劉曉艷講語法長難句

一、什么是英語的句子
- 必須具備【主】【謂】結(jié)構(gòu)
- 主語必須是謂語的發(fā)出者(主語必須明確)
- 若有賓語,賓語必須是謂語的承受者
二、英語句子分類
1、主謂:
he died; we laugh(ed)
2、主謂賓:(謂:有實際意義的動詞)
3、主系表:(系:系動詞)
系動詞:be動詞, 感官動詞(look, smell, taste, sound, feel), 變化(become, get), 保持(keep, stay, remain)
4、主謂雙賓:(雙賓:兩個賓語沒關(guān)系)
I bought him a dog.
5、主謂賓賓補(賓補:兩賓之間有關(guān)系)
It makes him happy.
【驗證:】在兩賓間加be動詞,可成立即為賓補。he is a dog(×);he is happy(√)
三、句子的成分(詞性的問題)
1、謂語
(1)謂語的成分:有時態(tài)的【實義動詞】或【系動詞】充當謂語
She love me(×),She loves me(√)
(2)動詞的數(shù)量:只能是1個
①謂語只能是動詞
②動詞只能是謂語
③一句話中不充當謂語的動詞全部都要變成非謂語動詞(v+ing表主動,v+ed表被動,to+v表目的)
beat you is my fault(×);
beating(動名詞) you is my fault(√)
He beating my shoulder, saying nothing, departed.他拍了拍我的肩膀,一句話都沒說就離開了
④多個謂語保留最重要的那一個,分不清哪個最重要留最后一個,故出現(xiàn)【獨立主格】/【分詞作狀語】
我愛你,你愛我:I loving you, you love me即:(“主語”不同)
我是個老師,我喜歡唱歌:Being a teacher, I enjoy singing.(“主語”相同)
(3)動詞能不能少?
當一句話需要動詞而沒有動詞的時候,只能加be動詞,且無實際意義
I against(prep.) you → I am against you.
I angry(adj.) with sb→I am angry with sb.
2、主語
(1)主語的成分
(2)主語的類型:it,there,人稱代詞
- It:作為主語的條件:必須與天氣、溫度、時間有關(guān)系
- there:句子翻譯必須存在“有”的翻譯
there remain/exist/seem
eg:There remain an ocean of elements being responsible for my respective.
eg:If there seems persistence, glories cannot fail to be attained.
如果有(有→there)毅力就一定會成功(無主語→被動)
- 人稱代詞:做主語都可以做被動
eg:Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.
eg: pollution is claimed strikingly、exceedingly grave by an increasing amount of individuals.
3、賓語:和主語的成分一定一致
4、表語:名詞,形容詞,代詞,非謂語動詞,從句,介詞短語
四、簡單句的考點分析
1、寫作(小作文)——不錯就行
(1)不會寫的單詞全部換掉
(2)不會寫的長難句換成簡單句
2、閱讀
(1)一個句子先找動詞
(2)一句話中多個動詞,只要主句的動詞
[辨別:]主句的動詞前沒引導詞
一、什么是并列句:
用連詞連接的兩個句子
I love you, you love that dog.
1、獨立主格:I loving u,u love the dog.
2、連接詞:I love you and u love the dog.
3、從句(前加引導詞):Although I love u, you love the dog.(狀語從句)
二、常見的連詞
1、平行關(guān)系:and, not only...but also..., as well as(只能連接單詞)
同樣地:equally, likewise, similarly, at the same time(同時), in the meanwhile (同時)
2、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but, yet, while, whereas.
然而:however, nevertheless, conversely, unexpectedly, on the contrary, by contrast.
3、選擇關(guān)系:or
alternatively
4、遞進關(guān)系:then
此外,而且:besides,furthermore, moreover ; in addition, subsequently
5、因果關(guān)系:for, so,
thus, therefore, as a consequence, as a result, consequently
三、并列句的考點分析
1、寫作
只要上下句之間有【邏輯關(guān)系】,就一定有【邏輯關(guān)系詞】(連詞、介詞、介詞短語、副詞)
eg:There exist a train of companies coming from the distance so I become more than(非常地) delighted.
so→as a consequence
eg:There exist a train of companies coming from the distance, and as a consequence, I become more than delighted.
- 連詞和其他關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別:連詞的前面要么逗號,要么沒有標點符號;而其他邏輯關(guān)系詞的前面,要么用句號,要么加連詞and.
2、完型:不會有長難句,只考察最基本單詞
3、省略——如何查找省略的內(nèi)容
- 一句話只要有省略,一定是省略連詞后而不是連詞前,所以連詞后有的成分,連詞前通常有?!绻B詞后只有1個成分,連詞前肯定能找到對應成分;連詞后多個成分則未必。
- 分析長難句步驟:謂語→連詞(但兩單詞間的不算)→定語→狀語
一、名詞
1、成分:
(1)主語
(2)賓語:I appreciate the actress
(3)表語
(4)同位語:I enjoy the part, the end.
· 作文中任何一個名詞的后面都可以再加 “, n.” 作為它的同位語出現(xiàn)
eg:My boyfriend, a junior from the apartment of PE(體育專業(yè)的大三學生), looks handsome.
一件壞事/壞行為——“全球普遍現(xiàn)象”
一件好事/好行為——“中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德”
eg:Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the world, has become increasingly grave under modern condition.
2、名詞性從句
從句:引導詞+句子
名詞性從句:名詞在句子能充當?shù)某煞郑瑥木涠寄艹洚?,即名詞性從句。
eg:I appreciate what she did.
eg:She keeps who I admire
(1)主語從句
(2)賓語從句
(3)表語從句
(4)同位語從句
3、名詞性從句的引導詞
名詞性從句的引導詞是按照從句的句子類型分類,一共把引導詞分為3類
(1)that:從句是陳述句,并且that在從句中不充當任何成分,也沒有意思
eg:That she has got divorced is conspicuous
(2)whether:當從句是一般疑問句時不充當任何成分,但翻譯為“是否”
eg:Whether she got divorced remains a mystery.
(3)特殊疑問詞(when,where...):當從句是特殊疑問句時
eg:When she got divorced remains a mystery.
eg:The point seems when wealth will be available for you.關(guān)鍵是你什么時候有錢
- 英語中所有的從句一定都是陳述句的形式,也就是引導詞+主語+謂語的形式
4、名詞性從句的考點分析
(1)完形填空:
(2)寫作:【同位語從句】和【主語從句】是滿分句型,可以寫在任何句子之前以拉長句子。
eg:It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.(即把主語從句放到句末,加it來做形式主語)
eg同:The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.(同位語可以放在句末,但自己在作文不要寫)
eg同:The outlook that individuals from henan province tends to be deceivers remains wrong.
eg:Wearing my own shoes is(=proves) not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
穿自己的鞋,不僅方便,而且不用考慮別人的感受。
(3)長難句分析
能夠快速識別各個名詞性從句,并且把他們通順的翻譯出來
①主語從句:當引導詞放在句首的,并且從句后沒有被逗號隔開,就一定是主語從句。
- 主語從句從句首開始,到主句的謂語動詞結(jié)束。
- 主語從句從it開始,到句末結(jié)束(避免頭重腳輕)
eg主:
eg狀:
②賓語從句:實意動詞的后面有引導詞,就暫定為賓語從句;但實意動詞后可有狀語從句,也可有賓語動詞
- 只有賓語從句的that可以省略,但正式文體中不可以有省略
eg賓:She said that she would marry a rich man
③表語從句:系動詞后有引導詞,一定是表語從句
④同位語從句:n后有引導詞,98%是定語從句,2%是同位語從句(幾乎不可能是)。
一、什么是定語: ...的n.
二、定語的成分:
1、形容詞
eg:The naive nightingale lost his life.
2、名詞
eg: The singing(歌聲) of the nightingale enables the rose to bloom.
3、介詞短語
eg: The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.
4、非謂語
eg:The singing nightingale died pitifully.
5、從句
三、位置
前小后大
【特殊1】形容詞修飾不定代詞時,放在不定代詞后
eg:Do you have something special
【特殊2】過去分詞修飾名詞時,即使只有一個單詞也放在名詞后。
eg:The boy discarded looks pitiful
四、定語從句構(gòu)成
1、構(gòu)成:n+引導詞+句子。
2、引導詞:按照先行詞的種類分5類共8個
①人:who whom whose(that在正式文體不能指人)
②物:that which whose
eg: The rose (that) the nightingale exchangde his life was discarded.
③地點:where what which
④時間:when(adv.) that which
eg:I will never forget the day (when) I met you. 副詞不能充當成分
eg:I will never forget the day (that/which) we spent
⑤原因:why what which
eg: You had better have no reason (why) you are late.
3、誰決定用哪個引導詞
(1)先行詞,(2)引導詞在從句中充當?shù)某煞?/p>
分類新標準:
(1)代詞(充當主語/賓語的成分):who whom that which
(2)副詞(不充當主語/賓語的成分):where when why
(3)形容詞(從句中修飾離他最近的名詞):whose
4、定語從句的特殊用法
(1)如果先行詞和引導詞之間有介詞,人不用who,只能用whom;物不用that,只能用which
eg:I will never forget the day on (which) I met you.
eg:He is the man from (whom) wr should to learn.
(2)區(qū)別限制和非限制性定語從句
eg:I love my teacher, who looks elegant我喜歡那個老師,她看起來(也)很漂亮
eg:I love my teacher who looks elegant.我喜歡那個漂亮的老師
非限制性定語從句在長難句分析時,就相當于插入語,可以完全不看
(3)that 引導的定語從句,如果在從句中充當賓語,that可以省略
在分析長難句時,若看到兩個名詞或代詞直接放在一起,中間沒有被任何連詞/引導詞隔開,此時通常是省略that的定語從句
(4)
eg: He is the same man that I love他就是我愛的那個男人
eg:He is the same man as I love他就像我愛的那個男人
5、考點分析
1、寫作:只要在作文中見到名詞,都可以給他加一個定語的成分,把句子拉長
(1)萬能定語:
n1 as well as n2 和 such as...
eg:
eg:Reading books such as little prince, a nightingale and a rose, and Jane Ayer can broaden horizon of all ordinary citizens(所有人).
(2)學會合句子
我昨天去逛街,遇到一個女生,她的媽媽很漂亮→我昨天去逛街遇到了一個媽媽很漂亮的女生
eg:I, going shopping yesterday, came across a lady whose mother looks elegant.
2、長難句分析
(1)定語從句是對前面名詞的修飾,同位語是對前面名詞的解釋
(2)that如果充當成分就是定語從句,不充當成分就是同位語從句
(3)定語從句的先行詞可以是所有名詞(一個人是不能被完全限定的),而同位語從句的先行詞只能是抽象名詞!(dream,rumor,fact...)
(4)定語從句的引導詞有8個,而同位語從句的引導詞通常是that
(5)只要n后的東西不是謂語,就暫定為定語從句(狀語也有可能)
(6)如果主句的謂語動詞在定語之前的話,定語就從名詞后開始,通常到句末結(jié)束
一個大定語通常套有很多個小定語,翻譯成定語3的定語2的定語1的n.
eg:I love Liu from Henan/ with a large population/ kind as well as diligent.
6、定語和定語從句的最難點
(1)尋找先行詞:離他最近的名詞
(2)離他最近的幾個并列的名詞
(3)定語從句的先行詞是離他最近的從句
(4)定語從句的先行詞是一整個句子
(5)定語從句的先行詞和引導詞之間被一些東西隔開了
1、動詞能充當?shù)某煞?/p>
(1)分類:
①系動詞
②助動詞:一句話中幫助謂語構(gòu)成時態(tài)、被動、否定和疑問的詞。
I am going to be lawyer
I am beaten.
Do you love me?
③情態(tài)動詞:表明說話人主觀態(tài)度的詞
- 表示對現(xiàn)在和將來的推測:情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形
eg:Mr. Yu must be wealthy一定有
Mr. Yu cannot be wealthy.一定沒
- 表示對過去的推測
eg:Mr.Yu must have been(過去一定做過) self-biased(自卑的) in his university.
eg:You needn't(本不應該做卻做了) shown your love in this way.
eg:I could have(本能做卻沒做) become a prominent poet
eg:They should have(本應該做卻沒做) got married if there existed a chance
eg:Women could have earned much money but
④實義動詞: