Neurolinguistics: it refers to the study of the relationship between language and the brain.

?

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are both located in the left hemisphere of the brain, so we may conclude that the procession of language mainly is situated in the left hemisphere. The damage to Broca’s area possibly influences the production of speech whereas there seems to have difficulty in the hearing and understanding of speech if Wernicke’s area is something problematic.

The motor cortex mostly takes control of the movement of muscles, such as the articulatory muscles of the face, jaw, tongue and larynx. The arcuate fasciculus is renowned to forge the connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.

?

The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Sometimes, we cannot recall one familiar word but can recall some words of similar form and meaning. In effect, we know the word but it won’t come to the surface. For example, fire distinguisher (fire extinguisher)

?

The slips of the tongue: there is the interchange of two word-initial sounds. That’s called the slips of the tongue phenomenon. For example, as noble tons of soil (as noble sons of toil). One word-initial sound will be inserted into the sound of the next word. For example, black bloxes (black boxes). The interchange of word-initial sounds is much more common than word-final slips.

?

The slips of the ear: We may misunderstand the meaning of a phrase or sentence on the basis of the same articulation. For example, great ape (grey tape).

?

Broca’s aphasia: there are a lot of symptoms if someone has suffered from Broca’s aphasia, such as the substantial reduction of speech, the frequent omission of functional morpheme and inflection rather than lexical morphemes, the removement of grammatical markers and a lot of pauses and hesitations.

Wernicke’s aphasia: there are also a lot of symptoms if someone has suffered from Wernicke’s aphasia. They may have difficulty in auditory comprehension, meanwhile some words seem to be not come up with.

Conduction: it is associated with the damage to the arcuate fasciculus and is called conduction aphasia. The symptom is the combination between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia. Difficulties in speaking can be accompanied with difficulties in writing. Difficulties in auditory comprehension can lead to difficulties in reading.

?

Dichotic listening: The syllables and words were simultaneously conveyed from a set of earphones to a pair of ears. As a result, participators more correctly identified the sound via the right ear. This is known as the right ear advantage for linguistic sounds. Besides, the non-verbal sounds (music, birds singing, noises) were conveyed in the same way. Consequently, non-verbal sounds were recognized more faster via the left ear, but meanings are processed faster via the right hemisphere.

?

The critical period: We do not emerge from the womb as a fully articulate language-user. During childhood, there is a period when a human child is ready to receive input and learns a particular language as the first language. This is called the critical period.