二項，盡快為各州各縣各市撥款10億美元，用于長期改善公共設施，開展新一輪公共工程項目建設。
Third, to add one hundred million dollars to the estimate for Federal aid highways in excess of the amount that I recommended in January.
第三項，在我1月份提議的金額之上，聯(lián)邦再撥款1億美元用于幫助修建高速公路。
Fourth, to add thirty-seven million dollars over and above the former estimate of sixty-three million for flood control and reclamation.
第四項，在原本用于防洪填海的6300萬美元經(jīng)費基礎上，在增加3700萬美元。
Fifth, to add twenty-five million dollars additional for Federal buildings in various parts of the country.
第五項，為全國各地的聯(lián)邦政府大樓額外撥款2500萬美元。
In recommending this program I am thinking not only of the immediate economic needs of the people of the Nation, but also of their personal liberties --the most precious possession of all Americans. I am thinking of our democracy. I am thinking of the recent trend in other parts of the world away from the democratic ideal.
我在提議這一計劃時，不僅考慮到全國人民的直接經(jīng)濟需求，也考慮到了人民的個人自由——這一全體美國人民最寶貴的財產(chǎn)。我還考慮到了民主。已經(jīng)近期世界各地涌現(xiàn)出的反民主浪潮。
Democracy has disappeared in several other great nations -- disappeared not because the people of those nations disliked democracy, but because they had grown tired of unemployment and insecurity, of seeing their children hungry while they sat helpless in the face of government confusion, government weakness, -- weakness through lack of leadership in government. Finally, in desperation, they chose to sacrifice liberty in the hope of getting something to eat. We in America know that our own democratic institutions can be preserved and made to work. But in order to preserve them we need to act together, to meet the problems of the Nation boldly, and to prove that the practical operation of democratic government is equal to the task of protecting the security of the people.
有幾個大國已經(jīng)放棄了民主制度——這些國家放棄民主，并非因為人民不喜歡民主，而是因為人民厭倦了失業(yè)和不安，他們不忍心看著自己的孩子餓肚子，自己卻無能為力，而政府也一片混亂，軟弱無力——政府由于缺乏領(lǐng)導而軟弱無能。最終，他們在絕望之中，選擇犧牲自由換取食物。我們美國人都知道，美國的民主制度可以延續(xù)下去，并且繼續(xù)發(fā)揮積極作用。但是想要捍衛(wèi)民主，我們也要團結(jié)一致，勇敢地解決國家的困難，向世人證明，民主政府也能夠保護人民的安全。
Not only our future economic soundness but the very soundness of our democratic institutions depends on the determination of our Government to give employment to idle men. The people of America are in agreement in defending their liberties at any cost, and the first line of that defense lies in the protection of economic security. Your Government, seeking to protect democracy, must prove that Government is stronger than the forces of business depression.
我們要下定決心為失業(yè)者提供就業(yè)崗位，這不僅關(guān)乎我國未來經(jīng)濟是否好轉(zhuǎn)，更關(guān)乎我國民主制度能否延續(xù)。美國人民愿意不惜一切代價捍衛(wèi)自己的自由，而捍衛(wèi)自由的第一道防線，就是捍衛(wèi)經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定。美國政府為了捍衛(wèi)民主制度，必須證明政府可以戰(zhàn)勝商業(yè)蕭條。
History proves that dictatorships do not grow out of strong and successful governments but out of weak and helpless governments. If by democratic methods people get a government strong enough to protect them from fear and starvation, their democracy succeeds, but if they do not, they grow impatient. Therefore, the only sure bulwark of continuing liberty is a government strong enough to protect the interests of the people, and a people strong enough and well enough informed to maintain its sovereign control over its government.
歷史已經(jīng)證明，獨裁者上臺并非是因為政府強大賢能，而是因為政府軟弱無力。如果人民可以通過民主制度選出一個強力的政府，可以保護人民不受恐懼和饑餓困擾，那么民主制度也可以取得成功，反之，人民會逐漸對民主制失去信心。所以，想要捍衛(wèi)自由，唯一堅實可靠的堡壘便是要建立一個強大的政府，要能夠保護人民的利益，同時人民也要有勇氣、用智慧來制約政府，使政府為民所用。
We are a rich Nation; we can afford to pay for security and prosperity without having to sacrifice our liberties into the bargain.
我國富甲一方；我們可以在保護自由的同時，實現(xiàn)安全和繁榮。
In the first century of our republic we were short of capital, short of workers and short of industrial production, but we were rich, very rich in free land, and free timber and free mineral wealth. The Federal Government of those days rightly assumed the duty of promoting business and relieving depression by giving subsidies of land and other resources.
在共和國的第一個百年，我們?nèi)鄙儋Y金，缺少勞動力，工業(yè)產(chǎn)能不足，但是我們也相當富有，我們擁有免費的土地、木材和礦藏。當時的聯(lián)邦政府通過補貼土地和其他資源產(chǎn)業(yè)，來推動企業(yè)發(fā)展，擺脫經(jīng)濟蕭條。
Thus, from our earliest days we have had a tradition of substantial government help to our system of private enterprise. But today the Government no longer has vast tracts of rich land to give away and we have discovered, too, that we must spend large sums of money to conserve our land from further erosion and our forests from further depletion. The situation is also very different from the old days, because now we have plenty of capital, banks and insurance companies loaded with idle money; plenty of industrial productive capacity and many millions of workers looking for jobs. It is following tradition as well as necessity, if Government strives to put idle money and idle men to work, to increase our public wealth and to build up the health and strength of the people --to help our system of private enterprise to function again.
所以，從我國歷史最早的時候開始，就有政府大力援助私企的傳統(tǒng)。但時至今日，政府已經(jīng)無力再將大面積的肥沃土地送給人民，而且我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，政府甚至不得不花費大量資金防止土壤被繼續(xù)侵蝕，防止森林資源被繼續(xù)揮霍。我國國情也與此前大不相同，現(xiàn)在我國有大量財富，銀行和保險公司坐擁大量閑置資金；工業(yè)產(chǎn)能巨大，成百上千萬工人需要工作。只要政府能讓閑置資金發(fā)揮作用，讓失業(yè)群體得到工作，那么公共財富便能繼續(xù)增長，人民也會更加強健——進而使得我們的私企制度正常運轉(zhuǎn)，這既符合我國的傳統(tǒng)，也十分有必要。
It is going to cost something to get out of this recession this way but the profit of getting out of it will pay for the cost several times over. Lost working time is lost money. Every day that a workman is unemployed, or a machine is unused, or a business organization is marking time, it is a loss to the Nation. Because of idle men and idle machines this Nation lost one hundred billion dollars between 1929 and the Spring of 1933, in less than four years. This year you, the people of this country, are making about twelve billion dollars less than you were last year.
以這種方法擺脫蕭條不會毫無代價，但是擺脫蕭條后，帶給我們的經(jīng)濟利潤將會是代價的數(shù)倍。無人工作的時間無異于虧損金錢。但凡一個工人失業(yè)一天，一臺機器無人使用一天，一家企業(yè)發(fā)展停滯一天，都是國家的損失。從1929年到1933年春季，工人失業(yè)和機器閑置導致我國在不到4年的時間里損失了1000億美元。而今年，美國人民們，你們相較去年少掙了大約120億美元。
If you think back to the experiences of the early years of this Administration you will remember the doubts and fears expressed about the rising expenses of Government.?But to the surprise of the doubters, as we proceeded to carry on the program which included Public Works and Work Relief, the country grew richer instead of poorer.
如果你憶起本屆政府剛剛上臺之際，你一定記得，當時人民看到政府開支增加，不由得感到恐懼，提出質(zhì)疑。但是我們繼續(xù)施行公共工程和以工代賑等計劃，結(jié)果國家不僅沒有變窮，反而變得更加富有，這出乎所有質(zhì)疑者的意料。
It is worthwhile to remember that the annual national people's income was thirty billion dollars more last year in 1937 than it was in 1932. It is true that the national debt increased sixteen billion dollars, but remember that in that increase must be included several billion dollars worth of assets which eventually will reduce that debt and that many billion dollars of permanent public improvements -- schools, roads, bridges, tunnels, public buildings, parks and a host of other things meet your eye in every one of the thirty-one hundred counties in the United States.
要記住，1937年我國人民的年收入總額比1932年提高了300億美元。雖然我國又添了160億美元的債務，但記住，這些債務中有幾十億美元的資產(chǎn)，最終可以直接用于還債，另外幾十億美元則可以用于長期改善公共設施——建學校、修路、搭橋、挖隧道、修建公共建筑和公園等等項目，這些項目遍布全美3100多個縣，屆時項目成效會讓大家有目共睹。
No doubt you will be told that the Government spending program of the past five years did not cause the increase in our national income. They will tell you that business revived because of private spending and investment. That is true in part, for the Government spent only a small part of the total. But that Government spending acted as a trigger, a trigger to set off private activity. That is why the total addition to our national production and national income has been so much greater than the contribution of the Government itself.
但屆時肯定會有某些人會告訴你們，過去5年國民收入增加，根本不是政府開支建設各類工程的結(jié)果。他們肯定會說，商業(yè)復興全歸功于人們自己的投資消費。這種說法也不能說錯，因為政府消費的確只占消費總額的一小部分。但是政府的消費起了帶頭作用，帶動人們增加消費。所以，國家產(chǎn)值和國民收入的增長總額會遠超政府自己的貢獻。
In pursuance of that thought I said to the Congress today:
我本著這種想法繼續(xù)對國會說：
"I want to make it clear that we do not believe that we can get an adequate rise in national income merely by investing, and lending or spending public funds. It is essential in our economy that private funds must be put to work and all of us recognize that such funds are entitled to a fair profit."
“我要強調(diào)一點，我們不覺得僅憑投資、借貸和花費公款就足以拉動國民收入上升。我國的經(jīng)濟體制想要運轉(zhuǎn)，私人經(jīng)濟必須發(fā)揮起作用，并且我們都不否定，私人經(jīng)濟體有權(quán)在這一過程中得到應有的利潤?！?br>
As national income rises, "let us not forget that Government expenditures will go down and Government tax receipts will go up."
在國民收入增加時，“我們不能忘記，要減小政府開銷，同時增加稅收。”
The Government contribution of land that we once made to business was the land of all the people. And the Government contribution of money which we now make to business ultimately comes out of the labor of all the people. It is, therefore, only sound morality, as well as a sound distribution of buying power, that the benefits of the prosperity coming from this use of the money of all the people ought to be distributed among all the people -- the people at the bottom as well as the people at the top. Consequently, I am again expressing my hope that the Congress will enact at this session a wage and hour bill putting a floor under industrial wages and a limit on working hours -- to ensure a better distribution of our prosperity, a better distribution of available work, and a sounder distribution of buying power.
政府曾經(jīng)贈與企業(yè)的土地是全體人民的土地。而今天政府援助企業(yè)的資金也是全體人民的勞動成果。所以，是人民的財富創(chuàng)造了今天的繁榮，我們只有以高尚的道義，同時合理分配購買力，才能將繁榮帶來的好處分給全體人民——各階層人民都平等享有分配。所以，我再次表明我的意愿，我希望本屆國會可以通過一項工資工時法案，為不同產(chǎn)業(yè)設置低薪，并限制工作時間——以讓全體人民能夠享有繁榮帶來的紅利，同時更加合理地分配工作崗位和購買力。
You may get all kinds of impressions in regard to the total cost of this new program, or in regard to the amount that will be added to the net national debt.
不過考慮到這一新計劃的總成本，或者考慮到國家凈債務會進一步上升，大家可能也會有自己的顧慮。
It is a big program. Last autumn in a sincere effort to bring Government expenditures and Government income into closer balance, the Budget I worked out called for sharp decreases in Government spending during the coming year.
這一工程規(guī)模巨大。去年秋季，我為了平衡政府的開支，就在預算報告中要求政府在來年大幅降低支出。
But, in the light of present conditions, conditions of today, those estimates turned out to have been far too low. This new program adds two billion and sixty-two million dollars to direct Treasury expenditures and another nine hundred and fifty million dollars to Government loans -- the latter sum, because they are loans, will come back to the Treasury in the future.
但是，著眼當前的情況，今天的現(xiàn)狀，我們的預算估值明顯過低了。這一計劃致使財政部的開銷支持增加了20.62億美元，還另撥出9.5億美元給政府用以貸款——因為后一筆支出性質(zhì)屬于貸款，所以在未來會返還給財政部。
The net effect on the debt of the Government is this -- between now and July 1, 1939 -- fifteen months away -- the Treasury will have to raise less than a billion and a half dollars of new money.
這一債務的凈效果是——即日起至1939年7月1日——也就是15個月后——財政部會收回將近15億美元。
Such an addition to the net debt of the United States need not give concern to any citizen, for it will return to the people of the United States many times over in increased buying power and eventually in much greater Government tax receipts because of the increase in the citizen income.
所以公民們無需擔心美國的凈債務增多，因為隨著公民購買力的提高，隨著公民收入和政府稅收同步增加，這些債務最終會分批次回到美國人民手中。
What I said to the Congress today in the close of my message I repeat to you now.?"Let us unanimously recognize the fact that the Federal debt, whether it be twenty-five billions or forty billions, can only be paid if the Nation obtains a vastly increased citizen income. I repeat that if this citizen income can be raised to eighty billion dollars a year the national Government and the overwhelming majority of state and local governments will be definitely 'out of the red.' The higher the national income goes the faster will we be able to reduce the total of Federal and state and local debts. Viewed from every angle, today's purchasing power -the citizens' income of today -- is not at this time sufficient to drive the economic system of America at higher speed.?Responsibility of Government requires us at this time to supplement the normal processes and in so supplementing them to make sure that the addition is adequate. We must start again on a long steady upward incline in national income."
現(xiàn)在，我向大家復述一遍我在結(jié)束國會致辭時的發(fā)言?！拔覀円餐J識到，無論我們聯(lián)邦的債務是250億美元也好，400億美元也罷，要償還這些債務，必須先實現(xiàn)國民收入大幅提升。我再強調(diào)一遍，如果我國公民年收入總額可以增加到800億美元，聯(lián)邦政府和絕大多數(shù)州地方政府肯定都可以‘跳出赤字’。國民收入越高，聯(lián)邦和各州地方償還債務的速度就越快。從哪個角度來看，美國當前的購買力——美國的國民收入——都還不足以推動美國的經(jīng)濟體制高速發(fā)展。在這個時候，政府有就責任對經(jīng)濟過程進行完善增補，并且完善增補要有力度，要行而有效。政府必須設法讓國民收入再次長期穩(wěn)定上升?！?/span>
"...And in that process, which I believe is ready to start, let us avoid the pitfalls of the past -- the overproduction, the over-speculation, and indeed all the extremes which we did not succeed in avoiding in 1929. In all of this, Government cannot and should not act alone. Business must help. And I am sure business will help."
“...我認為這一進程已經(jīng)可以開始，它可以讓我們繞過之前踩過的坑——生產(chǎn)過剩、投機倒把等等我們在1929年未能化解的一切危機。但在這一過程中，政府不能，也不應該孤軍奮戰(zhàn)。企業(yè)要助政府一臂之力。我相信企業(yè)是愿意的。”
"We need more than the materials of recovery. We need a united national will."
“我們不僅需要用以復興國家的物質(zhì)。還需要全國人民團結(jié)一致?！?/span>
"We need to recognize nationally that the demands of no group, however just, can be satisfied unless that group is prepared to share in finding a way to produce the income from which they and all other groups can be paid...You, as the Congress, I, as the President, must by virtue of our offices, seek the national good by preserving the balance between all groups and all sections."
“我們?nèi)珖鞯囟家J識到，政府不可能滿足所有群體的一切訴求，無論這些訴求多么有理有據(jù)，除非某群體能發(fā)明并分享一種能使自己和其他所有群體均可在經(jīng)濟上受益的模式...你們是國會議員，我是國家總統(tǒng)，必須使用自身職務的權(quán)力，捍衛(wèi)各地區(qū)各群體之間的平衡，以促進全國共同利益?！?br>
"We have at our disposal the national resources, the money, the skill of hand and head to raise our economic level -- our citizens' income. Our capacity is limited only by our ability to work together. What is needed is the will."
“我國有豐富的資源，有充足的資金，有心靈手巧的人民，這都是我國提高經(jīng)濟水平——提升國民收入的優(yōu)勢。我們能取得多大成績，只取決于我們的合作程度。此外，還要有堅定的意志。”
"The time has come to bring that will into action with every driving force at our command. And I am determined to do my share."
“是時候動用我們的一切力量將理想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實了。我已下定決心傾盡所能。”
".....Certain positive requirements seem to me to accompany the will -- if we have that will."
“...我認為，部分積極措施需要我們獻出意志——前提是我們有此意志?！?/span>
"There is placed on all of us the duty of self-restraint. That is the discipline of a democracy. Every patriotic citizen must say to himself or herself, that immoderate statement, appeals to prejudice, the creation of unkindness, are offenses not against an individual or individuals, but offenses against the whole population of the United States..."
“我們每個人都有堅忍自制的責任。這也是民主制度不可或缺的要求。每一位心懷祖國的公民都必須告訴自己，極端言論、制造偏見、煽動仇恨，這些行為不僅是針對某個人或某個群體的，還是針對全體美國人民的...”
"Use of power by any group, however situated, to force its interest or to use its strategic position in order to receive more from the common fund than its contribution to the common fund justifies, is an attack against and not an aid to our national life."
“任何團體，無論其處境多么糟糕，都不可以濫用其權(quán)力或其地理位置來謀求自己不該得到的公款，擅自挪用公款對改善國民生活無益，反而會破壞國民生活?！?/span>
"Self-restraint implies restraint by articulate public opinion, trained to distinguish fact from falsehood, trained to believe that bitterness is never a useful instrument in public affairs. There can be no dictatorship by an individual or by a group in this Nation, save through division fostered by hate. Such division there must never be."
“要做到自制，我們就要做到捍衛(wèi)人民有表達觀點的權(quán)利在制約政府，要訓練自己明辨是非真假的能力，要堅定信念，知道不能靠承受苦難解決公共事務。除非有人試圖靠煽動仇恨分裂我國，否則我國無論如何都不能允許任何人、任何組織獨裁。這種分裂國家行為必須嚴防死守。”
And finally I should like to say a personal word to you.
最后，我想對大家說一些我自己的心里話。
I never forget that I live in a house owned by all the American people and that I have been given their trust.
我永不忘懷，我身居的官邸屬于全體美國人民，也不會忘記人民寄信念于我。
I try always to remember that their deepest problems are human. I constantly talk with those who come to tell me their own points of view -- with those who manage the great industries and financial institutions of the country --with those who represent the farmer and the worker -- and often, very often with average citizens without high position who come to this house. And constantly I seek to look beyond the doors of the White House, beyond the officialdom of the National Capital, into the hopes and fears of men and women in their homes. I have travelled the country over many times.?My friends, my enemies, my daily mail bring to me reports of what you are thinking and hoping. I want to be sure that neither battles nor burdens of office shall ever blind me to an intimate knowledge of the way the American people want to live and the simple purposes for which they put me here.
我心里一直認為，美國人民最深層次的問題，在于人性。我經(jīng)常同人們交談，同那些愿意把自己觀點告訴我的人——同我國巨頭企業(yè)和經(jīng)濟機構(gòu)的總裁交談——同工人和農(nóng)民的代表交談——最常同我交流的，還是身份并不顯赫的，來到白宮的普通公民。而我也不斷放遠視野，不局限于白宮，不局限于華盛頓的官僚，而要望進廣大普通百姓的家中，看到這些男男女女心中的希望與恐懼。我曾多次訪問全國各地。我的朋友們，還有我的反對者們，你們的想法和愿景每天都會以信件的形式送到我的面前。我想向大家保證，無論政治斗爭多么激烈，職務負擔多么繁重，我都會繼續(xù)奉獻，給予美國人民想要的生活和基本期愿，正是因此，美國人民才將我選入白宮。
In these great problems of government I try not to forget that what really counts at the bottom of it all is that the men and women willing to work can have a decent job, -- a decent job to take care of themselves and their homes and their children adequately; that the farmer, the factory worker, toe storekeeper, the gas station man, the manufacturer, the merchant -- big and small -- the banker who takes pride in the help that he can give to the building of his community -- that all of these can be sure of a reasonable profit and safety for the earnings that they make -- not for today nor tomorrow alone, but as far ahead as they can see.
在處理政府的各大問題時，我會時刻提醒自己，這些問題中最重要、最基本的一項，便是給我國愿意工作的男男女女找到一份體面的工作——一份可以讓他們自力更生、養(yǎng)家糊口的工作；要確保農(nóng)民、工人、商店老板、加油站工人、企業(yè)家、商人——大大小小的商人——還有愿意為社區(qū)做貢獻并引以為傲的銀行家——要確保各行各業(yè)的人都能有可觀的收入，并保護他們的勞動成果——時間不能僅限于今天，也不能僅限于每天，而是要在整個可視的將來都確保他們的經(jīng)濟收益。
I can hear your unspoken wonder as to where we are headed in this troubled world. I cannot expect all of the people to understand all of the people's problems; but it is my job to try to understand all of the problems.
雖然大家不明說，但我也能聽到大家心中的困惑，世界紛擾，大家不知美國該航向何方。我并不期望我國每一個人民都能了解其他所有人民面臨的困境；但是我本人作為總統(tǒng)，需要盡可能地了解人民的全部困難。
I always try to remember that reconciling differences cannot satisfy everyone completely. Because I do not expect too much, I am not disappointed. But I know that I must never give up -- that I must never let the greater interest of all the people down, merely because that might be for the moment the easiest personal way out.
我時刻銘記，調(diào)解分歧不可能讓所有人都十分滿意。因為我的期望值不高，所以我不會感到失望。但我明白，我絕不能放棄——我絕不能辜負全體人民托付于我的國家利益，因為僅據(jù)我所知，這是當下最正確無誤的做法。
I believe that we have been right in the course we have charted. To abandon our purpose of building a greater, a more stable and a more tolerant America would be to miss the tide and perhaps to miss the port. I propose to sail ahead. I feel sure that your hopes and I feel sure that your help are with me. For to reach a port, we must sail -- sail, not lie at anchor, sail, not drift.
我相信我們制定的道路是正確的。如果我們放棄建設偉大、穩(wěn)定、包容的美國這個目標，我們就相當于航海時放棄順流前進，甚至會錯過?？康母蹫?。我提議，我們繼續(xù)向前航行。我相信，大家會繼續(xù)對我懷揣信心，我相信，大家會對我伸出援手。為抵達終點，我們必須乘風破浪，勇往直前——不要拋錨停歇，要勇往直前，不要隨波逐流，要勇往直前。
聲明：本人僅按照原文翻譯內(nèi)容，演講內(nèi)容不代表本人觀點。此專欄僅供歷史和英語交流學習使用，任何讀者皆可引用本人的譯本。
希望來學習英語的觀眾明白：我覺得這些專欄的主要精華在于英語原文，而并非我的譯本，我的譯本很大程度上只是供來學習歷史的觀眾使用的。本人的英語水平一般，翻譯得并不會多么精彩，只能在你看不懂時來幫助你了解這些演講內(nèi)容最基本的意思，而且翻譯時難免會出現(xiàn)差錯，切勿直接完全以我的譯本為標準。如發(fā)現(xiàn)有翻譯錯誤或者歧義內(nèi)容，歡迎指正。
希望來學習歷史的觀眾明白：任何歷史人物都有一定的局限性，隨著時代發(fā)展，很多觀點看法可能已經(jīng)不再適用今天的世界，西方的觀點也不一定適用于我們。通過了解這些演講，僅可給我們提供一個更全面了解過去和世界的渠道。我們可以從優(yōu)秀的歷史、當代人物身上學到很多，但是請保持獨立思考，理性看待演講內(nèi)容，切勿全信或?qū)⑵浞顬檎胬怼?/strong>
