專題三? 代詞

重難點分析

代詞是代替名詞或代替起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞和關(guān)系代詞八種。代詞也是高考語法填空設(shè)空的主要考點之一，需要重視。

代詞類別

例詞

功能

人稱代詞

主格

I, you, he, she, it, we, ? you, they

作主語

賓格

me, you, him, her, it, us, ? you, them

作賓語

物主代詞

形容詞性

my, your, his, her, its, ? our, your, their

作定語

名詞性

mine, yours, his, hers, ? its, ours, yours, theirs

作主語、賓語、表語

反身代詞

myself, yourself, himself, ? herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

作賓語、表語、同位語

不定代詞

some, any, no, either, neither, ? all, none, each, somebody, no one, everybody, much, many, other(s), another等

視情況而定，一般可作定語、主語、賓語等

疑問代詞

what, who, whose, whom, ? which, whatever, whichever ,whoever, whomever等

可作主語、賓語、定語等

指示代詞

this, that, these, those

作主語、賓語、定語、表語

相互代詞

each other, one another

作賓語

關(guān)系代詞

that, who, whom, whose, ? which等

連接定語從句

下面舉例說明其用法，其中疑問代詞見“專題12 句子種類”，關(guān)系代詞見“專題13 定語從句”。

一、人稱代詞的用法

1. 作主語用主格，作賓語用賓格。如：

She teaches us English. 她教我們英語。

2. 在句中作表語，常用賓格，但有時用主格。如：

—Who is it? 誰呀？

—It’s me. 是我。

It was I who told him about it. 是我告訴他這件事的。(強調(diào)句型)

3. it的用法

?

用法說明

例句

1

作人稱代詞，指代前面提到的事物

This is not my book. It is ? mary’s. 這不是我的書，是瑪莉的。

2

替代指示代詞this或that

—What’s this? 這是什么？? —It’s a dictionary. 這是一本字典。

—Whose jacket is that? 那是誰的夾克？? —It is hers. 是她的。

3

?

指人

—Who is knocking at the ? door? 誰在敲門？? —It’s me. 是我。

The baby no more cried as ? soon as it saw its mother. 那個嬰兒一看到他(她)的媽媽就不哭了。

4

?

?

指時間、距離、天氣、環(huán)境等

—What’s the time now? 現(xiàn)在幾點鐘？? —It’s ten past eight. 8:10。

It’s getting colder and ? colder now. 現(xiàn)在變得越來越冷了。

It’s about ten minutes’ ? walk from my home to the school. 從我家到學(xué)校步行大約要十分鐘。

It is very quiet at the ? moment. 目前很安靜。

5

指代前面整個句子的內(nèi)容

Our team won the football ? match. Have you heard about it? 我們隊贏得了足球賽。你聽說了嗎？

6

?

表示“喜歡、恨”等心理方面的動詞，后面跟it后再跟從句，其從句作it的同位語

?

I will appreciate it if ? you can give me a hand. 如果你能幫我一個忙，我將十分感激。

I hate it when people talk ? with their mouths full. 我不喜歡人們滿嘴是食物的時候說話。

I like it in autumn when ? the weather is clear and bright. 我喜歡秋天，那時候的天氣晴朗。

7

(未指明但談話雙方心里都明白的)那件事、那種情況

How is it (=your life/your ? work) going? 情況怎樣？

—Do you like it here? 你喜歡這里嗎？?

—Oh, yes. The air, the ? weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. 哦，當(dāng)然。這里的空氣、天氣、生活方式——一切都是這么美好。

8

It還可用作形式主語、形式賓語以代替主語從句、賓語從句、不定式短語、動名詞短語等

It’s impossible to get ? there in time. 及時到達(dá)那兒是不可能的。

I find it strange that she ? doesn’t want to go. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)她不想去，真奇怪。

二、物主代詞的用法

1. 形容詞性物主代詞——作定語

This is our classroom. 這是我們的教室。

His father is an engineer. 他父親是位工程師。

2. 名詞性物主代詞

所作成分

例句

主語

This is her coat. Mine is ? over there. 這是她的上衣，我的在那邊。

賓語

Something has gone wrong ? with my bike. May I use yours? 我的自行車出了點毛病，我能用你的嗎？

表語

This book isn’t mine; it’s ? Tom’s. 這本書不是我的，是湯姆的。

注意：(1) 英語中必須有形容詞性物主代詞，而漢語中往往省略不譯。如：

Jack took off his coat and went to bed. 杰克脫掉外套就上床睡覺了。

(2) “of+名詞性物主代詞”可用作定語。如：

Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party. 我的一些朋友將出席我的生日聚會。

三、反身代詞的用法

?

所作成分

例句

1

賓語

動賓

Tom taught himself ? Chinese. 湯姆自學(xué)漢語。

介賓

She loves me for myself, ? not for my money. 她喜歡的是我，不是我的錢。

2

表語

She is not quite herself ? today. 她今天有些不舒服。

3

同位語

I myself can repair the ? bike. 我自己會修自行車。

The table itself has only ? three legs. 這張桌子本身只有三條腿。

四、指示代詞的用法

1. 時空的差別。如：

There is this seat here, near me, or there is that one in the fourth row. Which will you have, this or that? 靠近我的這個座位，還是第四排的那個座位，你選哪一個，這個還是那個？

2. this和that在行文敘述上的差別。如：

I shall say this to you: he is a poor man. 我要跟你說的是，他是一個可憐的人。

He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come. 他生病了，那就是沒來的原因。

3. that和those用于表比較的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The weather of Zhanjiang is better than that of my hometown. 湛江的天氣比我家鄉(xiāng)的好。

TV sets made in Nanjing are better than those made here. 南京生產(chǎn)的電視機比在這里生產(chǎn)的電視機好。

4. 在打電話時，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指對方。如：

Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂，我是吉姆，你是約翰嗎?

五、不定代詞的用法

可數(shù)

one, each, many, both, ? another, either, neither, (a) few

不可數(shù)

much, (a) little

可數(shù)/不可數(shù)

none, any, other, all, ? some

復(fù)合不定代詞

anyone, anybody, anything, ? someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, ? nobody, nothing

1. none, no one與nothing的用法區(qū)別

(1) none既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特定概念，常用來回答how many/much引導(dǎo)的疑問句；no one只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用來回答who引導(dǎo)的疑問句；nothing“什么也沒有”，否定一切，常用來回答what引導(dǎo)的疑問句。如：

—How many people are there in the room now? 現(xiàn)在房間里有多少人？? —None. 一個人都沒有。

—Who is in the room? 誰在房間里？? —No one / Nobody. 沒有人。

—What’s in your schoolbag? 你書包有啥呢？? —Nothing. 啥都沒有。

(2) none后面可加of引導(dǎo)的介詞短語，而something / anything / everything / nothing / someone / anyone / everyone / no one卻不能。如：

It is none of my business! 這不關(guān)我事。

2. each與every的用法區(qū)別

(1) each強調(diào)“個體”，具有代詞和形容詞的作用；every強調(diào)“全體”，只能作定語。each作同位語時，不影響謂語動詞的數(shù)。不可用not each來表示部分否定，而用not every表示部分否定。如：

The tickets each cost ten dollars. 這些票每張要10美元。(each作同位語)

(2) every還可表示“每……的、每……中的”，下列說法中只能用every：

every year or two 每一兩年

every now and then 時常

every other day 每隔一天

one car to every 20 people 每20人乘一輛車

Choose one out of every ten boys. 每10個男孩中選一個。

3. another, other, the other, others與the others的用法區(qū)別

不定代詞

意義

用法說明

another

再一個，另一個

指同類事物中的另一個，用作代詞或形容詞。如：I don’t like ? this coat. Show me another, please.

other

另外的

只作定語，常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用；但如果前面有the, this, ? that, some, any, each, every, no, one以及my, your, his等時，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。如：any other ? plant, every other day

the other

兩者中的另一個

常與one連用，構(gòu)成one…the other… 一個……另一個……；作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，表示“全部其余的”

others

泛指別的人或物

是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，泛指別的人或物(但不是全部)，不能作定語，構(gòu)成some…others… 一些……另一些……

the others

特指其余的人或物

是the other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，特指其余的人或物

4. both, all, either, any, neither與none的用法區(qū)別

?

都

任何

都不

兩者

both

either

neither

兩者(以上)

all

any

none

如：

I had to buy all these books because I didn’t know which one was the best. 我不得不把這些書都買下來，因為我不知道哪一本最好。

It is easy to do the repair. All you need is a hammer and some nails. 做這個修理工作很容易你所需要的是一把錘子和一些釘子。

I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but neither of them came. 我邀請喬和琳達(dá)吃晚飯，但是他們兩個一個都沒來。

—Which of the three ways shall take to the village? 三條路中哪一條通往那個村子？

—Any way as you please. 任何一條都可以。

We had three sets of the garden tools but we seemed to have no use for any. 我們有三套園藝工具，但是我們沒有怎么使用它們。

5. one, ones, the one, the ones, that與those的用法區(qū)別

one用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)名詞，是泛指概念，相當(dāng)于“a/an+單數(shù)名詞”；ones用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，有時可用that代替(尤其在有后置定語的情況下)；the ones用來替代前面特指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，有時可用those代替(尤其在有后置定語的情況下)；that用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或特指的不可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“the+單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”。如：

Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present, one (=a present) that I have never seen. 張先生給了我一件十分珍貴的禮物，這件禮物是我從未見過的。

Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones (=many presents) that I have never seen. 張先生給了我許多珍貴的禮物，它們是我從未見過的。

The book on the desk is better than that/the one under the desk. 桌子上的那本書比桌子下的那本好。

The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk. 桌子上的那些書比桌子下的那些好。

考點練透

一、單句填空 用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空，使其意思和結(jié)構(gòu)完整。

1. We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because ________ of us had ________ money on us.

2. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have ________.

3. Although he is wealthy, he spends ________ on clothes.

4. —Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?

—I am afraid ________ day is possible.

5. If you want to change for a double room, you will have to pay ________ 15 dollars.

6. —Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?

—If you keep still, you can sit at ________ end.

7. These plants are watered ________ (每兩天).

8. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ________ money and ________ people.

9. There are a lot of trees on ________ side of the square.

10. You will not see ________ the animals in winter.

二、完成句子 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或副詞填空，使其意思和結(jié)構(gòu)完整。

1. The weather was very sunny the following day, ________ was what we had expected.

2. I have finished reading all the books ________ are borrowed from the school library.

3. Is this the second time ________ you have been to Guangzhou?

4. ________ is reported in the newspaper, the war between the two countries has come to a stop.

5. Can you think of another example ________ this phrase can be used?

6. The train on ________ he is traveling is late.

7. Do you still remember the happy days ________ we spent together in Beijing?

8. I have bought the same skirt ________ she is wearing.

9. Is this the reason ________ he is late again?

10. Her parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone ________ family was very poor.

11. I, ________ am your best friend, will help you out.

12. The day will come ________ the people all over the world will win liberation.

13. The students are talking about the strange people and stories ________ they met in the adventure.

14. He is the very man in ________ pocket I found my lost money.

15. I have a picture by a famous painter ________ was sent to me for my birthday.

三、語篇填空 用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空。

One day, as Carl’s wife was going out, her child began to cry, begging to go with ____1____.

“Stay home,” the mother said to him. “When ____2____ return, we will kill a pig for ____3____ dinner!”

When she came back, ____4____ found Carl preparing to slaughter (宰殺) a pig for the child’s meal. She hurried over to stop ____5____. “What are you doing? You are not really going to kill a pig, are you?” I was just kidding him!

“How can ____6____ lie to children?” Carl replied. “____7____ learn each and ____8____ movement from ____9____ parents. If ____10____ deceive your child with lies, you are teaching the child to lie. One cannot educate children this way.”

In the end, Carl killed the pig.

四、語法填空 閱讀下面短文, 在空白處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

When the sun shines brightly, it provides a great chance to get outdoor ???1 ???(thing) done. Like making hay (晾曬干草)! At least, that is ???2 ???farmers from the past would say.

“Make hay while the sun shines.”

This idiom is very old, ???3 ???(date) back to Medieval Times. Rain would often ruin the process ???4 ???making hay. So farmers had no choice but ???5 ???(make) hay when the sun was shining.

Today, we all use this idiom, not just farmers. When conditions ???6 ???(be) perfect to get something done, we can say, “? ?7 ???is a good idea to make hay while the sun shines.” And sometimes we use this ???8 ???(express) to mean we beat someone to the punch, or we got ahead of someone else.

In other words, you are taking advantage of a good situation or of good conditions. You are making the most of your opportunities.

You should know that sometimes we only use parts of this expression. You might hear someone ???9 ???(simple) say they were “making a little hay.” ???10 ???meaning is still there, even if all the words aren’t.

參考答案 考點練透

一、單句填空

1. none; any? 2. one? 3. little? 4. neither? 5. another? 6. either? 7. every other day? 8. less; fewer? 9. every? 10. all

二、完成句子

1. which? 2. that? 3. that? 4. As? 5. where? 6. which? 7. that/which? 8. as? 9. why? 10. whose? 11. who? 12. when? 13. that? 14. whose? 15. that/which

三、語篇填空?

1. her? 2. I? 3. your? 4. she? 5. him? 6. we? 7. They? 8. every? 9. their? 10. you

四、語法填空

本文主要介紹了習(xí)語“Make hay while the sun shines”的由來及其含義。

1. things? 考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。thing是可數(shù)名詞，且前面沒有任何限定詞，故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2. what? 考查連詞。引導(dǎo)表語從句且作say的賓語，應(yīng)填what。

3. dating? 考查非謂語動詞。因句中已有謂語動詞is，且idiom與date是主動關(guān)系，故用v-ing形式。注意：date back to通常不用于被動。

4. of? 考查介詞。the process of 表示“……的過程”。

5. to make? 考查非謂語動詞。因have no choice but to do sth.是固定搭配，意為“除了做某事以外，別無選擇”。

6. are? 考查主謂一致。因段首有today，可知是用一般現(xiàn)在時，且主語是conditions，故填are。

7. It? 考查代詞。此處it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的不定式。注意：在英語中只有it能作形式主語和形式賓語。

8. expression? 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。由空格前的this可知，此處填名詞。

9. simply? 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾動詞say作狀語，應(yīng)用副詞。

10. The? 考查冠詞。此處特指這個習(xí)語的意思，故填The。

?