專題二? 名詞

重難點(diǎn)分析

名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考語法填空設(shè)置考點(diǎn)的重要語法項(xiàng)目之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來的不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個(gè)和單數(shù)含義不同，這些含義很可能成為高考考查的內(nèi)容。詞語的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。 ??

一、名詞的分類及常見用法

可數(shù)名詞

個(gè)體名詞

teacher, ? student, piano, schoolbag

功能

集體名詞

family, ? committee, people, class

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名詞在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、同位語或狀語

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可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)

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規(guī)則變化

一般詞后加-s

days, boys, ? Americans, tools

s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾加-es

buses, boxes, ? dishes, matches (stomachs除外)

“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i，再加- es

babies, ? factories, stories, cities

以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f/fe為v，加-es

leaves, wives, ? knives (roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs, chiefs, staffs, safes除外)

以o結(jié)尾，有生命加-es，無生命加-s

heroes, ? potatoes, tomatoes, pianos, radios (hippos, bamboos除外)

數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)加-s或“’s”

in the ? 1990s/1990’s

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不規(guī)則變化

改變?cè)~中元音字母

woman-women, ? goose-geese, man-men, foot-feet, tooth-teeth

形式復(fù)數(shù)，意義單數(shù)

news, maths, ? politics, economics等

單復(fù)數(shù)同形

means, deer, ? sheep, fish, species, Chinese等

其他

child-children, ? bacterium-bacteria, crisis-crises, ox-oxen, phenomenon-phenomena

不可數(shù)名詞

物質(zhì)名詞

wood, water, ? steel, paper, blood

抽象名詞

friendship, ? progress, fun, knowledge

專有名詞

John, Smith, ? Beijing, Christmas Day

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名詞所有格

一般在名詞右上方加“’s”；以s結(jié)尾的名詞只加“’”

Women’s Day, an ? hour’s walk, students’ reading-room, today’s paper

表有生命的東西或時(shí)間、空間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等名詞的所有格

介詞of+名詞

a map of China, ? the top of the mountain

無生命的東西的名詞所有格

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二、名詞其他需要注意的幾點(diǎn)

1. 名詞的數(shù)

(1) 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)

有主體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（lookers-on, passers-by等）和無主體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（grown-ups, go-betweens）。

(2) 集體名詞的數(shù)

①有些集體名詞只能用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：cattle, police, people等。注意：people意為“民族、種族”時(shí)，有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。

②有些集體名詞只能用作單數(shù)，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, jewellery, mankind等。

③有些集體名詞作為整體看待時(shí)，用作單數(shù)；指其中各個(gè)成員時(shí)，用作復(fù)數(shù)。這樣的集體名詞有class, family, couple, audience, government, public, committee, crew等。

The whole family are watching TV now. 現(xiàn)在全家人都在看電視。

His family is a big one. 他家是一個(gè)大家庭。

(3) 由兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors, gloves, scales, compasses等。

(4) “the + 姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)”表全家人，如：the Blacks, the Smith, the Wangs等。

(5) 具有雙重特性的名詞

①意義不同的可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞

a room 房間——room空間

a chicken 雞——chicken 雞肉

an experience 經(jīng)歷——experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn)

an agreement 協(xié)議——agreement 同意

②單、復(fù)數(shù)意思不同的名詞

arm 手臂——arms 武器

brain 腦——brains 智力

custom 風(fēng)俗——customs 海關(guān)

force 力量——forces 軍隊(duì)

regard 注意；關(guān)心——regards 問候

time 時(shí)間——times 時(shí)代

work 工作——works 作品；工廠

manner 態(tài)度——manners 禮貌

spirit 精神——spirits 心情；情緒

content 內(nèi)容——contents 目錄

loss 損失——losses 損失物

condition 狀況——conditions 條件

expression 表達(dá)——expressions 短語

feeling 感覺——feelings 感情

wood 木頭——woods 樹林

2. 名詞的所有格

(1) 表示兩者或兩者以上共同所有，在最后一個(gè)詞的后面加“’s”；表示各自擁有時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞后都要加“’s”。如：

Li and Ma’s room 李和馬共有的房間

Li’s and Ma’s rooms 李和馬各自的房間

(2) 表某人的家或店鋪、診所等。如：

Li’s 李家?? the doctor’s 診所?? the barber’s 理發(fā)店?? the butcher’s 肉鋪?? the stationer’s 文具店

(3) 所有格除了用于有生命的事物外，也可以用于表示國(guó)家、城市等的名詞。如：

China’s prosperity 中國(guó)的繁榮

the country’s plan 國(guó)家計(jì)劃

(4) of所有格也可用于有生命的物體，用于名詞較長(zhǎng)或名詞的定語較長(zhǎng)時(shí)。如：

a story of a famous doctor 一個(gè)名醫(yī)的故事

the son of the man you just talked to 剛剛和你說話的那個(gè)男人的兒子

(5) 雙重所有格

“of+名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格。of后名詞所有格中的名詞必須指人，而且是特指。如：

an old friend of my uncle’s 我叔叔的一位老朋友

a play of Shakespeare’s 莎士比亞的一部戲劇

some houses of my grandfather’s 我爺爺?shù)囊恍┓孔?/p>

3. 名詞作定語

(1) 一般用單數(shù)形式。如：

country music 鄉(xiāng)村音樂?? shoe shops 鞋店?? traffic lights 交通燈

注意：sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales, goods作定語時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)?? customs officers 海關(guān)官員?? arms production 武器生產(chǎn)

(2) man和woman作定語時(shí)，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)予中心詞一起變。如：

men doctor 男醫(yī)生?? women teachers 女老師

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考點(diǎn)練透

一、單句填空 用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. There are fifty-six ________ (people) in China.

2. We need much ________ (room) for all the furniture.

3. This kind of dress was popular in the ________ (1980).

4. ________ (girl) students and ________ (woman) teachers are in the majority in our school.

5. There used to be a lot of milu ________ (deer) in China.

6. These are art ________ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.

7. ________ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.

8. We can see many ________ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.

9. I had my hair cut short at the ________ (barber) nearby yesterday.

10. On the whole, he was a ________ (fail) in his life.

11. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a ________ (lack) of exercise.

12. Now more and more people prefer to have a ________ (pet) at home — a little dog, a cat or some other animals.

13. My parents always let me have my own ________ (way) of living.

14. We volunteered to collect money to help the ________ (victim) of the earthquake.

15. We all know that ________ (action) speak louder than words.

16. My teacher pointed out the wrong choice of ________ (express) in my composition.

17. The real ________ (hero) are those who are making the most contributions to our society.

18. The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of ________ (me).

19. Without a compass, it is easy to lose one’s way in the ________ (wood).

20. He begged for help from ________ (passer-by), but they all pretended not to have heard what he was saying and went by quickly.

二、語篇填空 用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

Charles Pink was a young ????1??? ?(Canada) who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself. Every Saturday, he went to the theater and ????2??? ?(party). His car was one of the best in his city. He had lots of ????3??? ?and one day bought a plane. He learned to fly and flying became one of his main ????4??? ?(enjoy).

One day about thirty ????5??? ?(year) ago, he set off in his small plane on a trip across ????6??? ?(Mexican). At first everything went well, but when he was over the part of the country ????7??? ?engine of the little machine failed.

Fortunately, Pink was flying at a good ????8??? ?(high) when the bad thing happened, and he had time to find a place to land. Below him he could see a number of ????9??? ?(field) which looked nice enough to land on, and he managed to bring his machine down on one of ????10??? .

三、語法填空 閱讀下面短文, 在空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。? ?2 ???()

In the journey to self-discovery, it is very important ???1 ???(understand) what success is. In today’s world a good percentage of people define success ???2 ???becoming famous, being on the cover of magazines, ???3 ???(have) lots of money in their bank account and so much more.

Before I ???4 ???(become) a Life Coach, I had studied Civil Engineering in school, after which things were moving pretty well and I had lots of ???5 ???(business) in Lagos. At that point, I thought I had succeeded ???6 ??I was wrong because I was never truly happy and I just couldn’t get rid of that feeling like something was missing.

At every stage of our lives we grow, at every level we want something ???7 ???(many) and we keep feeling like there is an aspect of ourselves we haven’t managed to use. At ???8 ???(difference) points in time, success or being successful will mean different things to different people.

Success is not ???9 ???destination; you can never fully arrive at a place and say you are successful. Success through self-discovery is about understanding that one can never ???10 ???(complete) know himself and herself.

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參考答案

考點(diǎn)練透

一、單句填空

1. peoples? 2. room? 3. 1980s/1980’s? 4. Girl; women? 5. deer? 6. works? 7. Children’s? 8. editors-in-chief? 9. barber’s? 10. failure? 11. lack? 12. pet? 13. way? 14. victims? 15. actions? 16. expressions? 17. heroes? 18. mine? 19. woods? 20. passers-by

二、語篇填空?

1. Canadian? 2. parties? 3. money? 4. enjoyments? 5. years? 6. Mexico? 7. the? 8. height? 9. fields? 10. them

三、語法填空

本文主要講述了自我發(fā)現(xiàn)和成功的旅程。

1. to understand? 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。因it is adj. to do sth.為固定句型，故填to understand。

2. as? 考查介詞。因define…as為固定搭配，以為“把……定義為”，故填as。

3. having? 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。由becoming和being可知，應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞ing形式作并列賓語。

4. became? 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。由had studied可知，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)，故填became。

5. businesses? 考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。因有l(wèi)ots of修飾，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

6. but? 考查連詞。因I thought I had succeeded和I was wrong表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故填but。

7. more? 考查比較級(jí)等級(jí)。由句意可知，表示“……想要更多”應(yīng)用比較級(jí)。故填more。

8. different? 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾名詞points應(yīng)用形容詞，故填different。

9. a? 考查冠詞。根據(jù)名詞destination可知，名詞前應(yīng)加不定冠詞，表泛指，故填a。

10. completely? 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾動(dòng)詞know應(yīng)用副詞，故填completely。

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