黑色字體為原文獻(xiàn)

紅色字體為機(jī)翻 或者讀起來(lái)比較通順? 或者是比較好理解?

藍(lán)色字體為人肉翻，或者機(jī)翻過(guò)于那啥的，或者不好理解的 或者是校正，注釋。。

Deranged Physiology? Required Reading? Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition

精神錯(cuò)亂的生理學(xué)必讀《內(nèi)分泌學(xué)、代謝與營(yíng)養(yǎng)》

?

Physiological adaptation to prolonged starvation

對(duì)長(zhǎng)期饑餓的生理適應(yīng)

This is a summary of the physiological responses to the total or near-total absence of nutrition.

這是對(duì)完全或接近完全缺乏營(yíng)養(yǎng)的生理反應(yīng)的總結(jié)。

The metabolic response to starvation is characterised by a switch from carbohydrate metabolism to fat cmetabolism, in the context of a hypometabolic state, with minimised catabolism.

在低代謝狀態(tài)下，對(duì)饑餓的代謝反應(yīng)的特征是從碳水化合物代謝轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹敬x，分解代謝最小化。

說(shuō)人話：對(duì)于餓了?代謝反應(yīng)的特征是一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變，就是說(shuō) 你餓了，你的代謝特征會(huì)有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變，這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變系蝦米呢，是從碳水分解→脂肪分解，當(dāng)然 這個(gè)有一個(gè)大背景，就是說(shuō)是在低代謝低分解?情況下（這不廢話嘛，人類低分解低代謝肯定要么是虛弱要么餓極了唄。。）

Initially, stores of carbohydrate precursors (eg. glycogen) are depleted.

最初，碳水化合物前體（如糖原）的儲(chǔ)存被耗盡。

Then, in the first 24-48 hours there is increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids and glycerol.

然后，在最初的24-48小時(shí)內(nèi)，氨基酸和甘油的糖異生增加。

Subsequently, ketogenesis takes over, and much of the body metabolic needs are met by ketone bodies and free fatty acids.

隨后，酮體生成占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位，酮體和游離脂肪酸滿足了大部分身體代謝需求。

This is the consequence of decreasing insulin levels, and relatively increased influence from catecholamines and cortisol.

這是胰島素水平下降以及兒茶酚胺和皮質(zhì)醇影響相對(duì)增加的結(jié)果。

說(shuō)人話，上述轉(zhuǎn)變，就是因?yàn)?個(gè)要素，1胰島素降了 2兒茶酚胺增了3皮質(zhì)醇增了

Over prolonged starvation, protein catabolism begins, resulting in degradation of structurally important proteins, and organ system dysfunction.

長(zhǎng)期饑餓后，蛋白質(zhì)分解代謝開始，導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)重要的蛋白質(zhì)降解，器官系統(tǒng)功能障礙。

這句話機(jī)翻有問(wèn)題，實(shí)際上會(huì)導(dǎo)致?系，重要的蛋白會(huì)產(chǎn)生結(jié)構(gòu)上?講解

The physiological adaptation to starvation has been asked about in Question 27 from the second paper of 2013. Specifically, the college wanted to know about the metabolic changes of starvation and the stress response.

Composition and quantity of nutrients stored in the human body

George F Cahill is the guru of food deprivation physiology. His 1970 article "Starvation in Man" remains a masterpiece of scientific writing. Therein one may find a table entitled "Fuel Composition Of Normal Man" which I have uselessly interpreted into another weird cylinder diagram.

Whatever the value of that may be.

2013年第二篇論文的問(wèn)題27中提出了對(duì)饑餓的生理適應(yīng)。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)院想了解饑餓的代謝變化和壓力反應(yīng)。

人體內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分和數(shù)量

喬治·F·卡希爾是食物匱乏生理學(xué)的大師。他1970年的文章《人的饑餓》仍然是科學(xué)寫作的杰作。在那里可以找到一張題為“普通人的燃料成分”的表格，我把它無(wú)用地解釋成了另一張奇怪的氣缸圖。

不管它的價(jià)值是什么。

這一大堆沒啥干貨，就不人肉矯正了。。

Anyway, each of us has about 20-25g of circulating fuel (of which the majority is glucose), worth about 113 calories. If we take this Homo vulgaris to be a 20 year old specimen measuring 70kg and 170cm, we can calculate that at their basal metabolic rate of 1800kcal/day they go through one blood volume worth of calories every 90 minutes.

無(wú)論如何，我們每個(gè)人都有大約20-25克的循環(huán)燃料（其中大部分是葡萄糖），價(jià)值大約113卡路里。如果我們把這個(gè)普通人作為一個(gè)20歲的標(biāo)本，測(cè)量70公斤和170厘米，我們可以計(jì)算出，在他們1800kcal/天的基礎(chǔ)代謝率下，他們每90分鐘消耗一個(gè)血液體積的熱量。

一個(gè)血液體積是什么鬼？然而貌似只能這么翻譯?。。

The total metabolic fuel stores in a normal human body

正常人體內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的總代謝燃料

Thus, the circulating nutrient volume is constantly being consumed and replenished.

因此，循環(huán)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的體積不斷被消耗和補(bǔ)充。

Then, we have a rapidly available glycogen storehouse, of which two thirds resides in the muscle. There is a total 900kcal of this stuff, and it is also constantly being consumed and replenished. It is replenished after meals (when insulin drives glucose into cells and promotes glyconeogenesis) and it is consumed between meals (when glucagon activated glycogenolysis, releasing glucose out of cells).

然后，我們有了一個(gè)快速可用的糖原庫(kù)，其中三分之二存在于肌肉中。這種物質(zhì)總共有900千卡，而且還在不斷地消耗和補(bǔ)充。它在餐后補(bǔ)充（當(dāng)胰島素將葡萄糖驅(qū)動(dòng)到細(xì)胞中并促進(jìn)糖原生成時(shí)），并在餐間消耗（當(dāng)胰高血糖素激活糖原分解，將葡萄糖釋放出細(xì)胞時(shí)）。

糖原有兩種，肝糖原and肌糖原，肌糖原多一些大概占了三分之二。

胰島素能夠把血糖中?葡萄弄到細(xì)胞里，并且把它們變成肝糖原

胰高血糖素則是讓肝糖原分解，讓他們?細(xì)胞里跑到血糖

Glycogen is a poor means of storing energy. It is a starch-like branching molecule, has a low calorie density, only about 4 kcal per gram. Cahill reminds us that this density is actually measured in dried glycogen - in reality, 2g of water is stored together with each 1g of glycogen (in order to maintain intracellular isotonicity) and this dilutes its energy density even further.

糖原是儲(chǔ)存能量的不良手段。它是一種淀粉樣支化分子，熱量密度低，每克僅約4千卡。Cahill提醒我們，這種密度實(shí)際上是用干糖原來(lái)測(cè)量的——事實(shí)上，每1g糖原儲(chǔ)存2g水（以保持細(xì)胞內(nèi)的等滲性），這會(huì)進(jìn)一步稀釋其能量密度。

就是說(shuō) 糖原儲(chǔ)能其實(shí)也就那么回事而已，木有脂肪儲(chǔ)能牛叉。糖原里面有結(jié)合水（我猜的應(yīng)該是結(jié)合水?。。） 這結(jié)合水是為了維持細(xì)胞滲透壓平衡，然后因?yàn)槔锩嬗兴蕴窃瓕?shí)際把水去掉后，儲(chǔ)能就更不咋樣了

Fat, on the other hand, is stored in blobs which are essentially free of water. It is a much more efficient energy storage system. And the vast majority of the fat in the body is available as a metabolic fuel, if push comes to shove. Those blobs are cushioning, they serve a purely cosmetic role and if you need to burn them to survive, so be it- they will not be missed. Not only that, but fat has a far higher energy density - something like 9.4 kcal per gram.

另一方面，脂肪儲(chǔ)存在基本上不含水的團(tuán)塊中。這是一個(gè)效率高得多的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。如果情況緊急，體內(nèi)絕大多數(shù)脂肪都可以作為代謝燃料。這些斑點(diǎn)是緩沖的，它們純粹起到美容的作用，如果你需要燒掉它們來(lái)生存，那就順其自然吧——它們不會(huì)被錯(cuò)過(guò)。不僅如此，脂肪的能量密度也高得多——大約每克9.4千卡。

這些斑點(diǎn)系緩沖?特喵的神馬鬼。。應(yīng)該就是說(shuō)脂肪是用來(lái)緩沖的物質(zhì)，如果你要美容那就燒掉他們

Protein does not come in a fuel storage form. It is structurally important; all of your protein has some function, and to burn it as fuel would be a gesture of desperation. An organism which is consuming its own protein is truly struggling. That said, if your organism is struggling it has some 6kg or so of protein to get through before it dies.

蛋白質(zhì)不是以燃料儲(chǔ)存的形式出現(xiàn)的，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上很重要；你所有的蛋白質(zhì)都有一些功能，把它當(dāng)作燃料燃燒是一種絕望的姿態(tài)。一個(gè)正在消耗自身蛋白質(zhì)的有機(jī)體真的在掙扎。也就是說(shuō)，如果你的生物體正在掙扎，它在死亡前有大約6公斤左右的蛋白質(zhì)需要通過(guò)。

換言之 當(dāng)糖原 脂肪都燒完了，那么離gg，還有6kg蛋白可以燒。

Metabolic adaptation to a brief period of fasting

The main change from the normal pattern is the refusal of the myocardium and skeletal muscle to use glucose. Instead, they switch over exclusively to free fatty acid and ketone metabolism.

短暫禁食的代謝適應(yīng)

與正常模式相比，主要的變化是心肌和骨骼肌拒絕使用葡萄糖。相反，它們完全轉(zhuǎn)向游離脂肪酸和酮的代謝。

The glycogen reserves in humans never get completely depleted. There is at all times a hepatic reserve, waiting to mobilise and rescue the organism from some sort of horrible situation.

人類體內(nèi)的糖原儲(chǔ)備從未完全耗盡。在任何時(shí)候都有一個(gè)肝臟儲(chǔ)備，等待著將生物體從某種可怕的情況下動(dòng)員起來(lái)并拯救出來(lái)。

The diagram below is again a paraphrase of Cahill; the mass of nutrients given in it is the amount consumed in a 24 hour period.

下圖再次是對(duì)卡希爾的轉(zhuǎn)述；其中所含營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量是24小時(shí)內(nèi)所消耗的量。

macronutrient metabolic changes during starvation

饑餓過(guò)程中大量營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)代謝的變化

Furthermore, the Cori cycle plays a more important role. 36g of the daily glucose is converted into lactate, which shuttles back to the liver.

此外，科里循環(huán)發(fā)揮著更重要的作用。每天36克的葡萄糖被轉(zhuǎn)化為乳酸，乳酸被送回肝臟。

介個(gè)循環(huán)我我沒聽過(guò)。。而且。。變回乳酸意義何在？

The liver uses free fatty acids to power the process of gluconeogenesis.

肝臟利用游離脂肪酸為糖異生過(guò)程提供動(dòng)力。

介個(gè)好理解 糖異生分為脂肪 and 氨基酸兩種

Thus, any lactate converted back to glucose is really free fatty acid energy converted to glucose. In essence, all these Cori-cycling anaerobic glycolysis tissues are running on free fatty acid energy, and glucose and lactate merely act as vessels which contain that energy.

因此，任何轉(zhuǎn)化回葡萄糖的乳酸鹽實(shí)際上都是轉(zhuǎn)化為葡萄糖的游離脂肪酸能量。本質(zhì)上，所有這些科里循環(huán)厭氧糖酵解組織都是依靠游離脂肪酸能量運(yùn)行的，而葡萄糖和乳酸只是作為含有這種能量的血管。

這局話半懂不懂，血管翻譯成容器更好吧。。

未完待續(xù)