*Fighting instructions, 1530-1816，Sir Julian Stafford Corbett

I：查韋斯的阿隆索的風(fēng)帆戰(zhàn)術(shù)

前言：

? 以下摘錄出自查韋斯的阿隆索（Alonso de Chaves）之所著《航海通鑒》（Espejo de Navegantes），即我們名之為Seamen's Glass，以展現(xiàn)風(fēng)帆時代初期海軍戰(zhàn)術(shù)的發(fā)展。該著無疑從未發(fā)行；而由著名西班牙海軍史學(xué)家Fernández Duro于馬德里歷史學(xué)院圖書館覓得。盡管成作確切日子不祥，不過可以肯定，查韋斯是為十六世紀(jì)上半葉于查理五世的宮中得勢的一批海事作者與專家之一。其論著之中的觀點，便是為了捍衛(wèi)自己的論點而反對當(dāng)代仍舊盛行的舊觀念：即只有槳帆船和其余劃槳艦艇具有序列隊之能。他在如此作中寫道：

? “多人言之于海上既無能對風(fēng)帆艦列隊，亦無有戰(zhàn)術(shù)根基于此；也無法通過事先完備的列陣以在所需時發(fā)動進攻或提供援助；因而，風(fēng)帆艦艇于戰(zhàn)斗中的列隊毫無必要，因為這種隊列根本無法維持。據(jù)此，我的看法是，同樣的異議根據(jù)亦限制了敵人的行動，而當(dāng)武備水平相匹之時，何方對陣型與隊列把持的最好，勝利的天平便傾向于誰：因以風(fēng)浪破壞隊列毫無可能，而一支艦隊愈是無有對戰(zhàn)列的把控，愈是將被當(dāng)即擊潰。風(fēng)帆艦艇之于海上，如同戰(zhàn)馬之于陸地，盡管于任何步調(diào)之時轉(zhuǎn)向不甚捷，但合律的隊列卻能增其力量。以此，于海上，只需無有風(fēng)暴，無有什么足以阻礙既已成之隊之運用；而即使遭遇風(fēng)暴，另一方同樣會遭受襲擊：風(fēng)暴與任何一方都交戰(zhàn)，而在與之對抗之中無論何方皆為一視同仁。”

? 乍看，Alonso de Chaves似乎并未慮及船藝（seamanship）的優(yōu)勢，而這一因素注定使得勝負的天平對西班牙不利；然而他所總結(jié)的一下段落卻表明，任何時候都將船藝視作控制隊列的因素。他認為：

? “若有人言之?dāng)钞?dāng)我一樣所想，我答曰：當(dāng)敵我數(shù)量與裝備大抵相當(dāng)，何方更加靈活，何方更有氣力而堅韌，何方將贏得對手；而即使有更好的武備而氣力更足，而無良好的隊列及操控，則將無法如此：與擊劍一樣，弱小的一方若更靈動，則比或是不懂或是不知節(jié)律之強者更能擊中。同樣適用于陸上的軍隊，如我們所見，規(guī)模較小的部隊多次憑其優(yōu)秀的隊列擊潰較強方。”

? 書中的主題以四個章節(jié)或段落的方式附于Fernández Duro的歷史著作首卷附錄12之中，即：I，“海上戰(zhàn)斗或戰(zhàn)爭”（Of war or battle at sea），與單艦行動有關(guān)；II，“戰(zhàn)斗陣型與格斗方式”（The form of a battle and the method of fighting），與武備、炮戰(zhàn)戒律與登舷有關(guān)；III“關(guān)于一支艦隊同另一支的戰(zhàn)斗”（Of a battle of one fleet against another）與IV“作戰(zhàn)”（battle）最后兩節(jié)這是包含了已知最早的為風(fēng)帆艦對制定明確的戰(zhàn)斗編隊與戰(zhàn)術(shù)體系的嘗試，而其正是由下列摘譯而來。

? 值得注意，其所提出的戰(zhàn)斗體系，即以盡可能快的速度靠近敵艦與近戰(zhàn)炮擊的根源思想仍是建立在中世紀(jì)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)之上，而主要基于槳帆船的作戰(zhàn)方式。不過作者所堅持的觀點在某方面則新穎而先進：即海上的指揮官應(yīng)當(dāng)在行動中盡可能的把持陣型，而非如以往那樣領(lǐng)軍進攻。讀者還當(dāng)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意對各種船只類型加以區(qū)別，所有船型在作戰(zhàn)中都規(guī)定了自己的職責(zé)。這正是槳帆船戰(zhàn)爭時代的孑遺，隨著風(fēng)帆戰(zhàn)艦的發(fā)展而迅速消亡，似乎永不復(fù)用：除非在將來不就重新歸來，我們將看到最新設(shè)計的魚雷艇以其軸輪與螺旋取代古代barcas的定位與功能，而裝甲巡洋艦則將取代naos de succurro*。

（注：*：所指不祥，似乎指快速機動的槳帆船）

??

? ? 《航海通鑒》（約1530年代）[Fernández Duro，《西班牙海軍》（Armada Espanola）第1卷，附錄12]

? ?

? ? ?第三章——關(guān)于一支艦隊同另一支的戰(zhàn)斗（節(jié)選）：

? ....When the time for battle is at hand the captain-general should order the whole fleet to come together that he may set them in order, since a regular order is no less necessary in a fleet of ships for giving battle to another fleet than it is in an army of soldiers for giving battle to another army；

? 戰(zhàn)斗臨近之時，將軍之人應(yīng)當(dāng)命令整支艦隊結(jié)合起來，而將使其井然有序，合律的布陣之于風(fēng)帆船艦隊與另一支作戰(zhàn)之時絕有必要，甚過陸上一支部隊與另一支部隊交戰(zhàn)

? Thus, as in an army, the men-at-arms form by themselves in one quarter to make and meet charges, and the light horse in another quarter to support, pursue, and harass ; so in a fleet, the captain- general ought to order the strongest and largest ships to form in one quarter to attack, grapple, board and break-up the enemy, and the lesser and weaker ships in another quarter apart, with their artillery and munitions to harass, pursue, and give chase to the enemy if he flies, and to come to the rescue wherever there is most need.

? 而如陸軍之騎士自發(fā)編隊在一處以沖鋒，而輕騎兵負責(zé)在另一處支援、追擊、突襲*一般，艦隊之中將軍之人應(yīng)當(dāng)命令船中最強者在一處集結(jié)而進攻、格斗、登舷而后擊潰船上之?dāng)常^弱者則負責(zé)在另一處用其火器于敵潰逃之時襲擾、追逐而后獵獲，并在最需要之處提供支援。

（注：*：原文為“Entrar y salir”，輕騎兵專用術(shù)語，意為“沖進復(fù)出”，似乎通常用于描述對薄弱處的短暫而突然的進攻）

? The captain-general should form a detachment of his smaller and lighter vessels, to the extent of one- fourth part of his whole fleet, and order them to take station on either side of the main body. I mean that they should always keep as a separate body on the flanks of the main body, so that they can see what happens on one side and on the other.

? 將軍之人應(yīng)將較小較弱者單獨遣離，以全艦隊之四分之一為限，命其駐于本部的兩側(cè)；即，我意為這些小船應(yīng)當(dāng)作為獨立分隊于本部的側(cè)翼，以便觀察我與敵之狀況。

? He should admonish and direct every one of the ships that she shall endeavour to grapple with the enemy in such a way that she shall not get between two of them so as to be boarded and engaged on both sides at once

? 將軍之人當(dāng)告誡指揮每艘船當(dāng)殫力格斗而同時避免夾于兩船之間，以免同時與兩艘敵艦交戰(zhàn)并被其登舷。

? Having directed and set in order all the aforesaid matters, the captain-general should then marshal the other three-quarters of the fleet that remain in the following manner.

? 如前所述編排之后，當(dāng)以下列方式編排其余四分之三：

? He should consider his position and the direction of the wind, and how to get the advantage of it with his fleet.Then he should consider the order in which the enemy is formed, whether they come in a close body or in line ahead, and whether they are disposed in square bodies or in a single line, and whether the great ships are in the centre or on the flanks, and in what station is the flagship; and all the other considerations which are essential to the case he should take in hand.

? 將軍之人當(dāng)考慮其位置與風(fēng)向及如何將其利用以為艦隊獲得優(yōu)勢；然后，當(dāng)考慮敵艦隊的既成之列，是緊密相依或是排成縱列1？是結(jié)為方陣或是列一橫隊2？敵之大船居正中或是側(cè)翼？旗艦居于何處？以及其余所有事況必不可缺的考量都當(dāng)顧及。

（注：1：即“Unos en pos de otros d la hilo”，即船艏方向相接開火；2：即“En escuadrones ó en ala”，“escuadrones 與“ala”當(dāng)代軍事用于中二者意為“緊密編隊”與“成單一列”，此處ala可能指并排）

? By all means he should do his best that his fleet shall have the weather-gage ; for if there was no other advantage he will always keep free from being blinded by the smoke of the guns, so as to be able to see one to another ; and for the enemy it will be the contrary, because the smoke and fire of our fleet and of their own will keep driving upon them, and blinding them in such a manner that they will not be able to see one another, and they will fight among themselves from not being able to recognise each other.

? 無論發(fā)生何種情況，將軍之人應(yīng)當(dāng)率其艦隊搶占上風(fēng)位置：當(dāng)無另外益處，其將能免受槍炮煙火蒙蔽視野，而以便觀察彼此；而對敵人而言，情況反之，無論敵我艦隊之煙霧焰火皆當(dāng)向其襲去，以此種方式使其陷入失明無法視見彼此，而敵亦會因無法識別而相互攻擊。

??

? Everything being now ready, if the enemy have made squadrons of their fleet we should act in the same manner in ours, placing always the greater ships in one body as a vanguard to grapple first and receive the first shock ; and the captain-general should be stationed in the centre squadron, so that he may see those which go before and those which follow.

? 如是一切皆當(dāng)就緒，若敵艦隊既已列隊成陣，我則亦如是；大船始終居于每部之前以為前鋒發(fā)動進攻而首當(dāng)其沖；將軍之人則當(dāng)居于陣之中央以觀前查后。

? Each of the squadrons ought to sail in line abreast, so that all can see the enemy and use their guns without getting in each other’s way, and they must not sail in file one behind the other, because thence would come great trouble, as only the leading ships could fight. In any case a ship is not so nimble as a man to be able to face about and do what is best.

? 諸戰(zhàn)隊中各船當(dāng)橫隊而進1，以使所有戰(zhàn)船皆能望敵而炮擊，互不妨礙；絕不可相接縱列而行，妨礙彼此，而致使唯有領(lǐng)船足以戰(zhàn)。無論何種情況，帆船都不如人靈活，無法如是轉(zhuǎn)向朝敵，以圖更好的打算2。

（注：1：“Cado uno de los escuadrones debe ir en ala”，此處escuadrone當(dāng)代是為“squadorn”，即現(xiàn)代含義中每個戰(zhàn)列中的諸“戰(zhàn)隊”（division）；結(jié)合前后文，ala指“橫列”（line abreast），而非“縱列”（line ahead）；2：意指一帆船完成炮擊后無法反向退離而讓后方的船只進行開火，其整套戰(zhàn)術(shù)體系基于近戰(zhàn)火力而作為登舷戰(zhàn)與單兵武器格斗的準(zhǔn)備）

? The rearguard should be the ships that I have called the supports, which are to be the fourth part of the fleet, and the lightest and best sailers ; but they must not move in rear of the fleet, because they would not see well what is passing so as to give timely succour, and therefore they ought always to keep an offing on that side or flank of the fleet where the flagship is, or on both sides if they are many; and if they are in one body they should work to station themselves to windward for the reasons aforesaid.

?

? 最輕捷、最精良者，充以預(yù)備，為后衛(wèi)，是為陣中第四部；其不可居于艦隊后方行動，如此將無法看清所發(fā)生而以便及時援助；因而，當(dāng)始終居于旗艦所在艦隊之一側(cè)或一翼保持一段距離之處，而若后衛(wèi)船只眾多，則居于兩翼；若后衛(wèi)合為一處則當(dāng)竭力戧風(fēng)，原因如前述。

? And if the fleet of the enemy shall come on in one body in line abreast,ours should do the same, placing the largest and strongest ships in the centre and the lightest on the flanks of the battle, seeing that those which are in the centre always receive greater injury because necessarily they have to fight on both sides.

? 若敵合為一陣齊頭并進*，則我亦當(dāng)如此，最強大者居于陣之中央，最輕捷者居于兩翼；此是慮于居于中間者總是承受更大的傷害，因需同時與兩邊作戰(zhàn)。

（注：*：即“Viniere toda junta puesta in ala”）

??

? And if the enemy bring their fleet into the form of a lance-head or triangle, then ours ought to form in two lines [alas] keeping the advanced extremities furthest apart and closing in the rear, so as to take the enemy between them and engage them on both fronts, placing the largest ships in the rear and the lightest at the advanced points, seeing that they can most quickly tack in upon the enemy opposed to them.

? 若敵列陣如錐，則我當(dāng)列為二縱，保持其前遙相望去而其后合為一陣*，如此以夾敵之艦隊于其中；最強大者居于后，最輕捷者列于縱前，如是可當(dāng)即接敵。

（注：*：意指雁形陣型）

??

? And if the enemy approach formed in two lines [alas], ours ought to do the same, placing always the greatest ships over against the greatest of the enemy, and being always on the look-out to take the enemy between them ; and on no account must ours penetrate into the midst of the enemy’s formation [batalla], because arms and smoke will envelope them on every side and there will be no way of relieving them.

? 若敵如前列為雁形，我亦當(dāng)如是，置我最強之船對于敵之最強，并時刻留心將敵夾于其中；不可陷于敵陣之中部，其銃彈煙火皆會四面襲之而去，我亦無法支援。

? The captain-general having now arrayed his whole fleet in one of the aforesaid orders according as it seems best to him for giving battle, and everything being ready for battle, all shall bear in mind the signals he shall have appointed with flag or shot or topsail, that all may know at what time to attack or board or come to rescue or retreat, or give chase. The which signals all must understand and remember what they are to do when such signals are made, and likewise the armed boats shalftake the same care and remember what they ought to do, and perform their duty.

? 如是將軍之人依如前所述布其艦隊，以其所認為最好之方式以戰(zhàn)，一切就緒；眾船當(dāng)牢記己之戰(zhàn)旗、號炮、桅頂所發(fā)之令，知何時進攻、何時登舷、何時支援、撤退、逐擊；眾人皆當(dāng)明其意；信號發(fā)出之時，當(dāng)牢記己所將何；諸舟亦當(dāng)如是小心謹慎，恪盡職守，履其職責(zé)。

? ? 第四章——戰(zhàn)斗

? Then the flagship shall bid a trumpet sound, and at that signal all shall move in their aforesaid order ; and as they come into range they shall commence to play their most powerful artillery, taking care that the first shots do not miss, for, as I have said, when the first shots hit, inasmuch as they are the largest, they strike great dread and terror into the enemy ; for seeing how great hurt they suffer, they think how much greater it will be at close range and so mayhap they will not want to fight, but strike and surrender or fly, so as not to come to close quarters.

? 隨后旗艦吹號施令，眾船當(dāng)依此號令如其前述陣排其陣列；當(dāng)步入射程，當(dāng)發(fā)最重之炮，牢記首次炮擊務(wù)必命中；因如我所言，首次炮擊由于是為重炮所發(fā)，當(dāng)使敵恐慌懼怕；若敵知其承受傷害如何，亦會知近戰(zhàn)炮擊更甚，也許當(dāng)失去戰(zhàn)意，當(dāng)震恐而或投降、或逃離，而不與我近。

? Having so begun firing, they shall always first play the largest guns, which are on the side or board towards the enemy, and likewise they shall move over from the other side those guns which have wheeled carriages to run on the upper part of the deck and poop.And then when nearer they should use the smaller ones, and by no means should they fire them at first, for afar off they will do no hurt, and besides the enemy will know there is dearth of good artillery and will take better heart to make or abide an attack.

? 如是以船艏炮擊之后，當(dāng)發(fā)列于側(cè)舷之重炮，而將安于炮車上之船炮搬入露天甲板與艉樓；敵近則發(fā)較小炮，不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)谝粫r間擊發(fā)，因其既無法在遠處造成傷害，亦會使敵知悉此處缺好炮，而更自信的發(fā)動進攻或是承受攻擊。

? And after having come to closer quarters then they ought to play the lighter artillery. And so soon as they come to board or grapple all the other kinds of arms shall be used, of which I have spoken more particularly: first, missiles, such as harpoons [dardos] and stones, hand-guns [escopetas] and cross-bows, and then the fire-balls aforesaid, as well from the tops as from the castles, and at the same time the calthrops, linstocks, stinkballs [pddoras], grenades, and the scorpions for the sails and rigging. At this moment they should sound all the trumpets, and with a lusty cheer from every ship at once they should grapple and fight with every kind of weapon, those with staffed scythes or shear- hooks cutting the enemy ’s rigging, and the others with the fire instruments [trompas y bocas de fuego] raining fire down on the enemy’s rigging and crew.

? 敵既成以迫近，我則當(dāng)發(fā)輕炮；一旦陷入接舷或是抓鉤近戰(zhàn)，所有我述及之兵皆當(dāng)使用：先是如標(biāo)槍、石塊、弩與手銃諸者投射武器，而后是船樓桅盤擲下之火球，與蒺藜、火棒、臭彈、手雷，而后朝敵之風(fēng)帆、索具投擲抓鉤；如是時，當(dāng)吹響各式號角，以各式長兵搏斗，或以長鐮、勾鐮砍斷索具，或以噴火槍朝敵之船員、索具噴射焰火。

? The captain-general should encourage all in the battle, and because he cannot be heard with his voice he should bid the signal for action to be made with his trumpet or flag or with his topsail.

? 將軍之人當(dāng)在作戰(zhàn)中激勵所有人，因為聲音無法被聽到，當(dāng)以號角、旗幟或在頂帆發(fā)號施令。

? And he should keep a look-out in every direction in readiness, when he sees any of his ships in danger, to order the ships of reserve to give succour, if by chance they have not seen it, or else himself to bear in with his own ship

? 而后，將軍之人當(dāng)時刻注意八方，隨時準(zhǔn)備；若察覺有任何船只陷入危險，則調(diào)遣預(yù)備隊以圖救援；若出于偶然無法看到號令，則令其盡己所能。

? The flagship should take great care not to grapple another, for then he could not see what is passing in the. battle nor control it. And besides his own side in coming to help and support him might find themselves out of action; or peradventure if any accident befell him, the rest of the fleet would be left without guidance and would not have care to succour one another, but so far as they were able would fly or take their own course. Accordingly the captain-general should never be of the first who are to grapple nor should he enter into the press, so that he may watch the fighting and bring succour where it is most needed.

? 旗艦應(yīng)當(dāng)小心謹慎，勿與另一艘船發(fā)生纏斗，如此既無法觀察戰(zhàn)斗中之所發(fā)生亦無法控制艦隊；此外，當(dāng)是時若友軍前來援助，其則會察覺自己無能為力；而若旗艦遭到不測，艦隊中其余船只當(dāng)失去指引，其余諸艦間相互支援亦無以為繼，唯逃離或單打獨斗而已。因而，將軍之人不當(dāng)率先率艦格斗，也不應(yīng)當(dāng)陷入戰(zhàn)況焦灼之處，而當(dāng)觀察戰(zhàn)況而將增援遣至所需之所。

? The ships of support in like manner should have care to keep somewhat apart and not to grapple till they see where they should first bring succour. The more they keep clear the more will they have opportunity of either standing off and using their guns, or of coming to close range with their other firearms. Moreover, if any ship, of the enemy takes to flight, they will be able to give chase or get athwart her hawse, and will be able to watch and give succour wherever the captain-general signals.

? 預(yù)備隊亦當(dāng)與戰(zhàn)陣保持一定距離，而非陷入纏斗，除非發(fā)覺何處需當(dāng)即增援；離得愈遠，就愈有機會遠離戰(zhàn)斗用船炮攻擊，或是步入近程則以其余火器短兵相接；除此，若有任何敵船逃跑，則可將其逐獲、攔截；且能聽將軍之人所令增援何處所需。

? The boats in like manner should not close in till they see the ships grappled, and then they should come up on the opposite side in the manner stated above, and carry out their special duties as occasion arises either with their bases, of which each shall carry its own, and with their harquebuses, or else by getting close in and wedging up the rudders, or cutting them and their gear away, or by leaping in upon the enemy, if they can climb in without being seen, or from outside by setting fire to them, or scuttling them with augers.

? 如上，諸舟艇出于同樣的方式遠離戰(zhàn)線，直至察覺有船只陷入纏斗；接著當(dāng)以前述方式出現(xiàn)，時機成熟之際，以小佛郎機擊敵1，或諸人自備火槍，履其職責(zé)，抑或抵近楔死船舵、將其砍斷、而后登上敵舷、跳入敵中，如若爬上船舷時未被發(fā)現(xiàn)；或是從外面放火焚沉，或以螺鉆鑿沉敵艦2。

（注：1：即“Versos”，后裝回旋炮；英文翻譯版作“bases” ，寇菲林樣式的小炮 2：即“Dando barrows”，作者于單船作戰(zhàn)的一章節(jié)中詳細解釋了這類武裝小艇的特殊定位，如下：

? “船只若陷入纏斗，小艇準(zhǔn)備就緒后，當(dāng)在敵船艉處?？?，牢牢固死，首先砍掉其船舵，或是用至少六個楔子將其堵死，如此船只便無法轉(zhuǎn)向或行動；如有更多機會，在未被發(fā)覺時，則在水線以下鉆六個孔洞，如此敵船便會沉沒”

? 該章節(jié)其余部分則涉及對待死傷者的方法、獲勝后如何逐擊、以及艦隊的重整）

II：托馬斯·奧德利的艦隊指令

前言：

? 托馬斯·奧德利（Thomas Audley）根據(jù)亨利八世的命令所起草的戰(zhàn)斗指令可以視作純粹中世紀(jì)后期的英國作戰(zhàn)條例，其書于以側(cè)舷火力為代表的的炮擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)誕生之前，便已為現(xiàn)在戰(zhàn)術(shù)播下了種子。幾乎可以肯定，這些條例是依歷史以來的先例而來，因為奧德利是為一名律師。該份文獻并未注明日期，不過由于其中提及作者在是時并未獲得任何頭銜或封號，因而很可能寫于1531年11月其受封高階律師（Serjeant-at-law）與國王從者（king's serjeant）前，而肯定是不早于1632年五月份其本人追封騎士爵。正是是時，亨利八世步入他的宗教改革，有著充分的理由為國外的復(fù)雜局做好準(zhǔn)備，尤其是與當(dāng)代的海軍領(lǐng)先強國西班牙。

? 正如奧本海默（此指Michael Oppenheim，英國海事史學(xué)家）針對當(dāng)代海軍上將愛德華·霍德華爵士（Sir Edward Howard）于1512年與1513年兩度嘗試進攻法國港口，而最后一次進攻以災(zāi)難而告終所提出的看法那樣，最后兩項堅持所作可能是為了加大作戰(zhàn)議會的權(quán)力。

??

? ? 《英王水師作戰(zhàn)條例》（Orders to be used by the king's Majesty's navy by the sea）[Brit. Mus. Harleian MSS. 309, fol. 42, et seq*]（節(jié)選）：

（注：*：托馬斯·奧德利于亨利八世指揮下所撰寫的海陸軍軍事條例書籍）

? If they meet with the enemy the admiral must apply to get the wind of the enemy by all the means he can, for that is the advantage. No private captain should board the admiral enemy but the admiral of the English, except he cannot come to the enemy’s, as the matter may so fall out without they both the one seek the other. And if they chase the enemy let them that chase shoot no ordnance till he be ready to board him, for that will let his ship’s way.

??

? 如遇到來犯之?dāng)?，海軍上將必須盡其所能以一切方式搶占上風(fēng)位置，如此優(yōu)勢無與倫比；除了英國海軍上將外的任何私人船長禁止登上敵人的旗艦，除非他無法與其他敵艦交戰(zhàn)，因為這樣會導(dǎo)致一艘船與另一艘船間脫節(jié)；而當(dāng)追擊敵人之時當(dāng)禁止船炮開火，直至準(zhǔn)備登舷，以免使自己的船偏離目標(biāo)。

? Let every ship match equally as near as they can, and leave some pinnaces at liberty to help the overmatched. And one small ship when they shall join battle [is] to be attending on the admiral to relieve him, for the overcoming of the admiral is a great discouragement of the rest of the other side.

? 每艘船當(dāng)盡可能的就近與敵作戰(zhàn)，并安置一些小艇自主行動以幫助被擊敗的船只；當(dāng)進入戰(zhàn)斗時，應(yīng)當(dāng)有一艘小船跟隨海軍上將以為支援，而若能擊敗敵方旗艦則會使其士氣大受打擊。

? In case you board your enemy enter not till you see the smoke gone and then shoot off all your pieces, your port-pieces, the pieces of hail-shot, [and] crossbow shot to beat his cage deck, and if you see his deck well ridden then enter with your best men, but first win his tops in any wise if it be possible. In case you see there come rescue bulge the enemy ship [but] first take heed your own men be retired, [and] take the captain with certain of the best with him, the rest [to be] committed to the sea, for else they will turn upon you to your confusion.

? 如要登上敵舷，則需煙霧散去，而發(fā)射艙口炮、霰子炮、你的一切船炮，并用弩箭射擊甲板沿舷之?dāng)?；而若發(fā)覺敵甲板嚴(yán)陣以待，則帶著自己最好的人攻入，不過此先務(wù)必盡可能以任何方式戰(zhàn)勝船樓之?dāng)?。如若發(fā)覺敵前來救援，則先需讓己方撤離，虜獲船長在內(nèi)的要員，鑿沉敵船*；其余人則丟進海里，否則將會向你發(fā)起攻擊，造成混亂。

（注：*：原文此處為“Bulge ”，意為使之沉船（scuttle）；據(jù)說是因為一艘船在滿載或是擱淺沉船時船體會鼓起）

? The admiral ought to have this order before he joins battle with the enemy, that all his ships shall bear a flag in their mizen-tops, and himself one in the foremast beside the mainmast, that everyone may know his own fleet by that token. If he see a hard match with the enemy and be to leeward, then to gather his fleet together and seem to flee, and flee indeed for this purpose till the enemy draw within gunshot. And when the enemy doth shoot then [he shall] shoot again, and make all the smoke he can to the intent the enemy shall not see the ships, and [then] suddenly hale up his tackle aboard*,and have the wind of the enemy. And by this policy it is possible to win the weather-gage of the enemy, and then he hath a great advantage, and this may well be done if it be well foreseen beforehand, and every captain and master made privy to it beforehand at whatsoever time such disadvantage shall happen

? 當(dāng)于敵人交戰(zhàn)之前，海軍上將應(yīng)當(dāng)下達如此軍令：所有船只當(dāng)于后桅頂處懸掛一面旗幟，旗艦的將旗則掛于前桅朝向中桅處，如此每艘船都可以通過這種標(biāo)識認清自己的艦隊。若海軍上將發(fā)覺與敵作戰(zhàn)艱苦并處于下風(fēng)位置，則聚合自己的兵力佯裝敗退，而將敵引入射程之內(nèi)；敵方開炮射擊，我方也應(yīng)當(dāng)如此，盡己所能制造煙霧，使敵無法看清，而后猛然闖入敵中，搶占風(fēng)位。通過這種戰(zhàn)術(shù)將可贏得敵艦的上風(fēng)位置，大獲優(yōu)勢；如若事前知悉，將盡善盡美；而諸位將官船長無論何時遭遇不利都當(dāng)事前將其知曉。

（注：*：原文可能作“hale or haul his tacks aboard”，翻譯依此）

? The admiral shall not take in hand any exploit to land or enter into any harbour enemy with the king’s ships, but he call a council and make the captains privy to his device and the best masters in the fleet or pilots, known to be skilful men on that coast or place where he intendeth to do his exploit, and by good advice. Otherwise the fault ought to be laid on the admiral if anything should happen but well.

? 除非事先召開作戰(zhàn)會議，使諸部將知道其意圖，否則海軍上將不可率領(lǐng)任何國王陛下的船只闖入敵方港口；而艦隊中最優(yōu)秀的船長與領(lǐng)航員，則將在海岸與陸地大顯身手，并提供充分建議。否則，如若發(fā)生任何不測，過錯歸咎于海軍上將自己。

? And if he did an exploit without assent of the captains and [it] proved well, the king ought to put him out of his room for purposing a matter of such charge of his own brain, whereby the whole fleet might fall into the hands of the enemy to the destruction of the king’s people.

??

? 如若海軍上將在無有征得任何部將的同意下擅自發(fā)起行動，即使大獲成功，國王也應(yīng)當(dāng)解除其職位，因其擅作主張，而必將整支艦隊陷入敵手，讓國王陛下的臣民陷入不復(fù)。

?

III：亨利八世所采用的西班牙戰(zhàn)術(shù)

前言：

? 下文兩套條例起草于1545年8月份亨利八世與法國最后一次作戰(zhàn)的第二階段之中。是時上月，法國海軍上將阿訥博氏（即D’Annibault，此指Claude d'Annebault）被迫放棄了對樸茨茅斯和懷特島的進攻企圖，并撤回海岸征召兵員；利勒（Lord Lisle，此指當(dāng)時的利勒子爵兼諾森布蘭公爵約翰·達德利（John Dudley））則正準(zhǔn)備出擊并誘使其行動。

? 可以看出，比起來1530年代所制定的條例，這些指令明顯進步，并流露出查韋斯氏的西班牙戰(zhàn)術(shù)思想的強烈影響。二者在諸多方面上的形似著實引人注目，這或許可以歸因于是時近期亨利八世與查理五世的結(jié)盟。主要區(qū)別在于，亨利艦隊的“兩翼”（wings）由劃槳船只所構(gòu)成。為了使其擁有足夠的作戰(zhàn)能力，亨利的艦隊擁有最新穎與最強悍的槳帆中船（galliasses）與槳帆長船（galleys）——這些船只專為戰(zhàn)斗而建造，皆裝備船槳。如此的原因是因為與之作戰(zhàn)的法國艦隊實質(zhì)是一支混合艦隊，其風(fēng)帆船隊得到了來自地中海分艦隊中的一隊槳帆船的增援。這種在戰(zhàn)術(shù)上將兩者相結(jié)合的嘗試——一種即使當(dāng)代是意大利的海軍將領(lǐng)迄今為止依然無法解決的問題，指向了于海軍指揮藝術(shù)的深入，而這正完全是亨利八世的特點。

? 第一份條例的核心理念，即由最強悍的商船與國王自己的大型戰(zhàn)船組成前鋒的三線陣列，并由較小的武裝商船組成一支強大的后衛(wèi)以為支援，同時兩個槳帆船組成的側(cè)翼則位于三線陣的側(cè)方。前鋒經(jīng)由三線陣的調(diào)整，一般是為頓緩的楔形，第一線由八艘大商船構(gòu)成，主要是雇傭而來的漢薩同盟的商船；第二線則有十艘王家海軍的戰(zhàn)艦與一艘私人大船構(gòu)成；十九艘較次的商船則位于第三線。其戰(zhàn)術(shù)所指顯而易見是如查韋斯氏所述的那樣，由笨重的漢薩同盟商船首當(dāng)其沖承受攻擊，并以此為后方的王家戰(zhàn)船破壞敵方的編隊，而第三線的船只則作為支援。兩個側(cè)翼是為了專門牽制敵方的槳帆船隊，對應(yīng)的是查韋斯氏著中的預(yù)備隊，而其附屬三線陣的重要之處在于后者包含了國王最新式的蓋倫戰(zhàn)船（galleon）。

? 在于8月10日發(fā)布的第二份指令中，該條例得到了大幅度的修改。由于一些本國西南部的船只抵達，艦隊的實力得到增強，重新制定了作戰(zhàn)條例（這份條例印于State Papers, Henry VIII (Old Series), i. 810之中）。盡管編隊仍然保留鈍楔形的樣貌，不過被進行簡化。重組后的陣型是由24艘風(fēng)帆船組成前鋒，40艘組成“本陣”（battaill）或主體，以及40艘排槳的“中船（galliasse）、shallop小船及小艇（boat）”則構(gòu)成一個完整的側(cè)翼。不過重組后的側(cè)翼依然能夠在兩支戰(zhàn)隊間行動，因為與前鋒與本陣不同，這支側(cè)翼戰(zhàn)隊同時擁有一名戰(zhàn)隊將領(lǐng)與一名副將。

??

? ? 利勒子爵的第一份戰(zhàn)斗條例，1545（Lord Lisle，NO.I，1545.）[Le Fleming MSS. No. 2.]*

（注：*：原文中給出組成戰(zhàn)列的每艘艦艇序列，此處略過）

? ? 作戰(zhàn)指令（The Fighting Instructions）：

? ?

? It is to be considered that the ranks must keep such order in sailing that none impeach another. Wherefore it is requisite that every of the said ranks keep right way with another, and take such regard to the observing of the same that no ship pass his fellows forward nor backward nor slack anything, but [keep] as they were in one line, and that there may be half a cable length between every of the ships.

? 應(yīng)當(dāng)考量，在航行中，隊伍必須保持秩序，決不能相互妨礙。因而，每條線陣上的船只必須與另外的保持正確的位置，并需保持注意，任何船只都不能向前向后越過其友軍，亦不能讓陣線松懈，而是讓其維持在一條陣線上，每艘船間盡量保持半鏈*的間距。

（注：*：即cable，等于1/10海里的距離；當(dāng)代的一鏈可能介于169米 215.5米間）

? The first rank shall make sail straight to the front of the battle and shall pass through them, and so shall make a short return to the midwards as they may, and they [are] to have a special regard to the course of the second rank ; which two ranks is appointed to lay aboard the principal ships of the enemy, every man choosing his mate as they may, reserving the admiral for my lord admiral.

??

? 第一條陣線的船只，應(yīng)當(dāng)率先沖向敵陣，穿過其中，而后盡己所能短促后撤陣中，并時刻留心第二條陣線的航向；這兩條陣線當(dāng)攻入敵艦隊主力之中，每艘船皆當(dāng)匹敵交戰(zhàn)，而將敵旗艦留與我海軍上將決斗。

? That every ship of the first rank shall bear a flag of St. George’s cross upon the fore topmast for the space of the fight, which upon the king’s determination shall be on Monday, the 10th of August, anno 1545.

? 作戰(zhàn)期間，第一條陣線上的所有船只應(yīng)當(dāng)在前頂桅處懸掛一面圣喬治旗；依國王陛下決定，戰(zhàn)斗時間為8月10日禮拜一。

? And every ship appointed to the middle rank shall for the space of the fight bear a flag of St. George’s cross upon her mainmast.

? 每艘位于中陣線上的船只，則應(yīng)當(dāng)在主桅處懸掛圣喬治旗。

? And every ship of the third rank shall bear a like flag upon his mizenmast top, and every of the said wings shall have in their tops a flag of St. George.

? 第三條陣線上的所有船只，當(dāng)在后桅處懸掛此面旗幟；兩翼的每艘船當(dāng)在其桅頂懸掛。

? The victuallers shall follow the third rank and shall bear in their tops their flags. Also that neither of the said wings shall further enter into fight; but, having advantage as near anigh* as they can of the wind, shall give succour as they shall see occasion, and shall not give care to any of the small vessels to weaken our force.?

? 輜重船只，應(yīng)當(dāng)緊隨第三條陣線之后，并在桅頂處懸掛自己的旗幟。上述兩翼不得更進一步加入戰(zhàn)斗；除非盡其所能搶占風(fēng)位，視情況給予幫助，且不可將注意力放在小船身上削弱我方力量。

(注：*：原文此處為“a snare a nye”，顯而易見是書寫錯誤；或許應(yīng)當(dāng)為“上述兩翼均不當(dāng)進一步加入戰(zhàn)斗，而是盡可能保持順風(fēng)”（neither of the said wings shall further enter into the fight but as nigh as they can keeping advantage of the wind），意指不失去任何對于敵方的上風(fēng)位置，而對友軍給予援助”

? ? 利勒子爵的第二份戰(zhàn)斗條例（Lord Lisle, No. 2）[Record Office, State Papers, Henry VIII.]

? ? 海軍上將予上述艦隊之命（The Orderfor the said Fleet taken by the Lord Admiral the 10th day of August, 1545）：

? 1.First, it is to be considered that every of the captains with the said ships appointed by this order to the vanward, battle and wing shall ride at anchor according as they be appointed to sail by the said order ; and no ship of any of the said wards or wing shall presume to come to an anchor before the admiral of the said ward.

? 首先，應(yīng)當(dāng)慮及，上述所有被任為前鋒、本陣與側(cè)翼的船長，都應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)所指定啟航地點錨定船只；任何前述護衛(wèi)與側(cè)翼船只，皆不可向前越過其將官的座艦進行停泊。

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? ?2.That every captain of the said wards or wing shall be in everything ordered by the admiral of the same.

? ?護衛(wèi)與側(cè)翼船只的船長，皆當(dāng)在一切事務(wù)上聽從其戰(zhàn)隊將官之令。

? 3.When we shall see a convenient time to fight with the enemies our vanward shall make with their vanward if they have any ; and if they be in one company, our vanward, taking the advantage of the wind, shall set upon their foremost rank, bringing them out of order ; and our vice-admiral shall seek to board their vice-admiral, and every captain shall choose his equal as near as he may.

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? 當(dāng)尋得合適時機發(fā)動作戰(zhàn)之時，若敵有前鋒，則我方前鋒戰(zhàn)隊與其作戰(zhàn)；若敵合為一處整體，前鋒戰(zhàn)隊則搶占風(fēng)位，破入其第一道戰(zhàn)線，使敵陷入混亂；副將應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)法與敵人的副將匹敵，而諸位船長應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可能擇與己相當(dāng)。

? 4.The admiral of the wing shall be always in the wind with his whole company; and when we shall join with the enemies he shall keep still the advantage of the wind, to the intent he with his company may the better beat off the galleys from the great ships.

? 側(cè)翼的將官當(dāng)率領(lǐng)其整支戰(zhàn)隊處于上風(fēng)位處；而當(dāng)本陣將與敵交戰(zhàn)時，其則仍需占據(jù)風(fēng)位，以便與其整支戰(zhàn)隊從大船之中更好的擊敗長船。