environment?[?n?va?r?nm?nt] n. 環(huán)境；周圍狀況

形近詞：environmental, environmentally, environmentalist

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environmental [?n?va?r?n?mentl] adj. 環(huán)境的；有關(guān)環(huán)境的

And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”?says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.

解析：anthropologist前面介紹過(guò)，人類學(xué)家。所以，and they aren’t likely to get any taller; 就是他們不可能長(zhǎng)的更高。general population總?cè)丝?，一般人口，普通人群；一般人群????

翻譯：并且他們不可能長(zhǎng)的更高。“在今天的一般人群中，在這個(gè)基因，環(huán)境水平，我們已經(jīng)盡可能的走得遠(yuǎn)了”，萊特州立大學(xué)的人類學(xué)家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利說(shuō)。

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environmentally [?n?va?r?n?ment(?)li] adv 有關(guān)環(huán)境地

Young people are very environmentally aware.

年輕人的環(huán)保意識(shí)很強(qiáng)。

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environmentalist [?n?va?r?n?ment?l?st] n. 環(huán)境保護(hù)論者；環(huán)境論者

As an environmentalist, I am a fan of wasting less.

作為一個(gè)環(huán)保主義者，我崇尚減少浪費(fèi)。

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surroundings [s??ra?nd??z] n. [復(fù)] 周邊；周圍環(huán)境

Schumacher adapted effortlessly to his new surroundings.

解析：effortlessly是副詞修飾adapt。

翻譯：舒馬赫不費(fèi)力地適應(yīng)了他的新環(huán)境。?

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atmosphere [??tm?sf?r] n. 大氣層；氛圍

pollution of the atmosphere大氣污染

The hotel offers a friendly atmosphere and personal service.

這家賓館提供了一個(gè)友好的氛圍和個(gè)性化服務(wù)。

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situation [?s?t?u?e??n] n. 狀況；形勢(shì)?

You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.

你可能遇上一種情況，你必須要立即做決定的情況。

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essay [?ese?] n. 論文；雜文；散文；?

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for Manchester Guardian?from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.

解析：virtually實(shí)質(zhì)地，虛擬地，幾乎地；virtually的牛津辭典釋義如下：almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important。幾乎或非常接近，以至于細(xì)微的差別并不重要。并且virtually的柯林斯辭典的釋義如下：You can use?virtually?to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true.你可以使用virtually來(lái)表示一些事物如此的接近真實(shí)，在大部分用途上它真的可以被當(dāng)作真的。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)virtual reality。虛擬的東西，抓住了現(xiàn)實(shí)的本質(zhì)，幾乎可以當(dāng)作真實(shí)的。所以，virtually有實(shí)質(zhì)地，虛擬地，幾乎地的意思。cricket 板球、蟋蟀；solely僅僅地，單獨(dú)地，唯一地。

翻譯：不幸地，這些評(píng)論幾乎都被遺忘了。內(nèi)維爾·卡達(dá)斯，一個(gè)從1917年到1975年去世前不久為《曼徹斯特衛(wèi)報(bào)》寫(xiě)文的人，現(xiàn)在僅僅被知道是為板球比賽寫(xiě)文的人。

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article [?ɑ?rt?kl] n. 文章；論文

As a News Feature article in Nature?discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.

解析：feature作名詞時(shí)，除了特征之外，還有（電視或報(bào)紙的）特寫(xiě)，專欄節(jié)目的意思。lucrative有利可圖的，賺大錢的，獲利多的。

翻譯：就像一篇《自然》雜志新聞專題文章所討論的，近些年來(lái)一系列為研究者設(shè)立的報(bào)酬豐厚的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)已經(jīng)加入了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的行列。

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matter [?m?t?r]

n. （有形的）物質(zhì)；（某一類型的）物質(zhì)；（印刷或閱讀的）材料

v. 要緊；有關(guān)系；有影響

Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

解析：toil動(dòng)詞苦干，辛苦工作；testify證實(shí)；test-taking skill考試技巧。

翻譯：任何為SAT奮戰(zhàn)過(guò)的人都會(huì)證實(shí)考試技巧同樣很重要，是否它需要猜測(cè)或者直接跳過(guò)的問(wèn)題。

注：現(xiàn)在的公務(wù)員考試，基本都是做不完的，很多題需要跳過(guò)，還有一些題需要猜。

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as a matter of fact: 其實(shí)，實(shí)際上；

As a matter of fact, I’ve brought it along with me.

事實(shí)上，我一直把它帶在身邊。

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substance [?s?bst?ns] n. 物質(zhì)；實(shí)質(zhì)；重要性；

banned substance禁用品

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stuff [st?f] n. 材料；本質(zhì)；要素

This wine is good stuff. 這酒是好東西。

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material [m??t?ri?l] n. 物質(zhì)；材料；原料

a piece of material一塊材料

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fund [f?nd]

v. 撥款，為...提供資金

n. ?？?；基金；資金

形近詞：fundamental, fundamentally, non-fundamentalist, underfund

Many, like the Fundamental?Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.

解析：這句話前面介紹account的時(shí)候介紹過(guò)。

翻譯：很多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，像是基礎(chǔ)物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，由那些銀行賬戶像電話號(hào)碼一樣長(zhǎng)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)家資助。

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fundamental [?f?nd??mentl] adj. 基礎(chǔ)的；根本的

There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.

兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)有根本性的不同。

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fundamentally [?f?nd??ment?li] adv. 從根本上地；基礎(chǔ)地

“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted”, says one headhunter.

解析：headhunter獵頭。

翻譯：“傳統(tǒng)的規(guī)則是呆在你所在的位置更安全，但是那已經(jīng)被從根本上地改變了”，一個(gè)獵頭說(shuō)。

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non-fundamentalist ?n. 非原教旨主義者

Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific”?creationism as bad science and bad religion.

解析：religious宗教的；

翻譯：幾乎所有科學(xué)家和大多數(shù)非原教旨主義者將“科學(xué)”創(chuàng)世論看作壞的科學(xué)和壞的宗教。

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underfund [??nd?'f?nd] v. 對(duì)...資金提供不足

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hold [ho?ld] ?

v. 保持；拿著；握?。槐Ｓ?；擁有；拖?。恢С?/p>

n. 握??；掌握；貨艙，行李艙

形近詞：household, holder, withhold, shareholder, shareholding, stockholder, stakeholder

But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

解析：Rolex watch勞力士表；Ferrari automobile法拉利汽車；hold one’s nose捏著鼻子，表示不屑；ethic除了倫理之外，還有行為準(zhǔn)則和道德準(zhǔn)則的意思。

翻譯：?但是它這么做是在它不屑于他的行為道德準(zhǔn)則的時(shí)候，包括收禮像是從一個(gè)尋求打通政府的公司勞力士手表和法拉利汽車。

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household [?ha?sho?ld]

n. 家庭；同住在一所房子里的人；一家人

adj. 家庭的；家用的；家喻戶曉的，眾人皆知的

Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

解析：barely幾乎沒(méi)有;僅僅;幾乎不;剛剛;剛好;不超過(guò)(某個(gè)數(shù)量、年齡、時(shí)間等);剛才;勉強(qiáng)可能

翻譯：阿爾瓦雷斯的薪水勉強(qiáng)支付了她的家庭開(kāi)支。

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In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s _____.

[A] easy availability

[B] flexibility in pricing

[C] successful promotion

[D] popularity with households

解析：PTK親子鑒定工具包

翻譯：在第一段和第二段中，文本顯示親子鑒定工具包_____.

[A] 很容易獲取

[B] 價(jià)格彈性

[C] 推銷成功

[D] 在家庭中很受歡迎

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holder [?ho?ld?r] n. 支持物；持有者；（支票等）持有人

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.

解析：circuit前面在別的例子中講過(guò)，除了電路，還有巡回的意思。

翻譯：聯(lián)邦巡回法院的動(dòng)作是在察覺(jué)到最高法院近期縮小對(duì)專利持有者的保護(hù)范圍的一系列決定后開(kāi)始的。

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withhold [w?e?ho?ld] v. 扣留；拒絕給予

She was accused of withholding information from the police.

她被指控對(duì)警方知情不報(bào)。

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shareholder [??erho?ld?r] n. 股東

As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.

解析：boards董事會(huì)，scrutinize仔細(xì)審查，

翻譯：當(dāng)董事會(huì)認(rèn)真審查系列計(jì)劃來(lái)回應(yīng)股東壓力，那些沒(méi)有得到點(diǎn)頭的經(jīng)理們也許同樣希望能夠繼續(xù)下去。

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shareholding [??erho?ld??] n. 股權(quán)

Study on the effect of shareholding transfer in Listed Company.

對(duì)上市公司的股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓研究

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stockholder [?stɑ?kho?ld?r] n. 股票持有者；股東 ?

Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.

解析：campaign運(yùn)動(dòng)；hostage人質(zhì)；抵押品；allegation指控，說(shuō)法；activist積極分子，激進(jìn)分子。

翻譯：這類被劫持的媒體是賺錢媒體的反面：一份資產(chǎn)或運(yùn)動(dòng)成了消費(fèi)者，其它的股東或?qū)Ξa(chǎn)品或品牌做出負(fù)面說(shuō)法的激進(jìn)分子的人質(zhì)。

注：這大概是說(shuō)明媒體會(huì)利用影響來(lái)影響大眾，也會(huì)被影響力綁架。

上面是我自己的翻譯，書(shū)上給的參考譯文如下：

這種劫持媒體與贏得媒體正好相反：某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)或宣傳活動(dòng)會(huì)成為對(duì)某個(gè)品牌或產(chǎn)品發(fā)表負(fù)面評(píng)論的消費(fèi)者、其它利益相關(guān)者或激進(jìn)份子的“人質(zhì)”。

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hold back: 退縮；阻止；抑制；

The administration had several reasons for holding back.

政府因?yàn)橐恍├碛啥磺啊?/p>

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hold on: 等一等；停一停；堅(jiān)持；<口>別掛電話

Hold on, what happened?等等，發(fā)生了什么？

推薦Adele專輯《30》中的歌曲《hold on》。

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cling [kl??] v. 緊緊抓??；抱緊；抓住（職位或財(cái)產(chǎn)）不放

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____ .

[A] top performers used to cling to their posts

[B] loyalty of top performers is getting outdated

[C] top performers care more about reputations

[D] it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

翻譯：從最后一段可以推斷______。

[A] 高級(jí)職員過(guò)去往往堅(jiān)守他們的職位

[B] 高級(jí)職員的忠誠(chéng)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)

[C] 高級(jí)職員對(duì)名譽(yù)更加看重

[D] 遵守傳統(tǒng)規(guī)則更加安全

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withstand [w?e?st?nd] v. 經(jīng)受?。怀惺?；頂住

Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain inflicted by oversize limbs.

解析：bipedal兩足的，limb枝干，臂，腿；inflict遭受打擊，吃苦頭；

翻譯：然而，盡管人類已經(jīng)直立幾百萬(wàn)年，我們的腳和后背繼續(xù)與兩足的姿勢(shì)作斗爭(zhēng)并且不能輕易地承受住過(guò)長(zhǎng)的四肢所帶來(lái)的反復(fù)的壓力。

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seize [si?z] v. 抓??；控制

He sized her by her arm. 他抓住了她的胳膊。

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function [?f??k?n]

v. 充當(dāng)；工作；起作用

n. 功能；作用；職責(zé)；職務(wù)

形近詞：functional

The second half of the 20th?century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

解析：visionary有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)的人；labour to 不辭辛勞的；fabulous難以置信的，極好的；

翻譯：20世紀(jì)后半葉見(jiàn)證了一系列的天才，戰(zhàn)士，企業(yè)家和有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)的人不辭辛勞的創(chuàng)造一種極好的機(jī)器，操作為打印機(jī)和印刷機(jī)，演播室和劇院，畫(huà)筆和畫(huà)廊，鋼琴和收音機(jī)，郵件和郵遞員。

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functional [?f??k??nl] adj. 功能性的；在工作的；在起作用的；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常的

The office is large and functional rather than welcoming.

這間辦公室大并且功能齊全但是不歡迎人。

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work [w??rk] v. 使工作；使運(yùn)作?

I can’t work if I’m cold. ??我冷就干不了活。?

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employ [?m?pl??] v. 使用；利用；雇用

How many people does this company employ?

這家公司雇傭多少人？

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evidence [?ev?d?ns] n. 根據(jù)；證據(jù)；行跡，跡象?

形近詞：evident

Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’?unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

翻譯：盡管有充足的證據(jù)證明教師質(zhì)量是最重要的變量，教師工會(huì)還是反對(duì)開(kāi)除差的，推進(jìn)好的。

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evident [?ev?d?nt] adj. 明顯的；明白的?

The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.

解析：之前介紹account的時(shí)候，說(shuō)了out of account是不考慮的意思。

翻譯：培訓(xùn)的必要太明顯了；完成態(tài)度和習(xí)慣上的改變的壓力是如此

的急促，讓這些結(jié)果完全不在考慮中。?

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proof [pru?f] n. 證明

conclusive proof?確鑿的證據(jù)

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confirmation [?kɑ?nf?r?me??n] n. 確認(rèn)；證實(shí)

Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.

解析：duplication（不必要的）重復(fù)；accompany伴隨；little表示否定的很少，幾乎沒(méi)有的意思。

翻譯：?重復(fù)和確認(rèn)已經(jīng)被知道和相信的東西是幾乎沒(méi)有收獲的。

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practice [?pr?kt?s]

v. 實(shí)踐；練習(xí)；訓(xùn)練

n. 實(shí)踐；練習(xí)；訓(xùn)練；慣常做法，慣例；習(xí)俗

But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.

翻譯：但是在頻繁的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的每日練習(xí)中，遵循著一條模糊又復(fù)雜的道路。

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in practice: 在實(shí)踐中；實(shí)際上；事實(shí)上

In practice, workers do not work to satisfy their needs.

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perform [p?r?f??rm] v. 做；執(zhí)行；履行；演出，表演 ????

To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.

解析：to be sure誠(chéng)然；固然；無(wú)可否認(rèn)；

翻譯：無(wú)可否認(rèn)，他演出令人印象深刻的有趣樂(lè)章，但是我沒(méi)必要去艾弗里·費(fèi)舍大廳或其它任意地方，來(lái)聽(tīng)有趣的交響音樂(lè)。

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note [no?t] ?

v. 注意；記下；摘下

n. 筆記；記錄；按語(yǔ)；注釋；便條；短箋；含義；鈔票，紙幣

形近詞：denote, noteworthy

On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

解析：mental精神的，這里指腦子里的。discourse論文，演講，語(yǔ)篇。

翻譯：假設(shè)他們會(huì)在后面產(chǎn)生某種關(guān)聯(lián)，你做一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體和它們之間聯(lián)系的腦海中的筆記。

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denote [d??no?t] v. 表示；代表

The red triangle denotes danger.

紅色三角形代表危險(xiǎn)。

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noteworthy [?no?tw??rei] adj. 值得注意的；顯著的；重要的?

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.

解析：be to do 要做某事；tournament錦標(biāo)賽；quirk奇事，怪事。

翻譯：如果你要測(cè)試2006世界杯錦標(biāo)賽每一位足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的身份證明，你極有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)值得注意的奇事。

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take/make notes: 做筆記

Did you take notes in the class?

你在課堂上做筆記了嗎？?