還要忙一陣，更新頻率不會高，但一個月至少2篇。一共48篇即240個詞根爭取今年更完。

36『ANTE』

ANTE is Latin for "before" or "in front of." Antediluvian, which describes something very old or outdated, literally means "before the flood"-that is, Noah's Flood. And antebellum literally means "before the war," usually the American Civil War.

ANTE在拉丁語中是“之前”或“在前面”的意思。Antediluvian描述了一些非常古老或過時的東西，字面意思是“洪水之前”，也就是諾亞洪水。antebellum的字面意思是“戰(zhàn)前”，通常是美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。

antechamber ? [??ntit?e?mb?r]

n.預(yù)燃室；前室；接待室；前廳

An outer room that leads to another and is often used as a waiting room.

通往另一個房間的外部房間，通常用作等候處。

The antechamber to the lawyer's office was both elegant and comfortable, designed to inspire trust and confidence.

律師辦公室的前室既優(yōu)雅又舒適，旨在激發(fā)信任和信心。

One expects to find an antechamber outside the private chambers of a Supreme Court Justice or leading into the great hall of a medieval castle. In the private end of the castle the lord's or lady's bedchamber would have its own antechamber, which served as a dressing room and sitting room, but could also house bodyguards if the castle came under siege. Anteroom is a less formal synonym, one that's often applied to the waiting rooms of professional offices today.

最高法院法官的私人房間外或許會有一個前廳，中世紀(jì)城堡或許會有個通道前廳。在城堡的私人一端，主人或夫人的臥室將有自己的前室，用作更衣室和起居室，但如果城堡被圍困，也可以容納保鏢。anteroom也指前廳，但是一個不太正式的同義詞，今天經(jīng)常用于專業(yè)辦公室的等候室。

antedate ? [??nt?de?t]

vt.使 ... 提前發(fā)生;預(yù)期；預(yù)料;較…先存在或先發(fā)生；居先

n.比實際提前的日期

(1) To date something (such as a check) with a date earlier than that of actual writing. (2) To precede in time.

(1) 用比實際書寫日期早的日期給某物(如支票)定日期。(2) 在時間上領(lǐng)先。

Nantucket Island has hundreds of beautifully preserved houses that antedate the Civil War.

楠塔基特島有數(shù)百座保存完好的房屋，它們可以追溯到南北戰(zhàn)爭時期。

Dinosaurs antedated the first human beings by almost 65 million years, though this stubborn fact never used to stop cartoonists and screenwriters from having the two species inhabit the same story line. Dictionary editors are constantly noticing how the oral use of a word may antedate its first appearance in print by a number of years. Antedating a check or a contract isn't illegal unless it's done for the purpose of fraud (the same is true of its opposite, postdating).

恐龍比第一個人類早了近6500萬年，盡管這一頑固的事實從未阻止漫畫家和編劇讓這兩個物種生活在同一個故事線中。詞典編輯們不斷注意到，一個詞的口頭使用可能會使其首次出現(xiàn)在印刷品上提前幾年。提前支票或合同并不違法，除非這是出于欺詐目的(相反，推遲也是如此)。

antecedent ? [??nt??si?dnt]

adj.在先的;先前的

n.先行詞;前事;前情;祖先;先人;先行語

(1) A word or phrase that is referred to by a pronoun that follows it. (2) An event or cause coming before something.

(1) 一個詞或短語，由它后面的代詞指代。(2)在某事之前發(fā)生的事件或原因。

As I remember, she said "My uncle is taking my father, and he's staying overnight," but I'm not sure what the antecedent of "he" was.

我記得，她說“我叔叔要帶走我父親，他要過夜”，但我不確定“他”指代的是哪位。

A basic principle of clear writing is to keep your antecedents clear. Pronouns are often used in order not to repeat a noun (so instead of saying "Sheila turns 22 tomorrow, and Sheila is having a party," we replace the second "Sheila" with "she"). But sloppy writers sometimes leave their antecedents unclear (for instance, "Sheila helps Kathleen out, but she doesn't appreciate it," where it isn't clear who "she" is). Watch out for this possible problem when using not just he and she but also they, them, it, this, and that. And keep in mind that antecedent isn't just a grammar term. You may talk about the antecedents of heart disease (such as bad eating habits), the antecedents of World War II (such as the unwise Treaty of Versailles), and even your own antecedents (your mother, grandfather, etc.).

清晰寫作的一個基本原則是保證你的指代清晰。代詞通常用于不重復(fù)名詞(因此，我們不說“Sheila明天滿22歲，Sheila正在開派對”，而是用“she”代替第二個“Sheila”)。但草率的作家有時會讓他們的經(jīng)歷變得不清楚(例如，“希拉幫助了凱薩琳，但她并不感激”，因為不清楚“她”是誰)。當(dāng)不僅使用他和她，而且使用他們、他們、它、這個和那個時，要注意這個可能的問題。請記住，先行詞不僅僅是一個語法術(shù)語。你可能會談?wù)撔呐K病的前因(比如不良的飲食習(xí)慣)，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的前因后果(比如不明智的《凡爾賽條約》)，甚至你自己的前因后果(你的母親、祖父等)。

anterior ? [?n?t?ri?r]

adj.先前的;前部的;前面的

(1) Located before or toward the front or head. (2) Coming before in time or development.

(1) 位于前方或頭部之前或朝向前方或頭部。(2) 在時間或發(fā)展上先于。

When she moved up to join the first-class passengers in the plane's anterior section, she was delighted to recognize the governor in the next seat.

當(dāng)她起身與頭等艙乘客一起坐在飛機(jī)前部時，她很高興地認(rèn)出了坐在下一個座位上的州長。

Anterior generally appears in either medical or scholarly contexts. Anatomy books refer to the anterior lobe of the brain, the anterior cerebral artery, the anterior facial vein, etc. Scholar and lawyers may use anterior to mean "earlier in time or order." For example, supporters of states' rights point out that the individual states enjoyed certain rights anterior to their joining the union. And prenuptial agreements are designed to protect the assets that one or both parties acquired anterior to the marriage.

前部通常出現(xiàn)在醫(yī)學(xué)或?qū)W術(shù)背景下。解剖學(xué)書籍指的是大腦前葉、大腦前動脈、面部前靜脈等。學(xué)者和律師可能會用前葉來表示“在時間或順序上更早”。例如，各州權(quán)利的支持者指出，各州在加入聯(lián)邦之前享有某些權(quán)利。婚前協(xié)議旨在保護(hù)一方或雙方在結(jié)婚前獲得的資產(chǎn)。

37『ORTHO』

ORTHO comes from orthos, the Greek word for "straight," "right," or "true." Orthotics is a branch of therapy that straightens out your stance or posture by providing artificial support for weak joints or muscles. And orthograde animals, such as human beings, walk with their bodies in a "straight" or vertical position.

ORTHO來自矯形器，希臘語中“直”、“右”或“真”的意思。矯形是一種治療分支，通過為虛弱的關(guān)節(jié)或肌肉提供人工支撐來矯正你的姿勢或姿勢。而正行動物，如人類，則以“直”或垂直的姿勢行走。

orthodontics ? [???rθ??dɑ?nt?ks]

n.畸齒矯正學(xué);正牙術(shù)

A branch of dentistry that deals with the treatment and correction of crooked teeth and other irregularities.

牙科的一個分支，研究彎曲牙齒和其他不規(guī)則牙齒的治療和矯正。

A specialty in orthodontics would require three more years of study after completing her dentistry degree.

在完成牙科學(xué)位后，牙齒矯正專業(yè)需要再學(xué)習(xí)三年。

Orthodontics has been practiced since ancient times, but the elaborate techniques familiar to us today were introduced only in recent decades. Braces, retainers, and headgear are used to fix such conditions as crowding of the teeth and overbites. According to a 1939 text, "Speech defects, psychiatric disturbances, personality changes, … all are correctable through orthodontic measures," though many adolescents, having endured the embarrassment of rubber bands breaking and even of entangling their braces while kissing, might disagree.

口腔正畸自古就有，但我們今天熟悉的精細(xì)技術(shù)是近幾十年才引入的。牙套、固定器和頭套用于修復(fù)牙齒擁擠和過度咬合等情況。根據(jù)1939年的一篇文章，“言語缺陷、精神障礙、性格變化……所有這些都可以通過矯正措施來糾正”，盡管許多青少年在經(jīng)歷了橡皮筋斷裂甚至接吻時纏住牙套的尷尬之后，可能會不同意。

orthodox ? [???rθ?dɑ?ks]

adj.普遍接受的;正統(tǒng)的;規(guī)范的;正統(tǒng)信仰的;正宗教義的;正教的;東正教派的

(1) Holding established beliefs, especially in religion. (2) Conforming to established rules or traditions; conventional.

(1) 持有既定信仰的，尤指宗教信仰。(2) 符合既定規(guī)則或傳統(tǒng)的；依照慣例的。

The O’Briens remain orthodox Catholics, faithfully observing the time-honored rituals of their church.

奧布萊恩一家仍然是正統(tǒng)的天主教徒，忠實地遵守他們教會歷史悠久的儀式。

An orthodox religious belief or interpretation is one handed down by a church’s founders or leaders. When capitalized, as in Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox refers to a branch within a larger religious organization that claims to honor the religion’s original or traditional beliefs. The steadfast holding of established beliefs that is seen in religious orthodoxy is apparent also in other kinds of orthodox behavior. Orthodox medical treatment, for example, follows the established practices of mainstream medicine. Unorthodox thinking is known in business language as "thinking outside the box."

正統(tǒng)的宗教信仰或釋義是由教會創(chuàng)始人或領(lǐng)袖傳下來的。當(dāng)大寫時，如在正統(tǒng)猶太教中，東正教指的是一個更大的宗教組織中的一個分支，聲稱尊重該宗教的原始或傳統(tǒng)信仰。在宗教正統(tǒng)中所看到的對既定信仰的堅定持有，在其他類型的正統(tǒng)行為中也很明顯。例如，正統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)遵循主流醫(yī)學(xué)的既定做法。非正統(tǒng)思維在商業(yè)語言中被稱為“跳出框框思考”。

orthopedics ? [??rθ??pid?ks]

n.整形手術(shù)；矯形術(shù)；整形外科；矯形學(xué)

The correction or prevention of deformities of the skeleton.

矯正或預(yù)防骨骼畸形。

For surgery to correct the child's spinal curvature, they were referred to the hospital's orthopedics section.

為了矯正孩子的脊柱彎曲，他們被轉(zhuǎn)診到醫(yī)院的骨科。

Just as an orthodontist corrects crookedness in the teeth, an orthopedist corrects crookedness in the skeleton. Orthopedics is formed in part from the Greek word for "child," and many orthopedic patients are in fact children. But adults also often have need of orthopedic therapy, as when suffering from a joint disease like arthritis or when recovering from a broken arm or leg.

就像正畸醫(yī)生矯正牙齒彎曲一樣，骨科醫(yī)生也矯正骨骼彎曲。骨科在一定程度上是由希臘語中“兒童”的意思形成的，許多骨科患者實際上是兒童。但成年人也經(jīng)常需要骨科治療，比如當(dāng)他們患有關(guān)節(jié)炎等關(guān)節(jié)疾病時，或者從斷臂或斷腿中恢復(fù)時。

orthography ? [??r?θɑ?ɡr?fi]

n.(文字的)拼寫體系，拼寫法

The spelling of words, especially spelling according to standard usage.

拼寫單詞的拼寫，尤指按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法拼寫。

Even such eloquent writers as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were deficient in the skill of orthography.

即使是像喬治·華盛頓和托馬斯·杰斐遜這樣能說會道的作家，也缺乏正字法。

Even as recently as the 19th century, the orthography of the English language was still unsettled. Not until spelling books like Noah Webster's and textbooks like "McGuffey's Readers" came along did uniform spelling become established in the U.S. Before that, there was much orthographic variation, even among the more educated. The many people who still have problems with spelling can take heart from Mark Twain, who once remarked, "I don't give a damn for a man that can spell a word only one way.

直到19世紀(jì)，英語的拼寫仍然不穩(wěn)定。直到諾亞·韋伯斯特(Noah Webster)這樣的拼寫書籍和《麥高菲的讀者》(McGufffey’s Readers)這樣的教科書問世，統(tǒng)一拼寫才在美國建立起來。在此之前，甚至在受過教育的人中，也有很多拼寫變體。許多仍然有拼寫問題的人可以從馬克·吐溫那里振作起來，他曾說過：“我不在乎一個只會用一種方式拼寫一個單詞的人。

38『RECT』

RECT comes from the Latin word rectus, which means "straight" or "right." To correct something is to make it right. A rectangle is a four-sided figure with straight parallel sides. Rectus, short for Latin rectus musculus, may refer to any of several straight muscles, such as those of the abdomen.

RECT來自拉丁語單詞rectus，意思是“直的”或“正確的”。糾正某事就是使其正確。矩形是一個四邊形，有平行的直邊。Rectus，拉丁語直肌的縮寫，可以指幾種筆直的肌肉中的任何一種，例如腹部的肌肉。

rectitude ? [?rekt?tu?d]

n.公正;正直;誠實

Moral integrity.

道德操守。

The school superintendent was stern and not terribly popular, but no one questioned her moral rectitude.

校長態(tài)度嚴(yán)厲，不太受歡迎，但沒有人質(zhì)疑她的道德操守。

We associate straightness with honesty, so if we suspect someone is lying we might ask if they're being "straight" with us, and we might call a lawbreaker crooked or label him a crook. Rectitude may sound a little old-fashioned today, but the virtue it represents never really goes out of style.

我們把正直與誠實聯(lián)系在一起，所以如果我們懷疑有人在撒謊，我們可能會問他們是否對我們“正直”，我們可能稱違法者為騙子或給他貼上騙子的標(biāo)簽。正直在今天聽起來可能有點過時，但它所代表的美德永遠(yuǎn)不會過時。

rectify ? [?rekt?fa?]

vt.矯正;糾正;改正

To set right; remedy.

糾正；修復(fù)

The college is moving to rectify this unfortunate situation before anyone else gets hurt.

學(xué)院正在采取行動，在其他人受傷之前糾正這種不幸的情況。

We rectify something by straightening it out or making it right. We might rectify an injustice by seeing to it that a wrongly accused person is cleared. An error in a financial record can be rectified by replacing an incorrect number with a correct one. If the error is in our tax return, the Internal Revenue Service will be happy to rectify it for us; we might then have to rectify the impression that we were trying to cheat on our taxes.

我們通過使某些事情直接或正確來糾正它。我們可以通過確保一個被錯誤指控的人被無罪釋放來糾正不公正。財務(wù)記錄中的錯誤可以通過用正確的數(shù)字替換不正確的數(shù)字來糾正。如果錯誤出現(xiàn)在我們的納稅申報單中，美國國稅局將很樂意為我們糾正錯誤；然后，我們可能不得不糾正我們試圖在稅收上作弊的印象。

rectilinear ? [?rekt??l?ni?r]

adj.直線的;筆直的;有直線的

(1) Moving in or forming a straight line. (2) Having many straight lines.

(1) 沿直線移動或形成直線。(2) 有許多直線的。

After admiring Frank Lloyd Wright's rectilinear buildings for years, the public was astonished by the giant spiral of the Guggenheim Museum.

在欣賞弗蘭克·勞埃德·賴特的直線建筑多年后，公眾對古根海姆博物館的巨大螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)感到驚訝。

Rectilinear patterns or constructions are those in which straight lines are strikingly obvious. In geometry, rectilinear usually means "perpendicular"; thus, a rectilinear polygon is a many-sided shape whose angles are all right angles (the footprints of most houses, with their extensions and garages, are good examples). But rectilinear is particularly used in physics. Rectilinear motion is motion in which the speed remains constant and the path is a straight line; and rectilinear rays, such as light rays, travel in a straight line.

直線圖案或結(jié)構(gòu)是指直線非常明顯的圖案或結(jié)構(gòu)。在幾何學(xué)中，直線通常意味著“垂直”；因此，直線多邊形是一種多側(cè)面的形狀，其角度都是直角(大多數(shù)房屋的占地面積及其延伸部分和車庫就是很好的例子)。但直線在物理學(xué)中尤其適用。直線運(yùn)動是指速度保持恒定且路徑為直線的運(yùn)動；并且直線射線，例如光線，以直線行進(jìn)。

directive ? [d??rekt?v]

n.指示;命令

adj.指示的;指導(dǎo)的

Something that guides or directs; especially, a general instruction from a high-level body or official.

引導(dǎo)或指導(dǎo)的東西；特別是來自高級機(jī)構(gòu)或官員的一般指示。

At the very beginning of the administration, the cabinet secretary had sent out a directive to all border-patrol personnel.

在政府成立之初，內(nèi)閣秘書就向所有邊境巡邏人員發(fā)出了指示。

As the definition states, a directive directs. A directive from a school principal might provide guidance about handling holiday celebrations in class. A directive from the Vatican might specify new wording for the Mass in various languages. Even the European Union issues directives to its member countries, which they often ignore.

正如定義所述，指令是有指導(dǎo)意義的。校長的指示可能會為在課堂上處理節(jié)日慶?；顒犹峁┲笇?dǎo)。梵蒂岡的一項指令可能會用各種語言為彌撒指定新的措辭。甚至歐盟也向其成員國發(fā)布指令，而這些國家往往對此視而不見。

39『EU』

EU comes from the Greek word for "well", in English words it can also mean "good" or "true." A veterinarian who performs euthanasia is providing a very sick or hopelessly injured animal a "good" or easy death.

EU來自希臘語中“好”的意思，在英語中，它也可以是“好”或“真”的意思。實施安樂死的獸醫(yī)為一只生病或受傷得無可救藥的動物提供了“好的”或容易的死亡。

eugenic ? [ju?d??n?k]

adj.優(yōu)生的； 優(yōu)生學(xué)的；優(yōu)種的

Relating to or fitted for the production of good offspring through controlled breeding.

關(guān)于或適于通過控制繁殖產(chǎn)生好的后代的。

Eugenic techniques have been part of sheep breeding for many years.

多年來，優(yōu)生技術(shù)一直是綿羊育種的一部分。

The word eugenic, like the name Eugene, includes the Greek root meaning "born". Breeders of farm animals have long used eugenic methods to produce horses that run faster, for example, or pigs that provide more meat. Through eugenics, Holstein cows have become one of the world's highest producers of milk. But eugenics also has a dark side. The idea of human eugenics was taken up enthusiastically by the Nazis in the 20th century, with terrible consequences.

優(yōu)生學(xué)這個詞和尤金這個名字一樣，包括希臘詞根的意思“出生”。農(nóng)場動物的飼養(yǎng)者長期以來一直使用優(yōu)生方法來生產(chǎn)跑得更快的馬，或者提供更多肉的豬。通過優(yōu)生學(xué)，荷斯坦奶牛已經(jīng)成為世界上最高產(chǎn)的牛奶生產(chǎn)種之一。但優(yōu)生學(xué)也有陰暗面。人類優(yōu)生學(xué)的思想在20世紀(jì)被納粹熱情地接受，并產(chǎn)生了可怕的后果。

euphemism ? [?ju?f?m?z?m]

n.委婉語;委婉說法

An agreeable or inoffensive word or expression that is substituted for one that may offend or disgust.

一個令人愉快或無害的詞或表達(dá)，用來代替可能冒犯或厭惡的詞或表示。

The Victorians, uncomfortable with the physical side of human existence, had euphemisms for most bodily functions.

維多利亞時代的人對人類存在的身體方面感到不舒服，對大多數(shù)身體功能都有委婉語。

The use of euphemisms is an ancient part of the English language, and perhaps of all languages, and all of us use them. Golly and gosh started out as euphemisms for God, and darn is a familiar euphemism for damn. Shoot, shucks, and sugar are all euphemistic substitutes for a well-known vulgar word. Pass away for die, misspeak for lie, downsize for fire, senior citizen for old person-the list goes on and on.

委婉語的使用是英語的一個古老部分，也許是所有語言的一部分，我們所有人都在使用它們。Golly和gosh一開始是上帝的委婉語，darn是人們熟悉的damn的委婉語。shoot、shucks和sugar都是一個眾所周知的粗俗詞shit的委婉替代品。pass away是死亡的委婉語，misspeak是撒謊的委婉語，downsize是解雇的委婉語，senior citizen是老年人的委婉語。這些委婉語還一直在持續(xù)添加。

euphoria ? [ju??f??ri?]

n.興奮;(通常指持續(xù)時間較短的)極度愉快的心情;極度興奮的情緒

A strong feeling of well-being or happiness.

一種強(qiáng)烈的幸福感或幸福感。

Swept up in the euphoria of a Super Bowl victory, the whole city seemed to have poured out into the streets.

在超級碗勝利的喜悅中，整個城市似乎都涌上了街頭。

Euphoria is the feeling of an intense (and usually temporary) “high.” Doctors use the word for the kind of abnormal or inappropriate high spirits that might be caused by a drug or by mental illness, but euphoria is usually natural and appropriate. When we win enough money in the lottery to buy several small Pacific islands, or ever just when the home team wins the championship, we have good reason to feel euphoric.

喜悅是一種強(qiáng)烈(通常是暫時的)“興奮”的感覺。醫(yī)生用這個詞來形容可能由藥物或精神疾病引起的異?；虿贿m當(dāng)?shù)那榫w高漲，但喜悅通常是自然和適當(dāng)?shù)?。?dāng)我們在彩票中贏得足夠的錢來購買幾個太平洋小島時，或者當(dāng)主隊贏得冠軍時，我們有充分的理由感到高興。

eulogy ? [?ju?l?d?i]

n.悼詞;頌詞;頌文;(頌揚(yáng)死者的)悼文

(1) A formal speech or writing especially in honor of a dead person. (2) High praise.

(1) 正式的演講或?qū)懽?，尤指為了紀(jì)念一個死去的人。(2) 高度贊揚(yáng)。

The book was a fond eulogy to the 1950s, when Americans had joined social organizations of all kinds.

這本書是對20世紀(jì)50年代的一篇深情的頌詞，當(dāng)時美國人加入了各種社會組織。

With its -logy ending, eulogy means literally something like "good speech." We are told to speak only good of the dead, but a eulogist actually makes a speech in the dead person's honor-or often instead for someone living, who might actually be there in the audience. The most famous eulogies include Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and Pericles' funeral oration for the Athenian warriors; but these are only two of the many great eulogies, which continue to be delivered not only at funerals and memorial services but at retirement parties, anniversary parties, and birthday parties.

以-logy作為后綴，謳歌的字面意思是“好的演講”。我們被告知只說死者的好，但謳歌者實際上是為了紀(jì)念死者而發(fā)表演講，或者通常是為了活著的人，而活著的人可能真的在觀眾席上。最著名的頌詞包括林肯的葛底斯堡演說和伯里克利為雅典戰(zhàn)士舉行的葬禮致辭；但這只是眾多偉大的頌詞中的兩篇，不僅在葬禮和追悼會上，而且在退休派對、周年紀(jì)念派對和生日派對上都會繼續(xù)發(fā)表。

40『DYS』

DYS comes from Greek, where it means "bad" or "difficult." So dysphagia is difficult swallowing, and dyspnea is difficult or labored breathing. Dysphasia is an inability to use and understand language because of injury to or disease of the brain. Dys- is sometimes close in meaning to dis-, but try not to confuse the two.

DYS來自希臘語，意思是“糟糕”或“困難”。因此吞咽困難是吞咽困難，呼吸困難是呼吸困難或吃力。語言障礙是指由于大腦損傷或疾病而無法使用和理解語言。Dys-有時在意思上接近dis-，但盡量不要混淆兩者。

dystopia ? [d?s?to?pi?]

n.反烏托邦，反面假想國，敵托幫(極度惡劣的假想處境或狀況)

An imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives.

一個想象中的地方，人們在那里過著非人的、常常是恐懼的生活。

For a 10-year-old British boy, boarding school could be a grim dystopia, with no comforts, harsh punishments, and constant bullying.

對于一個10歲的英國男孩來說，寄宿學(xué)?？赡苁且粋€嚴(yán)峻的反烏托邦，沒有舒適、嚴(yán)厲的懲罰和持續(xù)的欺凌。

Dystopia was created from Utopia, the name of an ideal country imagined by Sir Thomas More in 1516. For More, the suffix -topia meant "place", and u- (from the Greek root ou) meant "no," but also perhaps "good". In other words, More's Utopia was too good to be true. It's probably no accident that dystopia was first used around 1950, soon after George Orwell published his famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and 16 years after Aldous Huxley published Brave New World. These two are still the most famous of the 20th century's many depressingly dystopian novels. And what about all those bleak futuristic films: Blade Runner, Brazil, The Matrix, and the rest? What does it mean when no one will paint a picture of a happy future?

反烏托邦是由托馬斯·莫爾爵士在1516年設(shè)想的理想國家的名字“烏托邦”產(chǎn)生的。對于莫爾來說，后綴-topia的意思是“地方”，u-(來自希臘詞根ou)的意思是“不”，但也可能是“好”。換句話說，莫爾的烏托邦太好了，不可能是真的。1950年左右，喬治·奧威爾出版了他的著名小說《一九八四》16年后，奧爾德斯·赫胥黎出版了《美麗新世界》，反烏托邦首次被使用，這可能不是偶然的。這兩部小說仍然是20世紀(jì)許多令人沮喪的反烏托邦小說中最著名的。那么所有那些黯淡的未來主義電影呢：《銀翼殺手》、《巴西》、《黑客帝國》和其他電影呢？當(dāng)沒有人會描繪一幅幸福的未來時，這意味著什么？

dyslexia ? [d?s?leksi?]

n.誦讀困難

A disturbance or interference with the ability to read or to use language.

對閱讀或使用語言的能力的干擾。

She managed to deal with her dyslexia through careful tutoring all throughout elementary school.

她在整個小學(xué)期間都通過認(rèn)真的輔導(dǎo)來解決閱讀障礙。

Dyslexia is a neurological disorder that usually affects people of average or superior intelligence. Dyslexic individuals have an impaired ability to recognize and process words and letters. Dyslexia usually shows itself in the tendency to read and write words and letters in reversed order; sometimes similar reversals occur in the person's speech. Dyslexia has been shown to be treatable through patient instruction in proper reading techniques.

誦讀困難是一種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病，通常影響智力一般或較高的人。誦讀困難的人識別和處理單詞和字母的能力受損。閱讀障礙通常表現(xiàn)為以相反的順序讀寫單詞和字母的傾向；有時，在對方的講話中也會出現(xiàn)類似的反轉(zhuǎn)。閱讀障礙已被證明可以通過患者正確的閱讀技巧進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)來治療。

dyspeptic ? [d?s?pept?k]

adj.消化不良;暴躁的;患消化不良的;脾氣壞的

n.消化不良的人

(1) Relating to or suffering from indigestion. (2) Having an irritable temperament; ill-humored.

(1) 與消化不良有關(guān)的或患有消化不良的。(2) 脾氣暴躁的；脾氣暴躁的；不幽默。

For decades the dyspeptic columnist served as the newspaper’s-and the city's-resident grouch.

幾十年來，這位消化不良的專欄作家一直是報紙和城市居民的抱怨對象。

Dyspepsia comes from the Greek word for "bad digestion." Interestingly, the Greek verb pessein can mean either "to cook" or "to digest"; bad cooking has been responsible for a lot of dyspepsia. Dyspepsia can be caused by many diseases, but dyspeptic individuals are often the victims of their own habits and appetites. Worry, overeating, inadequate chewing, and excessive smoking and drinking can all bring on dyspepsia. Today we generally use dyspeptic to mean "irritable"-that is, in the kind of mood that could be produced by bad digestion.

消化不良來自希臘語中“消化不良”的意思。有趣的是，希臘語動詞pessein的意思可以是“烹飪”或“消化”；糟糕的烹飪導(dǎo)致了很多消化不良。消化不良可能由許多疾病引起，但消化不良的人往往是自己習(xí)慣和食欲的受害者。憂慮、暴飲暴食、咀嚼不足、過度吸煙和飲酒都會導(dǎo)致消化不良。今天，我們通常用消化不良來表示“易怒”，即消化不良可能產(chǎn)生的情緒。

dysplasia ? [d??sple???]

n.發(fā)育不良；發(fā)育異常

Abnormal development of cells or organs, or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth.

細(xì)胞或器官的異常發(fā)育，或由這種生長引起的異常結(jié)構(gòu)。

The infant was born with minor hip dysplasia, which was fixed by a routine operation.

嬰兒出生時患有輕微的髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良，通過常規(guī)手術(shù)進(jìn)行了固定。

Of the dozens of medical terms that begin with the dys- prefix, dysplasia (with the suffix -plasia, meaning "development") is one of the more common, though not many nondoctors know it. Structural dysplasias are usually something you're born with; they often involve the hip or the kidneys. But cell dysplasia is often associated with cancer. And a dysplastic mole-a mole that changes shape in an odd way-is always something to be concerned about.

在以dys前綴開頭的數(shù)十個醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語中，發(fā)育不良(后綴為-plasia，意思是“發(fā)育”)是最常見的一個，盡管沒有多少非醫(yī)生知道。結(jié)構(gòu)性發(fā)育不良通常是你天生就有的；它們通常涉及髖關(guān)節(jié)或腎臟。但細(xì)胞異型增生往往與癌癥有關(guān)。而發(fā)育異常分子——一種以奇怪方式改變形狀的分子——總是值得關(guān)注的。