前　言

　　以下信息來自dholes.org 網(wǎng)站中的WHAT'S A DHOLE模塊的CONSERVATION子模塊，主要介紹了豺的保護現(xiàn)狀。

母模塊：

關(guān)于世界愛豺日（World?Dhole?Day）：

附離編譯局 2023年8月?

IUCN STATUS:?ENDANGERED?

INCN紅色名錄瀕危等級：瀕危

Being an apex predator, dholes have problems that are very similar to other top predators around the world: access to enough prey, enough space or habitat for them to raise their young and have enough prey to live there, access to land with minimal human impact, and conflict with humans due to the way they make their livelihood. This negative relationship has left dholes labeled as vermin and it has given them a bad reputation throughout their native range (Acharya 2007). Dholes also live with two other top predators: the tiger and the leopard, which could cause competition for resources. One thing that tigers and leopards do not have to deal with that is a constant struggle for dholes is global recognition. Almost any fifth-grader knows about the tiger and the leopard, but very few know what a dhole is. Combined with the potential for disease transmission from local feral dogs, it looks like the dhole has a steep upward struggle, but they got something that will truly help them survive and come back, and that’s the canine ability to adapt and adjust to the changing world.?

　　作為一種頂級捕食者，豺面臨著與世界上其他頂級捕食者非常相似的問題：沒有足夠的獵物、足夠的供它們養(yǎng)育后代的棲息地，受到人類活動影響，以及由于它們的生活方式而與人類發(fā)生沖突。這種消極的關(guān)系使豺被貼上了害獸的標(biāo)簽，并在它們的原生范圍內(nèi)給它們帶來了壞名聲（Acharya 2007）。豺還與另外兩種頂級捕食者生活在一起：老虎和豹子，這可能會導(dǎo)致資源競爭。有一樣?xùn)|西老虎和豹子無需與豺競爭，那就是在全球的認知度。幾乎所有五年級的學(xué)生都知道老虎和豹子，但很少有人知道什么是豺。再加上當(dāng)?shù)匾肮穫鞑ゼ膊〉耐{，看起來豺命途多舛。但有一樣?xùn)|西可以真正幫助他們生存并回歸，那就是犬類適應(yīng)不斷變化的環(huán)境并調(diào)整自身的能力。

THREATS

威　脅

LAND USE?棲息地喪失

“Throughout the world, the major cause of mortality of wide-ranging large carnivores is conflict with humans on the edge of protect areas. Because of their high energy requirement, the territories of these carnivore large and they are therefore exposed to threats that reserve boundaries. Carnivores are killed through hunting and poisoning, collisions with vehicles, and disease from domestic animals” (Woodroffe and Ginsberg 1998).

　　“在全世界范圍內(nèi)，大型食肉動物死亡的主要原因是在保護區(qū)邊緣與人類發(fā)生沖突。由于它們的高能量需求，這些食肉動物的領(lǐng)地很大，因此它們面臨著來自保護區(qū)邊界的威脅。食肉動物死于狩獵、中毒、與車輛相撞以及感染家畜疾病”（Woodroffe和Ginsberg?1998年）。

The dhole just happens to live in some of the most densely populated area of the world, with China and India accounting for roughly 36% of the world’s population. This means there is a greater need for housing and food for those large populations; both of those require large areas of land. In recent years, many Asian countries have been working hard on their conservation efforts for their native species, creating reserves and parks for their protection. However, sometimes these parks are too spread out to allow for animals to move between parks and reserves, and the parks might be too small to house a self-sustaining population of large carnivore. Still, in some areas, much of the suitable habitat for dholes has already been repurposed. In Thailand, it’s estimated that 7% of the total land area of the country is suitable for dholes, as of 2012, and only 1/3 of that 7% is currently in protected areas (Jenks 2012). That means that 2/3 of the suitable dhole habitat left in Thailand is not currently protected.

　　豺恰好生活在世界上人口最稠密的地區(qū)，中國和印度的人口約占世界人口的36%。龐大的人口意味著對住房和食物的需求更大——兩者都需要大面積的土地。近年來，許多亞洲國家都在努力保護本地物種，建立保護區(qū)和公園來保護它們。然而，有時這些公園過于分散，使得動物無法在公園和保護區(qū)之間穿梭，而且公園可能太小，無法容納大型野生食肉動物種群。盡管如此，在一些地區(qū)，許多適合豺生存的棲息地已經(jīng)淪為他用。在泰國，據(jù)估計，截至2012年，該國總土地面積的7%適合豺棲息，而目前這7%中只有1/3屬于保護區(qū)（Jenks 2012）。這意味著目前泰國剩下的三分之二的適宜棲息地沒有受到保護。

Almost all the dhole’s problems can be summed up in one big problem: lack of habitat.?

幾乎所有豺所面臨的問題都可以歸結(jié)為一個大問題：缺乏棲息地。

CONFLICTS WITH TIGERS AND LEOPARDS?與老虎和豹子的種間競爭

“In the tropical forest habitats of southern Asia, tigers, leopards and dholes form a three-species predator assemblage over a large region. All three are morphologically specialized for killing prey larger than themselves.”(Karanth 1999). When there are three predators in the same area relying on the same prey and resources, you’d expect the competition to be high and to negatively impact one or all three animals involved. However, when the relationship between all three of these top predators was looked at, it appeared that the three occupied the same space with little direct impact on each other.

　　“在南亞的熱帶森林棲息地，老虎、豹子和豺在一個很大的地區(qū)形成了三種捕食者的組合。這三種動物都專門獵殺比自己大的獵物?！保↘aranth 1999）。當(dāng)同一地區(qū)有三種捕食者依靠相同的獵物和資源時，可以預(yù)想到競爭會很激烈，并對其中一種或所有三種動物產(chǎn)生負面影響。然而，當(dāng)觀察這三種頂級捕食者者之間的關(guān)系時，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)似乎它們占據(jù)了相同的空間，但彼此之間幾乎沒有直接影響。

Prey choice in size was one of the first things studied. It turns out that tigers prefer to take larger prey items when available—prey that was larger than 175kg. Being smaller, leopards and dholes often took medium-sized prey when available, medium size being 31 to 175kg (Karanth 1999). Dholes also have a preference within their prey selections. For example, dholes will target male chital while leopards do not show a preference (Venkataraman 1995).

　　所捕食獵物的大小是研究的第一問題。事實證明，老虎更喜歡捕食體型更大的獵物——體重超過175公斤。豹子和豺體型較小，通常捕食中型獵物——體重31至175公斤（Karanth 1999）。豺在捕食獵物時也有偏好。例如，豺會更偏向于捕食雄性幼崽，而豹子則沒有表現(xiàn)出偏好（Venkataraman 1995）。

Even the space tolerance between the three is relatively high. On one occasion, it was noted that dholes were feeding while a tiger rested less than 50 meters away (Katanth 1999). In one study, it was shown that out of four documented interactions between leopards and dholes, each one ended with the leopard up a tree and the dholes unharmed. The one documented interaction between tigers and dholes showed the two mutually avoiding each other. In general, dholes and tigers avoid each other while dholes will actively engaged with leopards. This might be due to the fact leopards will predate on a lone dhole so encounters where the pack mobs a leopard might help deter leopards from the area (Venkataraman 1995). These encounters between dholes and leopards often end with the dholes treeing the leopard; they are able to keep the leopard up the tree or bush for some time (Venkatarman 1995). It would appear the dominance hierarchy would put dhole packs and tigers social dominant over leopards (Karanth 1999)

　　三者之間的空間容忍度[ref：space tolerance]也比較高。有一次，人們注意到，豺正在進食，而一只老虎在不到50米遠的地方休息（Katanth 1999）。一項研究表明，有記錄的豹子和豺之間的四次互動中，每次互動的結(jié)果都是豹子爬上了樹，豺安然無恙；有記錄的老虎和豺之間的互動顯示，兩者相互躲避。一般來說，豺和老虎會互相躲避，而豺會積極地與豹子接觸。這可能是因為豹子會捕食成單的豺，所以當(dāng)豺聚集在一起時，可能有助于促使豹子離開該地區(qū)（Venkataraman 1995）。豺和豹子的相遇通常以豺?qū)⒈于s到樹上結(jié)束；他們能讓豹子在樹上或灌木上停留相當(dāng)一段時間（Venkatarman 1995）?？磥?，統(tǒng)治等級制度會使豺群和老虎群比豹子有優(yōu)勢（Karanth 1999）。

DISEASE AND CONFLICT WITH FERAL DOGS?疾病和與野狗的沖突

Disease is a significant threat across the dholes’ home range and in some islands of Indonesia. Dholes can get many of the common canine disease, like rabies, canine distemper, mange, trypanosomiasis and parvo (Durbin 2009). In the 1940s, a rabies outbreak in an India village resulted in cattle and dogs getting bitten by rabid dogs (Morris?1942). This not only impacted the dhole populations by disease its self but it also helped to perpetuate the perception that dholes are a threat to humans and property. One way dholes in the region might have gotten rabies is through feral dogs; it’s known that dholes will get into fights with dogs (Williams 1935), but dholes will also hunt with feral dogs (Davidar 1965) either way, this close contact with dogs means dholes are more susceptible to getting disease that are common to the domestic dog.?

　　疾病對整個棲息地的豺和一些印度尼西亞島嶼上分布的豺都是一個重大威脅。豺可以被感染許多常見的犬類疾病，如狂犬病，犬瘟熱，獸疥癬，錐蟲病和細小(Durbin?2009)。20世紀(jì)40年代，印度一個村莊爆發(fā)狂犬病，導(dǎo)致牛和狗被患狂犬病的狗咬傷（Morris?1942）。這不僅通過疾病本身影響到整個豺群，而且還使人們長期認為豺是對人類生命財產(chǎn)的威脅。該地區(qū)的豺可能被野狗感染狂犬病；豺會和狗打架（Williams 1935），但豺也會和野狗一起打獵（Davidar 1965），不管怎樣，這種與狗的密切接觸意味著豺更容易感染家狗常見的疾病。

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LIVESTOCK CONFLICT?捕食牲畜的沖突

In many areas, this is the main reason for dhole population decline. Oftentimes, dholes do not target livestock, opting for native and wild animals instead, but when those prey numbers are low, dholes will take livestock like goats, sheep and cattle (Venkataraman 1995). In northeastern Nepal, 80% of all livestock are taken by dholes (Khatiwada 2001). Livestock lost in Bhutan amounted to more than one domestic animal lost per family to either a dhole, a leopard or a tiger; this adds up to more than two-thirds of the yearly income (Wang and Macdonald 2006). In India, dholes account for more livestock taken than tigers, with scat analysis showing that 10% of a dhole’s diet can consist of livestock (Lyngdoh 2014); however, this is mainly where livestock is present. In areas where there is no livestock or native prey is high, that parentage is closer to zero (Aiyadurai 2003).

　　在許多地區(qū)，因捕食牲畜而發(fā)生沖突是豺數(shù)量減少的主要原因。通常情況下，豺并不以牲畜為捕食目標(biāo)，而是選擇當(dāng)?shù)氐囊吧鷦游?，但?dāng)野生獵物數(shù)量較少時，豺會以山羊、綿羊和牛等牲畜為捕食目標(biāo)（Venkataraman 1995）。在尼泊爾東北部，80%的牲畜被豺捕食（Khatiwada 2001）。在不丹，因此造成的損失相當(dāng)于每個家庭損失一只以上的家畜，要么因為豺，要么因為老虎，要么因為豹子；這些加起來超過了年收入的2/3（Wang和Macdonald 2006）。在印度，豺捕獲的牲畜比老虎還多，糞便分析顯示，豺飲食中有10%由牲畜組成（Lyngdoh 2014）；然而，這主要是在有牲畜的地方。在沒有牲畜的地區(qū)，這一組成接近于零（Aiyadurai 2003）。

There is also cultural implications to dholes taking livestock. In the Arunachal Pradesh, one of the last strongholds for wild dholes, there is an ongoing conflict between herders and dholes. The herders in the area keep domestic cattle and also a cattle/gaur-cross called mithun. Mithun are both economically and culturally important to the communities there, as can be seen in the table below of the payouts for compensation:

　　此外，豺捕食牲畜也涉及文化含義。在印度阿魯納恰爾邦，豺最后的據(jù)點之一，牧民和豺之間的沖突持續(xù)不斷。該地區(qū)的牧民飼養(yǎng)普通牛和一種被稱為mithun的牛/印度野牛雜交種。Mithun在經(jīng)濟和文化[印度的牛文化]上對當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)都很重要，如下表所示的賠償金額：

Most of the people interviewed blamed dholes for 70% of all livestock depredations, a total of which 75% were mithun (Lyngdoh 2014). It was found that only 10.1% of the dholes’ diet was livestock in the area (Lyngdoh 2014), even with the local area documented to have low wild prey availability (Babu and Venkataraman 2001). Due to its cultural status, villagers were more likely to retaliate against dholes when a mithun was taken as opposed to cattle or a goat. Mithun are more susceptible to dhole attacks do to the fact they are free-ranged cattle and not herded in at night like other livestock (Lyngdoh 2014, Fox 1974).

　　大多數(shù)受訪者將70%的牲畜損失歸咎于豺，其中75%是mithun（Lyngdoh 2014）。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，該地區(qū)只有10.1%的豺的食物是牲畜（Lyngdoh 2014），即使當(dāng)?shù)赜涗浀囊吧C物數(shù)量很低（Babu和Venkataraman 2001）。當(dāng)mithun被豺獵殺，而不是?；蜓驎r，由于其文化地位，村民們更有可能對豺進行報復(fù)。mithun更容易受到豺的攻擊，因為它們是自由放養(yǎng)的，不像其他牲畜那樣在晚上聚集在一起（Lyngdoh 2014, Fox 1974）。

In Nepal, the problem echoes like much of southern Asia: there is little native prey for dholes but there is available livestock. Dholes do not inhabit near the overnight livestock shelters, but rather take livestock that is out in the grazing field and away from the eye of the herder. Because dholes take livestock in this region, almost all herders have a negative view on dholes, and of those interviewed, more that 79% reported conducting retaliatory killing of dholes (Aryal 2015). Most of the herders in the area rely on their animals to support their families. This means the loss of one animal can be disastrous for a family (Khatiwada 2010).?

　　在尼泊爾，這個問題和南亞的許多地方一樣：當(dāng)?shù)貛缀鯖]有豺的獵物，但有牲畜。豺不住在牲畜過夜的庇護所附近，而是把牲畜趕到牧場上，遠離牧人的視線。由于豺在該地區(qū)捕食牲畜，幾乎所有牧民都對豺持負面看法，在接受采訪的人中，超過79%的人表示曾報復(fù)性地殺死豺（Aryal 2015）。這個地區(qū)的大多數(shù)牧民都依靠他們的牲畜養(yǎng)家糊口，這意味著失去一只牲口對一個家庭來說可能是災(zāi)難性的（Khatiwada 2010）。

CONSERVATION CONFLICTS?保護的沖突

Livestock isn’t the only problem that hunting causes the dhole. Sometimes, the prey that dholes hunt are also endangered or are a vital part of the local economy. Here are three examples of when dhole conservation had either a direct or a perceived negative impact on other conservation projects.

　　捕食牲畜的沖突并不是豺造成的唯一問題。有時，豺捕食的獵物也瀕臨滅絕，或者是當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟的重要組成部分。這里有三個例子，說明保護豺?qū)ζ渌Ｗo項目有直接或明顯的負面影響。

In Java, dholes are holding on, but they rely on prey that is barely holding on itself. The local benteng population was crashing. Some years saw no successful offspring being reared. With no tigers left on the island and leopards often avoiding the larger prey, blame was placed on the dhole. This time it was rightly so. When dhole numbers were reduced, the benteng reproduction increased (Pudyatmoko and Sabarno 2007). In this case, dhole were the direct cause for decreasing benteng numbers, but there were other indirect causes that first led to low benteng numbers and to the decrease in other prey species; the main cause was human development.?

　　在爪哇，豺能維持生存，但它們賴以生存的獵物幾乎無法生存。當(dāng)?shù)氐?/span>爪哇野牛數(shù)量正在銳減，甚至有些年份沒有新的后代出生。由于島上沒有老虎，而豹子又經(jīng)常躲避更大的獵物，人們把責(zé)任推到了豺的身上，這一次人們是正確的。當(dāng)豺數(shù)量減少時，爪哇野牛繁殖數(shù)目增加（Pudyatmoko和Sabarno 2007）。在這種情況下，豺是導(dǎo)致爪哇野牛數(shù)量減少的直接原因，但還有其他間接原因首先導(dǎo)致爪哇野牛數(shù)量減少和其他獵物種類的減少；主要原因還是人類的發(fā)展。

HUMAN PERCEPTION?人們的認知

Due to the way dholes kill and due to the fact that they often eat their prey before it may have died, dholes have been unjustly persecuted in the past, and that continues today (Acharya 2007). Before they were granted protection, India offered bounties for every dhole killed (Davidar 1986). The hunting of dholes was also encouraged due to the fact that they competed with humans for game animals, and it was often thought that dholes could decimate whole herds of game animals (Burton 1899; Phythian-Adams 1939). Early Europeans would often call them vermin and “brute beasts” ,not just for how they took down prey and hurt game animals but also for their potential negative impact on the leopard and tiger populations the hunters enjoyed hunting (Caton Jones 1908). Even from kid stories, dholes have not been shown in a positive light. In Rudyard Kipling?The Jungle Book, a dhole or a “red dog” was shown in the story as a threat to Mowgli’s wolf pack.

　　由于豺的狩獵方式，以及它們經(jīng)常在獵物死亡之前吃掉獵物的事實，豺受到非議，這種情況一直持續(xù)到今天（Acharya 2007）。在他們得到保護之前，印度為獵殺豺提供賞金（Davidar 1986）。人們也鼓勵獵殺豺，因為它們會與人類爭奪獵物，人們通常認為豺會殺盡整群獵物（Burton 1899;Phythian-Adams 1939）。早期的歐洲人經(jīng)常稱它們?yōu)楹ΛF和“brute beasts[蠻獸，冷血殺手]”，不僅因為它們?nèi)绾螝⑺阔C物，還因為它們對獵人喜歡狩獵的豹子和老虎的潛在負面影響（Caton Jones 1908）。即使在兒童故事中，豺也沒有正面的形象。在拉迪亞德·吉卜林的《叢林之書》中，豺或者叫做“紅狗”在故事中被描述為對毛克利和狼群的威脅。

Not all perception is negative, however. In some cultures, dholes are seen as caring and loving due to the fact they share their food with each other. In these areas, locals are reluctant to destroy dholes (Morris 1927).?

　　然而，并非所有的看法都是負面的。在一些文化中，豺被認為是有關(guān)照心的，因為它們會和其他豺分享食物。在這些地區(qū)，當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬辉敢庀麥绮颍∕orris 1927）。

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CONSERVATION EFFORTS

?保護現(xiàn)狀

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CAPTIVE BREEDING?圈養(yǎng)繁育

Dholes have been in captivity for over a century. The first recorded captive breeding took place in Wroclaw Zoo in 1909 (Gewalt 1978). Captive breeding has allowed for more of the public to see and become aware of dholes, but this does pose some challenges. Dholes can be hard to contain in captivity; they are capably of jumping two meters vertically from a standing position. They can climb up chain link fences and dig under it, meaning they need an overhang or dig wire to prevent escape. They are also great swimmers, so moat systems that work for other animals might not work well for dholes. Because dholes are pack breeders and need many non-breeding animals to reproduce successfully, they require a much larger exhibit and a larger population size to be sustainable. Currently, there are 38 zoos that participate in a global population plan, with a total of 353 animals. However, not all genetics are known for this population, and some have a small founding population, meaning the genetic variation is minimal. The value of captive dholes for potential reintroduction efforts is not known at this time, partly due to genetics of the current captive populations but also due to the fact there is still a taxonomical debate on the wild dhole population (IUCN 2015).?

　　豺已經(jīng)被圈養(yǎng)繁育了一個多世紀(jì)。第一次有記錄的圈養(yǎng)繁育發(fā)生在1909年弗羅茨瓦夫[ref：Wroclaw]動物園（Gewalt 1978）。圈養(yǎng)繁育讓更多的公眾看到并了解豺，但這確實帶來了一些挑戰(zhàn)。管理人員很難控制豺；它們能夠跳到兩米高，可以爬上鐵柵欄，在地面挖洞，這意味著需要在空中和地下布網(wǎng)來防止豺逃跑。它們也是優(yōu)秀的游泳運動員，所以對其他動物有用的隔離系統(tǒng)可能不適用于豺。因為豺是群體繁殖動物，需要許多非繁殖動物來成功繁殖，所以它們需要更大的展覽區(qū)和更大的種群規(guī)模來維持可持續(xù)發(fā)展。目前，有38家動物園參與了世界豺繁育計劃[ref：global population plan]，共有353只豺。然而，并不是所有這些豺的基因都是已知的，有些豺有一個小的創(chuàng)始群體，這意味著它們之間的基因差異是最小的。圈養(yǎng)豺對未來的重新引入工作的價值目前尚不清楚，部分原因是目前圈養(yǎng)種群的遺傳學(xué)問題，以及當(dāng)下對野生豺群的分類仍存爭議（IUCN 2015）。

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FILLING IN THE INFORMATION GAP?填補信息空白

Areas that still need exploring: Pup and young adult mortality rate? What is the live volume of food dholes need to be sustainable? What is the minimal amount of space needed, mechanisms of breeding systems, methods of dispersal, population regulations, and reproduction suppression??

　　仍需探索的領(lǐng)域：幼豺和年輕豺個體的死亡率？要實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，豺所需的食物量是多少？所需的最小空間、繁殖系統(tǒng)的機制、擴散方法、種群一般規(guī)模和繁殖抑制值是多少？