*Fighting instructions, 1530-1816，Sir Julian Stafford Corbett

前言：

? 在伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治期間，沒有任何已知的作戰(zhàn)條例，也沒有任何跡象表明這一時(shí)代的海軍上將曾經(jīng)下達(dá)過合規(guī)的戰(zhàn)斗命令。甚至于，海軍上將霍德華在1588年的那支大艦隊(duì)，在拆分成若干個(gè)分艦隊(duì)（squadrons）前也曾兩度與西班牙艦隊(duì)作戰(zhàn)；而如果在其統(tǒng)治末期有任何這類指令，曾在詹姆斯一世時(shí)代的英國(guó)海軍中服役、并在查理一世統(tǒng)治初期便就這一主旨寫著的Nathaniel Boteler亦不會(huì)就此一無所知。后者在其事關(guān)海上作戰(zhàn)的叩答合編中，盡管六篇主題為“如何在航行、逐擊、接舷與作戰(zhàn)中指揮艦隊(duì)”（Ordering of Fleets in Sailing, Chases, Boardings and Battles），然而這些據(jù)所知從未被付諸實(shí)踐，其本人也仍然無法提供海軍所用過的任何一款。這種反常毫不奇怪。盡管伊麗莎白時(shí)代的海軍將領(lǐng)在遣送的信件中，有許多言語之于戰(zhàn)略之上，然而對(duì)我們所理解的艦隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)術(shù)卻只字未提。艦艇作戰(zhàn)（naval warfare）觀念的主導(dǎo)、船只的日益靈便、火炮搭載裝置的改良、英國(guó)之于火炮與炮術(shù)方面所取得的獨(dú)特進(jìn)步皆使戰(zhàn)術(shù)從登舷作戰(zhàn)迅速偏向于側(cè)舷炮擊，放大了單艘艦艇機(jī)動(dòng)能力的價(jià)值，并放棄了基于小型武器短兵相接的舊式半軍事編隊(duì)（semi-military formation）。

? 與之同時(shí)，盡管海軍將領(lǐng)或是沒有足夠的憂慮，或是沒有充分的先進(jìn)力量以制定適應(yīng)其新式武器的作戰(zhàn)條例，然而許多跡象表明，他們?cè)谟幸饣蚴菬o意間開發(fā)了一種基于側(cè)舷炮擊的固有趨勢(shì)，即，在行動(dòng)中船隊(duì)朝艏方向排成一道粗略的縱隊(duì)；同時(shí)，這種做法通常視情況分成若干小組（groups），每組戰(zhàn)隊(duì)在敵方的薄弱之處次序用側(cè)舷的火力給予攻擊。而對(duì)于那些武裝商船來說，造遵循這一作戰(zhàn)構(gòu)想近乎不可能：后者在其所為人見識(shí)的模糊畫作中，組成松散的集群發(fā)動(dòng)攻擊，而開火時(shí)的煙霧則阻礙了彼此。不過伊麗莎白一世的戰(zhàn)船是否沒有遵循任何指令作戰(zhàn)，則尚不可知。當(dāng)?shù)吕卓伺c霍德華的聯(lián)合艦隊(duì)第一次被西班牙遠(yuǎn)征艦隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)之時(shí)，兩名西班牙目擊者稱其是為“呈線列狀”（in ala）而“井然有序”；而懸掛于上議院上描繪西班牙艦隊(duì)的掛毯畫中的第二副中，則實(shí)際上描繪了英國(guó)艦隊(duì)列隊(duì)成縱（line ahead）由普利茅斯港出航的場(chǎng)景，并以類似而卻已然無序的陣型發(fā)起進(jìn)攻。而毫無疑問，無論伊麗莎白時(shí)代初生的縱列戰(zhàn)術(shù)走的多遠(yuǎn)，其本質(zhì)仍基于次要戰(zhàn)術(shù)的問題，而非是出于陣型條例的考量；而與其說是精心制定的作戰(zhàn)體系的完美演繹，不如說是出于人之本能。當(dāng)代唯一擁有實(shí)際記錄的艦隊(duì)編隊(duì)仍然是基于舊式橫隊(duì)線陣，而僅僅用以檢閱儀式。烏巴爾蒂尼（即彼得魯喬·烏巴爾蒂尼（Petruccio Ubaldini），亨利八世與伊麗莎白一世時(shí)代的佛羅倫薩傭兵）在其第二部記敘著作中稱這種戰(zhàn)術(shù)是受到弗朗西斯·德雷克的啟發(fā)，他提到當(dāng)?shù)吕卓寺逝烋傠x普利茅斯港與霍德華會(huì)合時(shí)德雷克“自港口出航與之（即霍德華）合兵一處，率三十艘船，皆列一陣而行，間三船之距，堂皇之陣列出于其精湛勤勉之手；pinnace、小艇陣前探去，似為偵察所近之船，是為其職”（He sallied from port to meet him with his thirty ships in equal ranks, three ships deep, making honourable display of his masterly and diligent handling, with the pinnaces and small craft thrown forward as though to reconnoitre the ships that were approaching, which is their office）；而在對(duì)于1588年戰(zhàn)役令人不快的模糊敘述之中，這一描述比那些近乎無有的作戰(zhàn)指令更加具體。

? ?直至1596年遠(yuǎn)征西印度群島的行動(dòng)結(jié)束，霍金斯與霍德華皆早已去世后，登陸部隊(duì)的指揮官托馬斯·巴斯克維爾爵士（Colonel-General Sir thomas Baskerville）被滯留以負(fù)責(zé)艦隊(duì)撤離事務(wù)之時(shí)，今人方能得到確切的作戰(zhàn)陣型的蛛絲馬跡。在皮諾斯島（Isla de Pinos）附近的行動(dòng)中，就其晦澀難懂的敘述而言，他似乎將艦隊(duì)分為兩支并駕齊驅(qū)的戰(zhàn)隊(duì)，每支戰(zhàn)隊(duì)皆縱列而航，而王師的戰(zhàn)船則至少被描述成依據(jù)先前的指定連貫而航直至所有船只都“位于自己的航線之上”（had their course）而引人矚目。另一邊，亨利·薩維爾 (Henry Savile)對(duì)于其指揮官近乎荒唐而熱情的辯護(hù)被Richard Hakluyt記錄于自己的著作之中，他更進(jìn)一步，“我們統(tǒng)帥最為重要，因而一直保持自己的位置，直至依戰(zhàn)斗命令，其余船只按照他以前的指令輪換而去，而他本人亦是如此精明的號(hào)令前鋒與后衛(wèi)；這種作戰(zhàn)方式對(duì)于西班牙人來說完全陌生，如果他們的統(tǒng)帥有著明智判斷，則能看出他們毫無勝算?！保∣ur general was the foremost and so held his place until, by order of fight, other ships were to have their turns according to his former direction, who wisely and politicly had so ordered his vanguard and rearward ; and as the manner of it was altogether strange to the Spaniard, so might they have been without hope of victory, if their general had been a man of judgment in seafights）

? 如果薩維爾所言為實(shí)，那么新式縱隊(duì)必然早已實(shí)現(xiàn)制定了明確的作戰(zhàn)指令，而很可能在1588年戰(zhàn)役之后數(shù)年里，海上的指揮官一直密切關(guān)注于一類新式的戰(zhàn)術(shù)體系，只是缺乏海軍行動(dòng)的實(shí)踐而只是無法得到發(fā)展而已；而若這一構(gòu)想是巴斯克維爾說獨(dú)有，那么其議戰(zhàn)會(huì)中的資深海上將領(lǐng)則當(dāng)不太可能將其接納。而無論如何，足以斷言，讓艦隊(duì)連貫而行進(jìn)行攻擊的構(gòu)想是為了讓諸艦在不阻礙相互間火力的同時(shí)互相提供支援這類想法（這是縱列戰(zhàn)術(shù)的核心之要）已然催生，而巴斯克維爾的戰(zhàn)術(shù)之所蘊(yùn)含則顯而易見是為20年后沃爾特·羅利爵士的作戰(zhàn)指令之根基。

? 亨利八世時(shí)代以來的的第一份為人所知的予英國(guó)艦隊(duì)指令，為1617年5月3日沃爾特·雷利爵士于普利茅斯港所簽發(fā)的條例，是時(shí)他正準(zhǔn)備前往圭亞命運(yùn)多舛的征途。這份條例的大部分內(nèi)容主旨為“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)條款”（Articles of War）與“航行指南”（Sailing Instructions），只有少部分是“作戰(zhàn)條例”（Fighting Instructions）；不過出于這些條款的普遍意義，下文以全篇列出。雷利爵士傳記的作者，愛德華茲（Edward Edwards）在其著作《沃爾特·雷利爵士生平史》（The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh）一書中引用了以為當(dāng)代作家的言語稱“如此敬虔、威嚴(yán)、尚武的朝堂前從未有，（這些條例）宜當(dāng)刻入每人靈魂，而轉(zhuǎn)換與為國(guó)為王爭(zhēng)榮的力量源泉之中”。不過，這并非單純從字面上解讀。至少就作戰(zhàn)律則而言，雷利爵士的一些內(nèi)容并非原創(chuàng)，而是可以追溯到十四世紀(jì)的《海軍部黑皮書》（Black Book of the Admiralty）之中；而整個(gè)安排的不合邏輯指明，就如十八世紀(jì)的附加戰(zhàn)斗條款一樣，隨著個(gè)別海軍將領(lǐng)不時(shí)的增添遠(yuǎn)征作戰(zhàn)時(shí)的戰(zhàn)斗指令，整部指令從一個(gè)先例再到另一個(gè)先例那樣逐漸臃腫。除此之外，亦有證據(jù)表明，除了那些除了雷利爵士航行的特殊目的而立的條款之外，其余條目皆是基于早先伊麗莎白時(shí)代的先例。對(duì)于英國(guó)戰(zhàn)術(shù)史來說，這點(diǎn)異常重要，尤其是這些條例的第29款：其中規(guī)定了如何在風(fēng)位被占據(jù)的情況下發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻。盡管難以想象，一位先前無有海上艦隊(duì)行動(dòng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之人會(huì)想到如此原本而行之有效的戰(zhàn)術(shù)構(gòu)建，不過迄今為止這些條款依然被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)代最新式的，而極有可能就是出自雷利爵士自己之手。不過，雷利爵士從跟早期的一些列指令中將其借用的證據(jù)相當(dāng)明晰。

? 一小本藏于于斯托宮手稿（Stowe MSS.）的四對(duì)開尺寸的論著（第426號(hào)），其題為“對(duì)于在我國(guó)海岸附近處進(jìn)行海上作戰(zhàn)的評(píng)論與建議以及何種陣列與律則適與作戰(zhàn)及指揮我海軍迎擊西班牙艦隊(duì)或其他隨時(shí)可能的來犯之?dāng)车臏?zhǔn)備”（Observations and overtures for a sea fight upon our own coasts, and what kind of order and discipline is fitted to be used in martialling and directing our navies against the preparations of such Spanish Armadas or others as shall at any time come to assail us）；直接的內(nèi)政證據(jù)來自于斯托宮手稿的另一副本（第213號(hào)）之中，據(jù)所知其為“William Gorges, gentleman”所作，其本人被認(rèn)定是為Sir William Gorges之子：作中透露出他曾經(jīng)在1578年隨父于在“無畏”號(hào)（Dreadnought）上遠(yuǎn)航，是時(shí)威廉爵士正在愛爾蘭駐地?fù)?dān)任海軍統(tǒng)帥，率一支分艦隊(duì)奉命阻攔于教皇格里高利十三世主持下托馬斯·斯圖克利爵士（Sir Thomas Stucley）即將發(fā)動(dòng)的遠(yuǎn)征。威廉爵士是為沃爾特·雷利爵士的堂表親，亦是Sir Arthur Gorges兄弟，后者即雷利爵士1597年遠(yuǎn)征亞速爾群島的統(tǒng)帥，并出于與雷利相同的利益而撰寫了珀切斯（Samuel Purchas)所刊發(fā)的是役記敘。盡管小威廉自如的運(yùn)用了1588年戰(zhàn)役之中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，然而他并不為人所知曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任過海軍指揮官，其本人也成自己“毫無經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。因而足以認(rèn)定，他的論述只要是受到了雷利爵士的啟示，而往往相當(dāng)大部分需歸功于爵士本人。然而這點(diǎn)并不重要，重要之處在于其論述末尾所附加的一系列作為先例的艦隊(duì)指令，而顯然是雷利爵士之所著的來源。這些指令著于十四篇條款之中，主要包括航海指令，即類似后來出現(xiàn)在雷利爵士所著之中的那些；第十五篇涉及如何處理船員之間的斗毆與流血事件，第十六篇?jiǎng)t是規(guī)定如何晨禱和晚禱，并附有值守時(shí)的贊詩(shī)，并進(jìn)一步規(guī)定任何無故缺席之人當(dāng)遭“腳鐐”（bilboes）之懲且在12小時(shí)內(nèi)提供面包與水。不過，最后這整條關(guān)于提高船員虔誠(chéng)的嚴(yán)苛規(guī)定被匆忙而不那么文質(zhì)的匆匆劃去，取而代之的則是空白處的另一篇，而幾乎與雷利爵士于第一篇之中的一字不差；而同一人也劃去了截止至十六條的全部條款，并指出事關(guān)祈禱的新條款將置于首位。接下來的條款則無論是在指令還是表述上都與雷利爵士所寫密切相關(guān)，其以第36篇結(jié)尾，而雷利爵士事關(guān)圭亞那登陸行動(dòng)的特別條款正從此開始；事關(guān)進(jìn)攻方式重要的第29篇?jiǎng)t與Gorges的近乎一致。不過，雷利爵士有幾篇條款并不在 Gorges所著之中，而如果這兩組條款并非逐字不差的相同，那么雷利爵士所寫的更為完整，而顯而易見是由后者的先例擴(kuò)充而來。如此，加之除了祈禱章之外的其他修正篇都體現(xiàn)在雷利爵士的條款之中，幾乎毫無疑問， Gorges之所記錄更為古老，正是雷利爵士所依據(jù)的先例。

? ?Gorges的條款文章日期中有一處明顯的難處，不過不必糾結(jié)。整篇條款于1618年或是次年3月16號(hào)獻(xiàn)與新任海軍大臣（lord high admiral）白金漢公爵，不過其跡象表明寫作時(shí)間更加久遠(yuǎn)，且無論如何獻(xiàn)策時(shí)的時(shí)間都絕非附錄中指令的所作日期。真正的重要之處，在于 Gorges所著之中的指令比雷利爵士要早多久，而是否能確認(rèn)其大致時(shí)間。無疑，做不到任何程度的精確，不過盡管如此并非毫無頭緒：

? 首先，對(duì)于禱告缺席行為的嚴(yán)厲懲罰，完全是都鐸時(shí)代的特點(diǎn)；其次是雷利爵士省略了其中的一篇條款，其與如何使用銃箭（musket-arrows）有關(guān)。 Gorges的條款中如此寫道“若使銃箭，需注意使用常規(guī)裝藥的一半弱，否則更多的發(fā)藥將使箭矢多射出一倍”（If musket-arrows be used, to have great regard that they use not but half the ordinary charge of powder, otherwise more powder will make the arrow fly double），而據(jù)所知，這些銃箭于西班牙艦隊(duì)時(shí)代就以其足以穿透能夠防備火器的甲胄而備受青睞。此類火器是純粹的英國(guó)武備，1593年理查德·霍金斯（ Richard Hawkins，約翰·霍金斯之子）前往南海*的航途中就曾將其使用。銃箭的效用得到了理查德的高度褒揚(yáng)，不過盡管如此，這些武備似乎已然過時(shí)，且無有在詹姆斯時(shí)代使用的痕跡。

（注：*：即“South Sea”，當(dāng)代指墨西哥灣）

? 附錄內(nèi)容的首篇的標(biāo)題中還有一處更具暗示的跡象，其題為“設(shè)使國(guó)王陛下的一支二三十船艦隊(duì)將駛往如金賽爾港在內(nèi)的愛爾蘭西部地區(qū)行動(dòng)而獻(xiàn)策于海軍統(tǒng)帥于指揮艦隊(duì)穿越窄海之時(shí)以便在遭遇任何因天氣或逐擊而遇險(xiǎn)或分散的情況下更好整合艦隊(duì)與相互援助的指令與說明”（A form of orders and directions to be given by an admiral in conducting a fleet through the Narrow Seas for the better keeping together or relieving one another upon any occasion of distress or separation by weather or by giving chase for the understanding whereof suppose that a fleet of his majesty’s consisting of twenty or thirty sail were bound for serving on the west part of Ireland as Kinsale haven for example），其中的“His majesty”一詞表明其是為于詹姆斯一世時(shí)代所撰寫，不過為何Gorges選擇這一奇怪的例子來解釋其指令？只需牢記，正是恰好如此情形之下，其隨其父從征，因而至少有如此可能：即這些指令是為搬抄了老威廉于西班牙艦隊(duì)的十年前所發(fā)布的一些命令或是將其改編。無疑自伊麗莎白逝后無有任何情況足以讓何位作者產(chǎn)生如此構(gòu)想，而Gorges首篇條款所提及的集合處這是老威廉自然而然所考慮之處。證據(jù)如此不確定的情形下，自然無法追求準(zhǔn)確。所能確認(rèn)的是Gorges所附錄的內(nèi)容指出了如此一種可能性，即雷利爵士那條引人注目的第29條很可能在伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治中期便已出現(xiàn)，而之所以未能在任何一位伊麗莎白時(shí)代的海軍名將的著作中留存，要么是因?yàn)槠渌鶉诟赖膽?zhàn)術(shù)被視為海上作戰(zhàn)的機(jī)密，要么是過于陳腐而司空見慣以至于無須贅述。不管如何，對(duì)于Gorges的前例，不能打包票說這些最基礎(chǔ)的縱列航行陣列與連貫而行發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻的方式出于雷利爵士之手，亦或是與西班牙艦隊(duì)作戰(zhàn)的當(dāng)代人對(duì)此一無所知。

? 在其他意義非凡的條款中，應(yīng)當(dāng)注意當(dāng)注意如下條例，其揭示了英國(guó)海軍的傳統(tǒng)根基是多么牢固：第25條，其事關(guān)炮手；第26條，禁止越過近戰(zhàn)射程* (Point-blank range)進(jìn)行動(dòng)作；尤其是第5和第6條，其旨在消除差船上水手與士兵的一切差別而確保海陸部隊(duì)之間的統(tǒng)籌：這正是戰(zhàn)時(shí)出于國(guó)族本能的特有卓雀之處。至于伊麗莎白時(shí)代進(jìn)攻陣列所依據(jù)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)原則，需指出，那便是打擊敵之士氣——使其陷入“徹底潰亂”（utter confusion）之中：這點(diǎn)異常重要，因?yàn)檫@種戰(zhàn)術(shù)概念一直保持其地位，直至最終為集中部分艦隊(duì)兵力的構(gòu)想所取而代之。

（注：*：即槍炮無需瞄準(zhǔn)便能直接開火的距離，意指要竭力避免陷入接舷作戰(zhàn)）

? ? 沃爾特·雷利爵士的作戰(zhàn)指令，1617年（SIR WALTER RALEGH, 1617）[State Papers Domestic xcii. f. 9.]

? ? 由騎士沃爾特·雷利爵士負(fù)責(zé)與指揮的航往阿美利加或其他地方的艦隊(duì)與陸上連隊(duì)的指揮官應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循的作戰(zhàn)條例

? ? 發(fā)行于1617年德文郡，普利茅斯港

? （Orders to be observed by the commanders of the fleet and land companies under the charge and conduct of Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, bound for the south parts of America or elsewhere.

? （Given at Plymouth in Devon, the 3rd of May, 1617）

? First. Because no action nor enterprise can prosper, be it by sea or by land, without the favour and assistance of Almighty God, the Lord and strength of hosts and armies, you shall not fail to cause divine service to be read in your ship morning and evening, in the morning before dinner, and in the evening before supper, or at least (if there be interruption by foul weather) once in the day, praising God every night with the singing of a psalm at the setting of the watch.

? 先是，出于無有萬能之主、萬軍主宰與力量之眷顧與援助，就無有任何行動(dòng)與偉業(yè)能成功，于早晚兩餐前，需于船上宣讀禮拜共二次，不可褻瀆；或至少每日一拜，如若因天氣而中斷；于晚值守時(shí)則唱贊詩(shī)以頌主。

? 2. You shall take especial care that God be not blasphemed in your ship, but that after admonition given, if the offenders do not reform themselves, you shall cause them of the meaner sort to be ducked at yard-arm ; and the better sort to be fined out of their adventure. By which course if no amendment be found, you shall acquaint me withal, delivering me the names of the offenders. For if it be threatened in the Scriptures that the curse shall not depart from the house of the swearer, much less shall it depart from the ship of the swearer.

? 需留心萬分，不可使主于船上遭到褻瀆，但如若于訓(xùn)誡后褻瀆之人無改過，當(dāng)將其中卑劣者牢于桁端（？），良善者則當(dāng)以其冒犯而罰以金；如若如此而未悔改，當(dāng)使我知道，將褻瀆之人名姓與我；圣經(jīng)曰：若主遭褻瀆，則詛咒當(dāng)伴隨褻瀆者居所之旁，更當(dāng)伴隨其航途左右。

? 3. Thirdly, no man shall refuse to obey his officer in all that he is commanded for the benefit of the journey. No man being in health shall refuse to watch his turn as he shall be directed, the sailors by the master and boatswain, the landsmen by their captain, lieutenant, or other officers.

? 其三，任何人都不當(dāng)拒絕服從其長(zhǎng)吏為航徒利益的一切號(hào)令；任何健康之人，于指定之時(shí)，輪換所職，都不當(dāng)拒絕，船主、帆長(zhǎng)掌水手，船長(zhǎng)*、尉官等掌其兵。

（注：*：當(dāng)代船長(zhǎng)“captain”實(shí)質(zhì)為陸上部隊(duì)的統(tǒng)率）

? 4. You shall make in every ship two captains of the watch, who shall make choice of two soldiers every night to search between the decks that no fire or candlelight be carried about the ship after the watch be set, nor that any candle be burning in any cabin without a lantern ; and that neither, but whilst they are to make themselves unready. For there is no danger so inevitable as the ship firing, which may also as well happen by taking of tobacco between the decks, and therefore [it is] forbidden to all men but aloft the upper deck.

? 每艘船上，當(dāng)于士兵之中則二人任值守長(zhǎng)于值時(shí)后巡視甲板查可有火焰燭光，艙內(nèi)可有燭火無在燈中；即便無，也不當(dāng)松懈；因無有任何危險(xiǎn)如船只或因甲板間的煙火而失火般必然陷入不復(fù)，因而除了露天甲板外其他人都當(dāng)禁止如此。

? 5. You shall cause all your landsmen to learn the names and places of the ropes, that they may assist the sailors in their labour upon the decks, though they cannot go up to the tops and yards.

? 船上士兵，盡管既無法爬上桅桿，亦無法上到帆桁，亦當(dāng)讓其知曉所有帆索、支索所為何名，位于何處，以便于甲板協(xié)助水手。

? *6. You shall train and instruct your sailors, so many as shall be found fit, as you do your landsmen, and register their names in the list of your companies, making no difference of professions, but that all be esteemed sailors and all soldiers, for your troops will be very weak when you come to land without the assistance of your seafaring men.

? 當(dāng)擇水手應(yīng)有盡適，如當(dāng)陸上士兵般訓(xùn)練、指引，記其名姓記于連隊(duì)冊(cè)中，不分其職，所有士兵、水手當(dāng)一視同仁尊重；如若登岸作戰(zhàn)時(shí)無有水手援助，你的部下將羸弱萬分。

? 7. You shall not give chase nor send abroad any ship but by order from the general, and if you come near any ship in your course, if she be belonging to any prince or state in league or amity with his majesty, you shall not take anything from them by force, upon pain to be punished as pirates ; although in manifest extremity you may (agreeing for the price) relieve yourselves with things necessary, giving bonds for the same. Provided that it be not to the disfurnishing of any such ship, whereby the owner or merchant be endangered for the ship or goods.

? 除非有旗艦之命，否則不可追逐任何船只、亦不可遣你的人馬登上其舷；如若有船只處于你的航線之上，該船恰好為任何與國(guó)王陛下結(jié)為聯(lián)盟或友善的國(guó)家與親王所屬，盡管于險(xiǎn)急之情，只需無有從諸如此類船只劫掠，使船只商賈因船只或貨物而受脅迫，可商談價(jià)格，付所相當(dāng)，易必須之物緩解其急，但不得強(qiáng)行從中帶走任何物品，否則以海盜論處。

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? *8. You shall every night fall astern the general’s ship, and follow his light, receiving instructions in the morning, what course to hold. And if you shall at any time be separated by foul weather, you shall receive billets sealed up, the first to be opened on this side the North Cape,1 if there be cause, the second to be opened beyond the South Cape,2 the third after you shall pass 23 degrees, and the fourth from the height of Cape Verd.3

? 每晚時(shí)分，當(dāng)率艦撤至旗艦之后，隨其航燈，旦日受其號(hào)令，知何航途；如若任何時(shí)刻，出于惡劣天氣，隊(duì)伍即將分散，則你將收到密封信令，于事出有因，啟第一封于北角，第二封于南角，第三封于南向越過23度緯線后，第四封于維德角。

（注：1：即Cape Finisterre，菲尼斯特雷角；2：即Cape st vincent，圣文森特角；3：原文拼寫為“Cape Devert”）

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? 9. If you discover any sail at sea, either to windward or to leeward of the admiral, or if any two or three of our fleet shall discover any such like sail which the admiral cannot discern, if she be a great, ship and but one, you shall strike your main topsail and hoist it again so often as you judge the ship to be hundred tons of burthen ; or if you judge her to be 200 tons to strike and hoist twice ; if 300 tons thrice, and answerable to your opinion of her greatness.

? 若你在海上發(fā)現(xiàn)任何船只，如果是艘形單影只的大帆船，無論之于旗艦上風(fēng)或下風(fēng)，亦或艦隊(duì)中的任何兩三搜發(fā)現(xiàn)了旗艦無法辨認(rèn)的類似船只，當(dāng)你判斷這艘船有百噸時(shí)卷起主桅的頂帆后再度掛起，如若200噸則二次，300噸三次，并為你對(duì)該船的體量的判斷而負(fù)責(zé)。

? *10. If you discover a small ship, you shall do tie like with your fore topsail; but if you discover many great ships you shall not only strike your main topsail often, but put out your ensign in the maintop. And if such fleet or ship go large before the wind, you shall also after your sign given go large and stand as any of the fleet doth : I mean no longer than that you may judge that the admiral and the rest have seen your sign and you so standing. And if you went large at the time of the discovery you shall hale of your sheets for a little time, and then go large again that the rest may know that you go large to show us that the ship or fleet discovered keeps that course.

? 如若發(fā)現(xiàn)一艘小船，則以前桅頂帆做相同動(dòng)作；如若發(fā)現(xiàn)許多大船，不僅需要主頂帆做出動(dòng)作，桅頂還需掛上你的信號(hào)旗；如若任何此類艦隊(duì)船只正張帆順向兜風(fēng)，你也當(dāng)在發(fā)出信號(hào)后如此，而后艦隊(duì)中的任何一艘佇立：即，當(dāng)判斷旗艦與其他船只看到你所發(fā)出的信號(hào)之后如此；如若發(fā)現(xiàn)之時(shí)你正掛滿帆，當(dāng)收起風(fēng)帆片刻，爾后重新掛滿，使其余諸船知曉所發(fā)現(xiàn)者正往何處。

? *11. So shall you do if the ship or fleet discovered have her tacks* aboard, namely, if you had also your tacks aboard at the time of the discovery, you shall bear up for a little time, and after hale your sheets again to show us what course the ship or fleet holds.

? 如若發(fā)現(xiàn)之時(shí)此類船只艦隊(duì)頂風(fēng)而航，你亦當(dāng)如此；如若是時(shí)你正保持頂風(fēng)而向，則當(dāng)順風(fēng)而航片刻，而后重新拉起風(fēng)帆，亦使知曉所發(fā)現(xiàn)船只艦隊(duì)之往何處。

（注：當(dāng)代航海用語中，“ tack”既可指使風(fēng)帆保持一定角度以便頂風(fēng)而航，也可以指從一面跟風(fēng)再到另一面的動(dòng)作；結(jié)合第10條與下文“bear up for a little time”（兜風(fēng)片刻），似乎應(yīng)當(dāng)為前者）

? *12. If you discover any ship or fleet by night, if the ship or fleet be to windward of you, and you to windward of the admiral, you shall presently bear up to give us knowledge. But if you think that (did you not bear up) you might speak with her, then you shall keep your luff，and shoot off a piece of ordnance to give us knowledge thereby.

? 如若于夜間發(fā)現(xiàn)任何船只艦隊(duì)正之于你的上風(fēng)位，而你艦之于旗艦上風(fēng)位，則當(dāng)立刻順風(fēng)而來告知情報(bào)；在無有張帆的情況下，如若你判斷能與之交流，則保持自己的帆索不動(dòng)，而后發(fā)射一枚號(hào)炮使諸人知曉。

? 13. For a general rule: Let none presume to shoot off a piece of ordnance but in discovery of a ship or fleet by night, or by being in danger of an enemy, or in danger of fire, or in danger of sinking, that it may be unto us all a most certain intelligence of some matter of importance.

? 一般而言：除非于夜間發(fā)現(xiàn)船只艦隊(duì)，亦或者面臨敵人，或是陷入火情，或是即將沉沒，否則無論任何人都不當(dāng)貿(mào)然發(fā)射號(hào)炮，因?yàn)檫@種信號(hào)將告知與最重要的警情。

? *14. And you shall make us know the difference by this : if you give chase and being near a ship you shall shoot to make her strike, we shall all see and know that you shoot to that end if it be by day ; if by night, we shall then know that you have seen a ship or fleet none of our company ; and if you suspect we do not hear the first piece then you may shoot a second, but not otherwise, and you must take almost a quarter of an hour between your two pieces.

??

? 你當(dāng)使我等知曉下列情況的差別：如若于白日，逐擊靠近一艘船時(shí)，你當(dāng)發(fā)一枚號(hào)炮令其停船，使其余知曉你的目的；于夜間亦當(dāng)如此，使其余知曉發(fā)現(xiàn)未明艦隊(duì)船只；如若懷疑我等未聞炮號(hào)，則當(dāng)發(fā)第二炮，但兩炮需間隔一刻鐘。

? *15. If you be in danger of a leak—I mean in present danger—you shall shoot off two pieces presently one after another, and if in danger of fire, three pieces presently one after another; but if there be time between we will know by your second piece that you doubt that we do not hear your first piece, and therefore you shoot a second, to wit by night, and give time between

? 如若你艦當(dāng)前有滲漏的危險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)連發(fā)號(hào)炮二枚；如若陷入火情，當(dāng)連發(fā)三枚；但若炮聲間有間隔，我等將從第二枚炮算起，并知曉你艦疑我未聞炮號(hào)，因而若于夜間發(fā)射二炮，應(yīng)當(dāng)于炮間留有間隔。

? 16. There is no man that shall strike any officer be he captain, lieutenant, ensign, sergeant, corporal of the field, quartermaster, &c.

? 無論何人，都不當(dāng)毆其長(zhǎng)吏，無論船長(zhǎng)、尉官、旗官、軍士、下士、軍需官皆當(dāng)如此。

? 17. Nor the master of any ship, master’s mate, or boatswain, or quartermaster. I say no man shall strike or offer violence to any of these but the supreme officer to the inferior, in time of service, upon pain of death.

? 無論何船，對(duì)于船主、船副，或帆長(zhǎng)，或舵長(zhǎng)*亦當(dāng)如是；即，除非最高僚員之于下屬，任何人不當(dāng)毆其一人或付諸暴力，若是，問大辟。

（注：當(dāng)代航海用語，“quartermaster”是位于船艉四分之一甲板處負(fù)責(zé)掌舵、管理舵手與信號(hào)標(biāo)識(shí)的職位；此處quartermaster不是“軍需官”之意）

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? 18. No private man shall strike another, upon pain of receiving such punishment as a martial court2 shall think him worthy of.

? 任何人不當(dāng)毆及彼此，否則將受到軍事法庭的裁定之懲。

? 19. If any man steal any victuals, either by breaking into the hold or otherwise, he shall receive the punishment as of a thief or murderer of his fellows.

? 若有偷竊食物者，無論以闖入船艙亦或其他，都當(dāng)以竊賊或以謀害同行之兇受懲。

? 20. No man shall keep any feasting or drinking between meals, nor drink any healths upon your ship’s provisions.

? 任何人于兩餐間，不得用餐飲酒，也不得于餐時(shí)交杯（？）。

? 21. Every captain by his purser, stewards, or other officers shall take a weekly account how his victuals waste.

? 任何船長(zhǎng)當(dāng)由其會(huì)計(jì)、管事與其他僚員每禮拜核算一次食物折損狀況。

? 22. The steward shall not deliver any candle to any private man nor for any private use.

? 管事不得將任何燭火交予私人，也不得將其用于私人用途。

? 23. Whosoever shall steal from his fellows either apparel or anything else shall be punished as a thief.

? 凡偷竊同行衣物及其他物品者，如竊賊論處。

? 24. In foul weather every man shall fit his sails to keep company with the fleet, and not run so far ahead by day but that he may fall astern the admiral by night.

? 于惡劣天氣，任何船只都當(dāng)調(diào)整至與大部隊(duì)航向一致，旦日不當(dāng)前向駛船過遠(yuǎn)，以免夜間落得過后。

? 25. In case we shall be set upon by sea, the captain shall appoint sufficient company to assist the gunners ; after which, if the fight require it, in the cabins between the decks shall be taken down [and] all beds and sacks employed for bulwarks.

? *The musketeers of every ship shall be divided under captains or other officers, some for the forecastle, others for the waist, and others for the poop, where they shall abide if they be not otherwise directed.

? 如若在海上遭到攻擊，船長(zhǎng)應(yīng)當(dāng)派遣足夠的人手以助炮手；之后，若有戰(zhàn)斗所需，卸下甲板間的所有隔倉(cāng)，并以床鋪裝袋為掩體。

? *火槍手當(dāng)于船長(zhǎng)或其他長(zhǎng)吏率領(lǐng)下散開布置，或于艏樓，或于船舯，或于艉樓；如若無人指揮，則于原處待命。

? 26. The gunners shall not shoot any great ordnance at other distance than point blank.

? 炮手不當(dāng)于除抵近外的其余距離上發(fā)射任何重炮。

? 27. An officer or two shall be appointed to take care that no loose powder be carried between the decks, or near any linstock or match in hand. You shall saw divers hogsheads in two parts, and filling them with water set them aloft the decks. You shall divide your carpenters, some in hold if any shot come between wind and water, and the rest between the decks, with plates of leads, plugs, and all things necessary laid by them. You shall also lay by your tubs of water certain wet blankets to cast upon and choke any fire.

? 應(yīng)遣一僚員或二，留心甲板間可有火藥散落，可有任何人手中火棍火柴與之過近。除此之外，你當(dāng)將許多木桶劈為對(duì)半，裝滿水，置于甲板上；你當(dāng)將你的木匠分為兩部分，一部分于艙內(nèi)，以應(yīng)付如若風(fēng)與水間*有彈襲來，一部分遣至甲板，并讓他們帶上鉛板、塞子及一切必要之物；你亦當(dāng)在你的木盆中浸濕毯子，以澆滅遏控任何火勢(shì)。

? 28. The master and boatswain shall appoint a certain number of sailors to every sail, and to every such company a master’s mate, a boatswain’s mate or quartermaster ; so as when every man knows his charge and his place things may be done without noise or confusion, and no man [is] to speak but the officers. As, for example, if the master or his mate bid heave out the main topsail, the master’s mate, boatswain’s mate or quartermaster which hath charge of that sail shall with his company perform it, without calling out to others and without rumour, and so for the foresail, fore topsail, spritsail and the rest ; the boatswain himself taking no particular charge of any sail, but overlooking all and seeing every man to do his duty.

? 船主、帆長(zhǎng)，當(dāng)于每面帆指派一定的水手，并一船副、一水手副長(zhǎng)或一舵長(zhǎng)，如此，諸人都當(dāng)知曉自己所之何處，所何職責(zé)，事將完成，而無有噪聲、混亂，除非船僚無人當(dāng)言語。如，若船主、或其副手令升主頂帆，主該帆的船副與水手副長(zhǎng)、亦或舵長(zhǎng)、當(dāng)與其隊(duì)伍一并完成，勿呼他人，勿要交耳，前帆、前頂帆、斜杠帆等皆當(dāng)如此；帆長(zhǎng)不主任何風(fēng)帆，然需俯瞰所有，以確諸人盡其職責(zé)。

? 29. No man shall board his enemy’s ship without order, because the loss of a ship to us is of more importance than the loss of ten ships to the enemy, as also by one man s boarding all our fleet may be engaged; it being too great a dishonour to lose the least of our fleet. But every ship, if we be under the lee of an enemy, shall labour to recover the wind if the admiral endeavours it. But if we find an enemy to be leewards of us, the whole fleet shall follow the admiral, vice-admiral, or other leading ship within musket shot of the enemy; giving so much liberty to the leading ship as after her broadside delivered she may stay and trim her sails. Then is the second ship to tack as the first ship and give the other side, keeping the enemy under a perpetual shot.Thus you must do upon the windermost ship or ships of an enemy, which you shall either batter in pieces, or force him or them to bear up and so entangle them, and drive them foul one of another to their utter contusion.

? 無有命令，任何人不當(dāng)?shù)巧蠑诚?，因我船之折損一艘勝過敵之十艘，而若因一人登舷，所有船只亦將卷入其中；即使失去其中最小一艘，亦是極大恥辱。如若我等處于敵之合籠，若旗艦盡其所職恢復(fù)風(fēng)向，諸船亦當(dāng)如此。若發(fā)覺敵背風(fēng)于我，整支艦隊(duì)當(dāng)于火槍射程之內(nèi)隨旗艦、副旗艦或其余領(lǐng)艦而動(dòng)；并給予領(lǐng)艦極大自主，于側(cè)舷炮擊爾后、可留與原處、整其風(fēng)帆。隨后，第二艘船如領(lǐng)艦般轉(zhuǎn)向炮擊，使敵永遠(yuǎn)處于火力之下。你們需當(dāng)如此應(yīng)對(duì)下風(fēng)位之?dāng)骋换驍?shù)船，或是將其擊為廢材，或是迫使其忍耐而將其纏住，將其一個(gè)并一個(gè)驅(qū)逐，使之完全陷入困境。

? 30. The musketeers, divided into quarters of the ship, shall not deliver their shot but at such distance as their commanders shall direct them.

? 火槍手分為四隊(duì)置于各處，不得于其長(zhǎng)吏可將其指揮的距離外令其開火。

? 31. If the admiral give chase and be headmost man, the next ship shall take up his boat, if other order be not given. Or if any other ship be appointed to give chase, the next ship (if the chasing ship have a boat at her stern) shall take it.

? 如若旗艦追逐于敵，而身先士卒，如未下其余命令，則次一艘船緊隨其后；而如若任何船只被命令與追逐敵，若有船次其后亦當(dāng)如此。

? 32. If any make a ship to strike, he shall not enter her until the admiral come up.

? 如有敵船失去行動(dòng)，任何人不得進(jìn)入該船，直至旗艦上前。

? 33. You shall take especial care for the keeping of your ships clean between the decks, [and] to have your ordnance ready in order, and not cloyed with chests and trunks.

? 時(shí)刻注意保持甲板間的整潔，使火器準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng)，不使其妨礙于輜重之間。

? 34. Let those that have provision of victual deliver it to the steward, and every man put his apparel in canvas cloak bags, except some few chests which do not pester the ship.

? 使存有食糧之人，將其食糧交由管事。每人當(dāng)將自己衣物放于帆布袋中；其余細(xì)軟存于匣中，無有妨礙艙內(nèi)整潔。

? 35. Everyone that useth any weapon of fire, be it musket or other piece, shall keep it clean, and if he be not able to amend it being out of order, he shall presently acquaint his officer therewith, who shall command the armourer to mend it.

? 任何使用火器之人，無論火槍船炮，都當(dāng)保持清潔；如若無法處理故障火器，則當(dāng)告知長(zhǎng)吏，使之命軍械士將其修復(fù)。

? 36. No man shall play at cards or dice either for his apparel or arms upon pain of being disarmed and made a swabber of the ship

? 無論何人，不得為衣裝武備或玩紙牌、或玩骰子，否則將被接觸武裝，并罰清掃之役。

? *37.Whosoever shall show himself a coward upon any landing or otherwise, he shall be disarmed and made a labourer or carrier of victuals for the rest.

? 無論何人，如若于登陸之時(shí)亦或其他膽怯，，則將被解除武裝，罰為苦役，或是為其他人搬運(yùn)食糧。

? *38. No man shall land any man in any foreign ports without order from the general, by the sergeant-major or other officer, upon pain of death.

? 無有將軍命令，任何人不得登陸任何外國(guó)港口，若是，則由軍士長(zhǎng)*或者其余長(zhǎng)吏令坐死。

（注：*：當(dāng)代的“軍士長(zhǎng)”（sergeant-major）相當(dāng)于今天（此指20世紀(jì)初）的“參謀長(zhǎng)”（chief of the staff）或“將軍侍從”（adjutant-general）；在埃塞克斯伯爵1597年遠(yuǎn)征亞速爾群島而發(fā)布的艦隊(duì)指令中，有一則類似的條款：“在無有將軍或者其他主指揮官的命令下任何船只的船長(zhǎng)或連隊(duì)的連隊(duì)長(zhǎng)不得登陸否則判死”（No captain of any ship nor captain of any company if he be severed from the fleet shall land without direction from the general or some other principal commander upon pain of death）。是役，雷利爵士被指控違反了這一條指令，而其本人以自己為“主指揮官”之一拒絕了這一指控。）

? *39. You shall take especial care when God shall send us to land in the Indies, not to eat of any fruit unknown, which fruit you do not find eaten with worms or beasts under the tree.

? 當(dāng)主使我等登陸于印度群島時(shí)，必要小心萬分，不得食用任何不知名、走獸飛蟲不食的水果。

? *40. You shall avoid sleeping on the ground, and eating of new fish until it be salted two or three hours, which will otherwise breed a most dangerous flux; so will the eating of over-fat hogs or fat turtles.

? 你當(dāng)避免直接睡于地上，避免吃生鮮的魚，直至被腌制二三小時(shí)，否則將引發(fā)最危險(xiǎn)的痢疾；肥豬、肥龜亦當(dāng)如此。

? ?'*41. You shall take care that you swim not in any rivers but where you see the Indians swim, because most rivers are full of alligators.

? ?也不應(yīng)當(dāng)游過任何河流，除非有土人游過，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)河流中有鱷魚出沒。

? *42. You shall not take anything from any Indian by force, for if you do it we shall never from thenceforth be relieved by them, but you must use them with all courtesy. But for trading and exchanging with them, it must be done by one or two of every ship for all the rest, and those to be directed by the cape merchant* of the ship, otherwise all our commodities will become of vile price, greatly to our hindrance.

? 你不當(dāng)用暴力從任何土人手中奪取任何，如若如此我等無法從中獲取援助，因而當(dāng)以一切禮節(jié)相待；如若要與之易物買賣，則必須由船上的一二指引于商賈之人如此，否則商品將賤，與我無利。

（注:*:可能為拼寫錯(cuò)誤，作指“小商販“（chap merchant）或意為“barter-merchant”）

? *43. For other orders on the land we will establish them (when God shall send us thither) by general consent. In the meantime I shall value every man, honour the better sort, and reward the meaner according to their sobriety and taking care for the service of God and prosperity of our enterprise.

? 如若主使得我等之于某地，其余命令將基于普遍同意。于時(shí)，我將重視每一人等，尊其優(yōu)者，而因理智、與之為主禮拜與我事業(yè)的昌順恪盡職守而酬與劣者。

? *44. When the admiral shall hang out a flag in the main shrouds, you shall know it to be a flag of council. Then come aboard him.

? 如若海軍統(tǒng)帥于主支索懸掛一面旗幟，這代表議戰(zhàn)委員會(huì)于此。隨后你當(dāng)?shù)巧掀炫灐?/p>

? *45. And wheresoever we shall find cause to land, no man shall force any woman be she Christian or heathen, upon pain of death.

? 無論于何種原因之于何處，任何人不當(dāng)凌辱婦女，無論基督徒、異教徒，如是坐死。