Simon雅思閱讀

（01）考試信息

雅思閱讀考試相關(guān)事宜

（A類/G類通用）

考試時(shí)長(zhǎng)：1小時(shí)

考試題數(shù)：40題

考試題型：

1.判斷題（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN、YES/NO/ NOT GIVEN）

2.多項(xiàng)選擇題

3.填空題

4.匹配題等等

考試要求：閱讀文章并回答有關(guān)文章內(nèi)容的問題

考試目的：

1.測(cè)試你對(duì)書面英語(yǔ)的理解

2.測(cè)試你的英語(yǔ)詞匯量

常見問題：

1.詞匯量不足，無(wú)法理解文章或題目中的詞語(yǔ)

2.在文章中找到問題答案的速度過慢

課程目的：

1.學(xué)會(huì)雅思閱讀答題相關(guān)技巧

2.提高雅思閱讀答題速度

3.獲得自信

（02）基本技巧與填空題

基本技巧

解題步驟：

1.?不要先讀文章

2.?開始先看標(biāo)題

3.?看完標(biāo)題直接來(lái)看第一個(gè)問題

4.?在問題的關(guān)鍵詞下面劃下劃線

5.?然后在文章中找出關(guān)鍵詞

6. 在文章中劃出關(guān)鍵詞

7.?仔細(xì)閱讀有關(guān)鍵詞的那一段

8.?在那一段嘗試得出答案

注意：

1.?以正常速度閱讀

2. 只有名字或數(shù)字才可以掃讀

3.?遇到難題先跳過，完成其他題目后再回頭看

閱讀考試題型：

1.?填空題

2.?判斷題

3.?多項(xiàng)選擇題

4.?段落標(biāo)題匹配題

5.?段落信息匹配題

6.?結(jié)尾匹配題

7.?特征匹配題

8.?簡(jiǎn)答題

填空題

題目類型：

1. 用文中的詞填空

2.?圖表類填空

3.?用方框里的單詞填空

4.?表格填空

案例練習(xí)：

Read the following passage and answer questions 1 to 13 below it.

A Useful Plant

Mosses are small flowerless plants that usually grow in dense green clumps, in damp and shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple, one-cell thick leaves, covering a thin stem that supports them. At certain times they produce thin stalks topped with capsules containing spores. They are typically 1–10 centimetres tall, though some species are much larger, like Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, which can grow to 50 cm in height.

Species of moss can be classed as growing on: rocks, exposed mineral soil, disturbed soils, acid soil, calcareous soil, cliff seeps and waterfall spray areas, stream sides, shaded humusy soil, downed logs, burnt stumps, tree trunk bases, upper tree trunks, and tree branches or in bogs. While mosses often grow on trees as epiphytes, they are never parasitic on the tree.

Moss is often considered a weed in grass lawns, but is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic principles exemplified by Japanese gardening. In old temple gardens, for example, moss can be added to carpet a forest scene, as it is thought to add a sense of calm, age and stillness. Moss is also used in bonsai to cover the soil and enhance the impression of age.

There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration. Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is "mined" for use as a fuel, as a horticultural soil additive, and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch whisky.

Some Sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water. In World War I, Sphagnum mosses were used as first-aid dressings on soldiers' wounds, as these mosses were said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton, to retain liquids better, and to distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves, as well as being cooler, softer and less irritating than cotton. It was also claimed that they have mild antibacterial properties.

Questions 1 to 4

Complete each label on the diagram below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

Parts of the moss plant

Questions 5 to 9

Complete the following summary using words from the box below.

Mosses grow in (5)______, shaded locations on rocks, soil, wood or in bogs. When mosses grow on trees, they are not classed?as (6)______, but when they grow on lawns, they are typically seen?as (7)______. Japanese gardeners believe that moss has special (8)______, and it is often used as?a (9)______in temple gardens.

Questions 10 to 13

Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage to fill each gap.

The Uses of Moss

↓Warning↓

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↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

參考答案：

1.?one-cell

2.?thin

3.?spores?

4.?1,?10

5.?moist

6.?parasites

7.?weeds

8.?qualities

9.?carpet

10.?intact?

11.?soil

12.?whisky

13.?wounds

答案解析：

A Useful Plant

Mosses are small flowerless plants that usually grow in dense green clumps, in?damp?and shady locations.?The individual plants are usually composed of simple,?one-cell?thick leaves, covering a thin stem that supports them.?At certain times they produce?thin?stalks topped with capsules containing?spores.?They are typically?1–10?centimetres tall, though some species are much larger, like Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, which can grow to 50 cm in height.

Species of moss can be classed as growing on: rocks, exposed mineral soil, disturbed soils, acid soil, calcareous soil, cliff seeps and waterfall spray areas, stream sides, shaded humusy soil, downed logs, burnt stumps, tree trunk bases, upper tree trunks, and tree branches or?in bogs.?While mosses often grow on trees as epiphytes, they are never?parasitic?on the tree.

Moss is often considered a?weed?in grass lawns, but is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic?principles?exemplified by Japanese gardening.?In old temple gardens, for example, moss can be added to?carpet?a forest scene,?as it is thought to add a sense of calm, age and stillness. Moss is also used in bonsai to cover the soil and enhance the impression of age.

There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for?intact?moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration.?Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is "mined" for use as a fuel, as a horticultural?soil?additive, and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch?whisky.

Some Sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water.?In World War I, Sphagnum mosses were used as first-aid dressings on soldiers'?wounds, as these mosses were said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton, to retain liquids better, and to distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves, as well as being cooler, softer and less irritating than cotton. It was also claimed that they have mild antibacterial properties.

提示：填空題答案在文章中通常是按照順序出現(xiàn)的

（03）判斷題

true/false/not given與yes/no/not given

true/false/not given

出現(xiàn)于文章是關(guān)于事實(shí)的時(shí)候，根據(jù)文章信息判斷這句話是否正確

yes/no/not given

出現(xiàn)于文章是關(guān)于作者觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，根據(jù)文章信息判斷這句話是否與作者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)一致

注意：二者差別很小可以忽略，只考慮正確、不正確或未提及

true/yes：當(dāng)正確的信息在文中明確給出時(shí)

false/no：當(dāng)文中信息與問題陳述相矛盾時(shí)

not given：文中沒有提到或提到的信息不足

解題技巧

1. 尋找關(guān)鍵詞

2. 仔細(xì)比較其在文章和題目中的區(qū)別

3.?判斷題答案總是以正確順序出現(xiàn)在文章中

案例練習(xí)：

Read the following passage and answer questions 1 to 7 below it.

The Development of Sanitation Systems

The first sanitation systems were built in the prehistoric Middle East, in the south-east of the modern country of Iran near Zabol. An inverted siphon system, along with glass covered clay pipes, was used for the first time in the palaces of Crete, Greece. It is still in working condition, after about 3000 years.

Higher population densities required more complex sewer collection and conveyance systems to maintain sanitary conditions in crowded cities. The ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley civilisation constructed complex networks of brick- lined sewage drains from around 2600 BC and also had outdoor flush toilets connected to this network. The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilisation provided public and private baths, sewage was disposed through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks, and a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs was established.

Roman towns and garrisons in the United Kingdom between 46 BC and 400 AD had complex sewer networks sometimes constructed out of hollowed-out elm logs, which were shaped so that they butted together with the down-stream pipe providing a socket for the upstream pipe.

In some cities, including Rome, Istanbul (Constantinople) and Fustat, networked ancient sewer systems continue to function today as collection systems for those cities' modernised sewer systems. Instead of flowing to a river or the sea, the pipes have been re-routed to modern sewer treatment facilities.

This basic system remained in place with little positive change, until the 16th century, when Sir John Harington invented the first flush toilet as a device for Queen Elizabeth I (his godmother) that released wastes into cesspools. Despite this innovation, most cities did not have a functioning sewer system before the Industrial era, relying instead on nearby rivers or occasional rain showers to wash away the sewage from the streets.

The prevailing system was sufficient for the needs of early cities with few occupants, but the tremendous growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution quickly led to terribly over- polluted streets, which acted as a constant source for the outbreak of disease. As recently as the late 19th century sewerage systems in some parts of the highly industrialised United Kingdom were so inadequate that water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid remained a risk.

The first comprehensive sewer system was built in Hamburg, Germany in the mid-19th century, and the first such systems in the United States were built in the late 1850s in Chicago and Brooklyn. Initially these systems discharged sewage directly to surface waters without treatment. But as pollution of water bodies became a concern, cities attempted to treat the sewage before discharge. During the half-century around 1900, these public health interventions succeeded in drastically reducing the incidence of water- borne diseases among the urban population, and were an important cause in the increases of life expectancy experienced at the time.

Are the following statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN?

(1)?Early sanitation systems became more intricate as city populations?grew.

(2)?The ancient water management systems of the Indus Valley are still in use?today.

(3)?Some sewage networks built by the Romans in the UK were made out of?wood.?

(4)?Rome had the most developed of all ancient sanitation?systems.

(5)?By the time of Queen Elizabeth 1, the majority of cities had built sewers for waste?water.

(6)?Poor sanitation systems during the Industrial era posed a significant health?risk.

(7)?The world’s first complete sewage network was constructed in the?USA.

↓Warning↓

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答案即將揭曉

↓Warning↓

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參考答案：

1.?True

2.?Not?given

3.?True

4.?Not?given

5.?False

6.?True

7.?False

答案解析：

The Development of Sanitation Systems

The?first sanitation systems?were built in the prehistoric Middle East, in the south-east of the modern country of Iran near Zabol. An?inverted siphon system, along with glass covered clay pipes, was used for the first time in the palaces of Crete, Greece. It is still in working condition, after about 3000 years.

Higher population densities?required?more complex?sewer?collection and conveyance?systems?to maintain sanitary conditions in crowded?cities. The?ancient?cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro of the?Indus Valley?civilisation constructed complex?networks?of brick- lined?sewage?drains from around 2600 BC and also had outdoor flush toilets connected to this network. The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilisation provided public and private baths, sewage was disposed through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks, and a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs was established.

Roman?towns and garrisons?in the United Kingdom?between 46 BC and 400 AD had complex?sewer networks?sometimes constructed?out of?hollowed-out elm logs, which were shaped so that they butted together with the down-stream pipe providing a socket for the upstream pipe.

......

This basic system?remained in place with little positive change, until the 16th century, when Sir John Harington invented the first flush toilet as a device for?Queen Elizabeth I?(his godmother) that released wastes into cesspools. Despite this innovation,?most cities did not have a functioning sewer system?before the Industrial era, relying instead on nearby rivers or occasional rain showers to wash away the sewage from the streets.

The prevailing system was sufficient for the needs of early cities with few occupants, but the tremendous growth of cities?during the Industrial Revolution?quickly led to terribly over- polluted streets, which acted as a constant source for the?outbreak of disease. As recently as the late 19th century?sewerage systems?in some parts of the highly industrialised United Kingdom were so?inadequate?that water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid remained a?risk.

The?first comprehensive sewer system?was built in?Hamburg, Germany?in the mid-19th century, and the first such systems in the?United States?were built in the late 1850s in Chicago and Brooklyn. Initially these systems discharged sewage directly to surface waters without treatment. But as pollution of water bodies became a concern, cities attempted to treat the sewage before discharge. During the half-century around 1900, these public health interventions succeeded in drastically reducing the incidence of water- borne diseases among the urban population, and were an important cause in the increases of life expectancy experienced at the time.

（04）段落標(biāo)題匹配題

你將看到一個(gè)標(biāo)題列表，并從中為文章中的每個(gè)段落選擇最合適的標(biāo)題

難點(diǎn)分析：

1. 答案在文章中不是按順序出現(xiàn)的

2. 有些標(biāo)題可能是相似的

解題技巧：

1.?最后再做段落標(biāo)題匹配題，先做這篇文章的其他題目

2. 把列表中的每個(gè)標(biāo)題的關(guān)鍵詞下面劃線

3.?先讀最短的或最容易的或你最熟悉的段落

案例練習(xí)：

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B to G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number?i-x?for questions 1 to 6.

1.?Paragraph B

2.?Paragraph C

3.?Paragraph D

4.?Paragraph E

5.?Paragraph F

6.?Paragraph G

The Development of Sanitation Systems

(A)?The first sanitation systems were built in the prehistoric Middle East, in the south-east of the modern country of Iran near Zabol. An inverted siphon system, along with glass covered clay pipes, was used for the first time in the palaces of Crete, Greece. It is still in working condition, after about 3000?years.

(B)?Higher population densities required more complex sewer collection and conveyance systems to maintain sanitary conditions in crowded cities. The ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro of the Indus?Valley?civilisation constructed complex networks of brick- lined sewage drains from around 2600 BC and also had outdoor flush toilets connected to this network. The urban areas of the Indus?Valley?civilisation provided public and private baths, sewage was disposed through underground drains built with precisely laid bricks, and a sophisticated water management system with numerous reservoirs was?established.

(C)?Roman towns and garrisons in the United Kingdom between 46 BC and 400 AD had complex sewer networks sometimes constructed out of hollowed-out elm logs, which were shaped so that they butted together with the down-stream pipe providing a socket for the upstream?pipe.

(D)?In some cities, including Rome, Istanbul (Constantinople) and Fustat, networked ancient sewer systems continue to function today as collection systems for those cities' modernised sewer systems. Instead of flowing to a river or the sea, the pipes have been re-routed to modern sewer treatment?facilities.

(E)?Basic sewage systems remained in place with little positive change, until the 16th?century,?when Sir John Harington invented the first flush toilet as a device for Queen Elizabeth I (his godmother) that released wastes into cesspools. Despite this innovation, most cities did not have a functioning sewer system before the Industrial era, relying instead on nearby rivers or occasional rain showers to wash away the sewage from the streets.

(F)?The prevailing system was sufficient for the needs of early cities with few occupants, but the tremendous growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution quickly led to terribly over-polluted streets, which acted as a constant source for the outbreak of disease. As recently as the late 19th century sewerage systems in some parts of the highly industrialised United Kingdom were so inadequate that water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid remained a risk.

(G)?The first comprehensive sewer system was built in Hamburg, Germany in the mid-19th?century,?and the first such systems in the United States were built in the late 1850s in Chicago and Brooklyn. Initially these systems discharged sewage directly to surface waters without treatment. But as pollution of water bodies became a concern, cities attempted to treat the sewage before discharge. During the half-century around 1900, these public health interventions succeeded in drastically reducing the incidence of water- borne diseases among the urban population, and were an important cause in the increases of life expectancy experienced at the?time.

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

參考答案：

1.?viii

2.?iii

3.?x

4.?v

5.?i

6.?vii

答案解析：

（05）段落信息匹配題

你將看到一個(gè)陳述列表，你的任務(wù)是找出每段話中包含的信息并進(jìn)行匹配

難點(diǎn)分析：

1. 答案在文章中不是按順序出現(xiàn)的

2. 同一段落可能包含不止一個(gè)答案

3. 有些段落可能不包含任何答案

解題技巧：

1.?最后再做段落信息匹配題，先做這篇文章的其他題目

2. 把列表中的每條陳述的關(guān)鍵詞下面劃線

3.?先讀最短的或最容易的或你最熟悉的段落

案例練習(xí)：

Food Preservation

(A)?Food preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi or other micro- organisms, as well as retarding the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity. Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut.

(B)?Often, several food preservation methods are used together. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam,?for example, involves boiling, to reduce the fruit’s moisture content and to kill bacteria, sugaring,? to prevent re-growth of bacteria, and sealing within an airtight jar, to prevent recomtamination.?Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is an important aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods drastically altered the character of the food being preserved. In many cases these changes have come to be seen as desirable qualities – cheese, yogurt and pickled onions being common examples.

(C)?Drying is one of the oldest techniques used to hamper the decomposition of food products. As early as 12,000 B.C., Middle Eastern and Oriental cultures were drying foods using the power of the sun. Vegetables and fruit are naturally dried by the sun and wind, but in the Middle Ages, "still houses" were built in areas that did not have enough sunlight for drying to take place. A fire would be built inside the building to provide the heat to dry the various fruits, vegetables and herbs.

(D)?The earliest cultures also used sugar as a preservative, and it was commonplace to store fruit in honey. In northern climates without su?cient sun to dry foods, preserves were made by heating the fruit with sugar. Sugar kills microbes by drawing water from them and leaving the microbial cells dehydrated. In this way, the food remains safe from microbial spoilage. Sugar is used to preserve fruits, either in an anti-microbial syrup with fruit such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots and plums, or in crystallised form where the preserved material is cooked in sugar to the point of crystallisation and the resultant product is then stored dry. This method is used for the skins of citrus fruit.

(E)?Salting, or curing, is another ancient food preservation technique, involving the use of salt to draw moisture from meat through the process of osmosis. There is evidence of a trade in salt meat across ancient Europe. For example, the Gauls exported salt pork each year to Rome in large quantities, where it was sold in di?erent cuts and used to feed Roman armies. In the 18th century, salt meat was one of the main foods for sailors on long?voyages.

(F)?While traditional methods of food preservation are still very much in use, a range of modern industrial techniques are employed by commercial food producers. Perhaps the most well known of these is pasteurisation, which was invented by the French chemist Louis Pasteur in 1862. To remedy the frequent acidity of the local wines, Pasteur found that it is su?cient to heat a young wine to only about 50–60 °C for a brief time to kill microbes, and that the wine could subsequently be aged without sacrificing the final quality. Today the process of pasteurisation is used in the ?dairy and food industries for microbial control, most notably in the production of milk. Other ?modern methods of food preservation include vacuum packing, using artificial additives, ?irradiation, electroporation and high pressure?preservation.

(G)?Most of the food that we buy in shops and supermarkets has been preserved and made safe for?consumption using at least one of the traditional or modern techniques. However, all foods are susceptible to spoiling, and food poisoning is still extremely common. In fact, recent research puts the figure for cases of food poisoning in the UK at more than 500,000 per?year.

Questions 1 to 5

The reading passage above has seven paragraphs, labelled A to G.

Which paragraph contains the information in the five statements below? Write the letter of the correct paragraph.

NB.?You may use the same letter more than once.

1.?A technique that was originally used to preserve?wines.

2.?Examples of foods whose appeal derives from how they are?preserved.

3.?Spoiled food continues to cause?illness.

4.?Preserved food eaten by soldiers.

5.?An example of di?erent preservation techniques working?together.

Questions 6 to 9

According to the passage, are the following statements TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN?

6.?Several methods are employed to prevent bacterial contamination of?jam.

7.?Drying was only used in places with su?cient?sunlight.

8.?Sugar was the most valued preservative in ancient?times.

9.?The Romans imported salted meat because of its high?quality.

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

↓Warning↓

答案即將揭曉

參考答案：

1.?F

2.?B

3.?G

4.?E

5.?B

6.?TRUE

7.?FALSE

8.?NOT?GIVEN

9.?NOT?GIVEN

答案解析：

Food Preservation

(A)?......

(B)?Often, several food preservation methods are used together. Preserving fruit by turning it into jam,?for example, involves boiling, to reduce the fruit’s moisture content and to kill bacteria, sugaring,? to prevent re-growth of bacteria, and sealing within an airtight jar, to prevent recomtamination.?Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is an important aspect of food preservation, although, historically, some methods drastically altered the character of the food being preserved. In many cases these changes have come to be seen as desirable qualities – cheese, yogurt and pickled onions being common examples.

(C)?Drying is one of the oldest techniques used to hamper the decomposition of food products. As early as 12,000 B.C., Middle Eastern and Oriental cultures were drying foods using the power of the sun. Vegetables and fruit are naturally dried by the sun and wind, but in the Middle Ages,?"still houses" were built in areas that did not have enough sunlight for drying to take place. A fire would be built inside the building to provide the heat to dry the various fruits, vegetables and herbs.

(D)?The earliest cultures also used sugar as a preservative, and it was commonplace to store fruit in honey. In northern climates without su?cient sun to dry foods, preserves were made by heating the fruit with sugar. Sugar kills microbes by drawing water from them and leaving the microbial cells dehydrated. In this way, the food remains safe from microbial spoilage. Sugar is used to preserve fruits, either in an anti-microbial syrup with fruit such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots and plums, or in crystallised form where the preserved material is cooked in sugar to the point of crystallisation and the resultant product is then stored dry. This method is used for the skins of citrus fruit.

(E)?Salting, or curing, is another ancient food preservation technique, involving the use of salt to draw moisture from meat through the process of osmosis. There is evidence of a trade in salt meat across ancient Europe.?For example, the Gauls exported salt pork each year to Rome in large quantities, where it was sold in di?erent cuts and used to feed Roman armies. In the 18th century, salt meat was one of the main foods for sailors on long?voyages.

(F)?......

(G)?......

（06）選擇題

基本技巧

解題步驟：

1.?不要先讀文章

2.?開始先看標(biāo)題

3.?看完標(biāo)題直接來(lái)看第一個(gè)問題

4.?在問題的關(guān)鍵詞下面劃下劃線

5.?然后在文章中找出關(guān)鍵詞

6. 在文章中劃出關(guān)鍵詞

7.?仔細(xì)閱讀有關(guān)鍵詞的那一段

8.?在那一段嘗試得出答案

注意：

1.?以正常速度閱讀

2. 只有名字或數(shù)字才可以掃讀

3.?遇到難題先跳過，完成其他題目后再回頭看

4. 選擇題答案總是以正確順序出現(xiàn)在文章中

案例練習(xí)：

The Brain Drain

Human capital flight, sometimes called “brain drain”, refers to the emigration of?intelligent, well-educated individuals to another country for better pay or conditions, causing the home country to lose those skilled people, or “brains”.

The term "brain drain" was coined by the Royal Society in the 1950s to describe the emigration of scientists and technologists to North America from post-war Europe. Albert Einstein was an earlier, and perhaps the most famous, example of this form of emigration. Einstein was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. Although the term originally referred to science and technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened to describe "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions”.

As with other human migration, the social environment is considered to be a key reason for this population shift. In source countries, lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, and health risks contribute to brain drain. Host countries, on the other hand, may o?er employment opportunities, political stability and freedom, a developed economy, and better living conditions. At the individual level, family influences (relatives living overseas, for example), as well as personal preferences, career ambitions and other motivating factors can be considered.

In spite of its negative connotation, “brain drain” migration can be seen in a positive light. There is obviously a benefit to the migrating individuals, in terms of career progression, quality of life and earning power. These professionals often send remittances home to family members, and they may at some point return to their home countries with enhanced knowledge and skills. The home country may also experience an increase in demand for higher level education as people see the opportunities for educated workers overseas.

On the other hand, it is almost certainly more beneficial for a country to gain educated professionals than to lose them. It can be argued that the brain drain leads to an uneven distribution of knowledge, promoting innovation and development in destination countries, while stripping ‘source’ countries of their?best workers, and therefore hindering their progress.

Some governments have policies to retain skilled workers. In Germany, Switzerland, Austria and France, for example, government-funded initiatives have been established to assist professionals working abroad to return to their home countries. By contrast, the Indian government has not adopted such policies, believing that the lost talent will eventually contribute to the nation in the future.

Questions 1 to 4

Choose the best answer for each of the questions. Write A, B, C, or D as your answer.

1.?People first used the term “brain?drain”

A)?during the Second World?War

B)?when Albert Einstein decided to settle in the?USA

C)?to refer to the emigration of skilled Europeans after the Second World?War

D)?to describe immigration in North?America

2.?“Brain drain” migration is thought to be the result?of

A)?social and environmental factors in developing?countries

B)?the problems people face in source countries, and the allure of a better?life

C)?families living in different parts of the?world

D)?workers becoming more?ambitious

3.?When people emigrate to work?abroad

A)?they may help their families by sending money?home

B)?they usually return home to visit family?members

C)?they benefit from better education systems in the destination?countries

D)?their home countries receive money for higher?education

4.?To?curb the negative effects of a “brain?drain”

A)?most countries promote?innovation

B)?all governments have policies to stop skilled workers?leaving

C)?Indian migrants are expected to send financial contributions?home

D)?schemes have been implemented in some countries to bring migrants home

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參考答案：

1.?C

2.?B

3.?A

4.?D

答案解析：

The Brain Drain

......

The term "brain drain"?was coined?by the Royal Society in the?1950s?to describe the?emigration of scientists and technologists to North America from post-war Europe. Albert?Einstein?was an?earlier, and perhaps the most famous,?example?of this form of emigration. Einstein was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. Although the term originally referred to science and technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened to describe "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions”.

As with other human migration, the social environment is considered to be?a key reason for this population shift. In source countries, lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, and health risks contribute to brain drain. Host countries, on the other hand, may o?er employment opportunities, political stability and freedom, a developed?economy,?and?better living conditions. At the individual level,?family influences?(relatives living overseas, for example), as well as personal preferences, career?ambitions?and other motivating factors can?be?considered.

In spite of its negative connotation, “brain drain” migration can be seen in a positive light. There is obviously a benefit to the?migrating individuals, in terms of career progression, quality of life and earning power.?These professionals often send remittances home to family members, and they?may at some point return?to their home countries with enhanced knowledge and skills. The home country may also experience an increase in?demand for higher level education?as people see the opportunities for educated workers overseas.

On the other hand, it is almost certainly more beneficial for a country to gain educated professionals than to lose them. It can be argued that the brain drain leads to an uneven distribution of knowledge, promoting innovation and development in?destination countries, while stripping ‘source’ countries of?their?best workers, and therefore hindering their progress.

Some governments?have policies to retain skilled workers. In Germany, Switzerland, Austria and France, for example, government-funded?initiatives?have been?established to assist professionals working abroad to return?to their home countries. By contrast, the?Indian government?has not adopted such policies, believing that the lost talent?will eventually contribute?to the nation in the future.

Keyword table - question 1

Keyword?table?-?question 2

Keyword?table?-?question 3

Keyword?table?-?question 4

（07）名稱匹配題

你將看到一個(gè)名稱列表，你的任務(wù)是找出與之匹配的陳述語(yǔ)句

難點(diǎn)分析：

1. 答案在文章中不是按順序出現(xiàn)的

2. 同一名稱可用于多個(gè)答案

3. 有些名稱可能沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的陳述

解題技巧：

1. 在每條陳述句的關(guān)鍵詞下面劃線

2.?掃讀這篇文章并找出所有的名稱

3.?選擇描述最短的名稱開始做題

4. 將以上信息與所有問題陳述進(jìn)行比較

注意：名稱不存在同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，很容易找到

案例練習(xí)：

The What and How of Happiness

A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources.

Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek word ‘Eudaimonia’. But while most people would agree that a life of happiness or flourishing is desirable, the really difficult question is to specify just what sort of activities enable one to live well.

One important move in Greek philosophy to answer the question of how to achieve happiness is to bring in another important concept in ancient philosophy, ‘a(chǎn)rete’ (virtue). The philosopher Aristotle, for example, wrote that the good or happy life is one of “virtuous activity in accordance with reason”. However, it is important to bear in mind that the sense of ‘virtue’ operative in ancient ethics is not exclusively moral and includes more than states such as wisdom, courage and compassion. The sense of virtue which ‘a(chǎn)rete’ connotes would include saying something like "speed is a virtue in a horse", or "height is a virtue in a basketball player". The alternative translation ‘excellence’ might be helpful in conveying this general meaning of the term to a modern audience. It is also interesting to note that?for?Aristotle, ‘eudaimonia' actually requires?activity,?or action, so that it is not sufficient for a person to possess an ability or disposition that he or she does not?use.

Another Greek philosopher, Epicurus, explained happiness in a different way. Epicurus’ ethical theory is hedonistic. Hedonism is the view that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and that pain is the only intrinsic bad. He understands happiness as a more or less continuous experience of pleasure and the freedom from pain and distress. However, it is important to understand that Epicurus does not advocate the pursuit of any and every pleasure. Rather, he recommends a policy whereby pleasures are maximised “in the long run”. Specifically, Epicurus claims that some pleasures are not worth having because they lead to greater pains, and some pains are worthwhile when they lead to greater pleasures. The best strategy for attaining a maximal amount of pleasure overall is not to seek instant gratification but to work out a sensible long term policy.

More recently, writers and thinkers have continued to discuss the pursuit of happiness and the good life. In the 1930s Abraham Maslow, an American professor of psychology, created a visual aid to explain his own theory on the subject. The idea, which he called the ‘hierarchy of needs’, is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs, starting from the basic need for food and shelter. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid, he reaches self-actualisation.

Since the 1960s, research has produced many di?erent views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness. Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes in her book ‘The How of Happiness’ that 50 percent of a given human's happiness level is genetically determined (based on twin studies), 10 percent is a?ected by life circumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness is subject to self-control. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby say that happiness comes from "encountering unexpected positive events”, while according to Mark Leary, as reported in a November 1995 issue of Psychology Today, "we are happiest when basking in the acceptance and praise of others”.

Richard Davidson's 2012 bestseller ‘The Emotional Life of?Your?Brain’ argues that positive emotion and happiness benefit your long-term health. A study conducted in 2005 by Andrew Steptow and Michael Marmot found that happiness is clearly related to biological markers that play an important role in health. Steptow and Marmot collected health and well-being data from 116 men and 100 women. Interestingly, the participants who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol (a hormone related to stress) levels that were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the most?happy.

In spite of this finding and the plethora of research into every conceivable aspect of happiness, it seems that we are no closer than the ancient Greeks were to achieving it at ?a societal level. In fact, levels of stress and mental illness seem to suggest the opposite. Perhaps instead of studying the minutiae of happiness, we should simply follow?Aristotle’s?advice and strive to ‘do and live?well’.

Questions 1 to 6

Match each of the following statements with the name of a writer or philosopher from the box below. Write the correct letter, A to E, for each statement.

NB.?You may use any letter more than once.

1.?Genes play a considerable role in each?person’s?level of?happiness.

2.?The pursuit of happiness requires taking a long-term view of what is good for?us.

3.?Being unhappy can a?ect a chemical in the human?body.

4.?We?are happy when other people say nice things about?us.

5.?Happiness cannot be achieved without?action.

6.?Negative experiences are sometimes valuable because they lead to future?happiness.

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參考答案：

1.?C

2.?B

3.?E

4.?D

5.?A

6.?B

答案解析：

The What and How of Happiness

......

One important move in Greek philosophy to answer the question of how to achieve happiness is to bring in another important concept in ancient philosophy, ‘a(chǎn)rete’ (virtue). The philosopher?Aristotle, for example, wrote that the good or happy life is one of “virtuous activity in accordance with reason”. However, it is important to bear in mind that the sense of ‘virtue’ operative in ancient ethics is not exclusively moral and includes more than states such as wisdom, courage and compassion. The sense of virtue which ‘a(chǎn)rete’ connotes would include saying something like "speed is a virtue in a horse", or "height is a virtue in a basketball player". The alternative translation ‘excellence’ might be helpful in conveying this general meaning of the term to a modern audience. It is also interesting to note that?for?Aristotle,?‘eudaimonia' actually requires?activity,?or action, so that it is not sufficient for a person to possess an ability or disposition that he or she does not?use.

Another Greek philosopher,?Epicurus, explained happiness in a different way. Epicurus’ ethical theory is hedonistic. Hedonism is the view that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and that pain is the only intrinsic bad. He understands happiness as a more or less continuous experience of pleasure and the freedom from pain and distress. However, it is important to understand that Epicurus does not advocate the pursuit of any and every pleasure.?Rather, he recommends a policy whereby pleasures are maximised “in the long run”. Specifically, Epicurus claims that some pleasures are not worth having because they lead to greater pains, and some pains are worthwhile when they lead to greater pleasures. The best strategy for attaining a maximal amount of pleasure overall is not to seek instant gratification but to work out a sensible long term policy.

......

Since the 1960s, research has produced many di?erent views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness.?Sonja Lyubomirsky?concludes in her book ‘The How of Happiness’ that 50 percent of a given human's happiness level is genetically determined (based on twin studies), 10 percent is a?ected by life circumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness is subject to self-control.?Leda Cosmides and John Tooby say that happiness comes from "encountering unexpected positive events”,?while according to?Mark Leary, as reported in a November 1995 issue of Psychology Today, "we are happiest when basking in the acceptance and praise of others”.

Richard Davidson's 2012 bestseller ‘The Emotional Life of?Your?Brain’ argues that positive emotion and happiness benefit your long-term health.?A study conducted in 2005 by?Andrew Steptow?and?Michael Marmot?found that happiness is clearly related to biological markers that play an important role in health. Steptow and Marmot collected health and well-being data from 116 men and 100 women. Interestingly, the participants who rated themselves the least happy had cortisol (a hormone related to stress) levels that were 48% higher than those who rated themselves as the most?happy.

......

（08）簡(jiǎn)答題

解題技巧：關(guān)鍵詞技巧

案例練習(xí)：

Understanding Humour

Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.

The benign-violation?theory,?endorsed by Peter?McGraw,?attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says 'humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems?okay,?acceptable or safe’.?Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in conversation by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions. Others claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author E.B. White once said, "Humour can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.”

As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm.

Questions 1 and 2

Answer the following questions using ONE word from the passage above.

1.?Which group of theories about humour describe it as being good for?us?

2.?What function did comedy have in the royal courts of the?past?

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參考答案：

1.?psychological

2.?entertainment

答案解析：

Understanding Humour

Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing?types of theories?attempting to account for the existence of humour include?psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be?very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience.

......

As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person.?Throughout history,?comedy?has been?used?as?a form of entertainment?all over the world, whether?in the courts of the Western kings?or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm.

（09）句尾匹配題

解題技巧：

1. 劃出句尾的關(guān)鍵詞

2.?按順序解答題目（句尾匹配題答案是按照順序在文章中出現(xiàn)的）

案例練習(xí)：

The Rorschach Test

The Rorschach test, also known as the Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, or simply the inkblot test, is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach.

Using interpretation of "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. Rorschach’s test, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind. The subject, or person taking the test, is shown a set of inkblot images, and his or her responses are recorded and interpreted by the psychologist. The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person- specific needs, motives and conflicts.

It has been suggested that Rorschach's use of inkblots may have been inspired by German doctor Justinus Kerner who, in 1857, had published a popular book of poems, each of which was inspired by an accidental inkblot. French psychologist Alfred Binet had also experimented with inkblots as a creativity test, and, after the turn of the century, psychological experiments where inkblots were utilised?multiplied, with aims such as studying imagination and consciousness.

In fact, Rorschach never intended the inkblots to be used as a general personality test, but developed them as a tool for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It was not until 1939 that the test was used as a projective test of personality, a use of which Rorschach had always been skeptical.

Use the passage on the previous page to complete the exercise below.

Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct sentence endings from the box below.

(1)?The Rorschach test is often used by psychologists?to

(2)?The test is based on the belief that people?will

(3)?Rorschach’s original aim was not to assess personality, but?to

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參考答案：

1.?D

2.?B

3.?C

答案解析：

The Rorschach Test

The Rorschach test, also known as the Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, or simply the inkblot test, is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both.?Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach.

Using interpretation of "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. Rorschach’s test, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind. The subject, or person taking the test, is shown a set of inkblot images, and his or her responses are recorded and interpreted by the psychologist.?The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person- specific needs, motives and conflicts.

......

In fact, Rorschach never intended the inkblots to be used as a general personality test, but developed them as a tool for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It was not until 1939 that the test was used as a projective test of personality, a use of which Rorschach had always been skeptical.

（10）課程總結(jié)

一、主要技巧（關(guān)鍵詞技巧）

劃出問題中的關(guān)鍵詞，并在文章中搜索這些關(guān)鍵詞或同義詞

二、雅思考試是詞匯測(cè)試

做練習(xí)是把關(guān)鍵詞記錄下來(lái)，增加自己的詞匯量

三、問題類型

第一類：（答案在文章中按順序出現(xiàn)）

1.填空題

2.判斷題

3.多項(xiàng)選擇題

4.簡(jiǎn)答題

第二類：（較難類型題目遇到可先跳過）

1.段落標(biāo)題匹配題

2.段落信息匹配題

3.結(jié)尾匹配題

4.特征匹配題

四、時(shí)間問題

1.以正常速度閱讀，盡量不要瀏覽或掃讀（除了特殊名詞）

2.熟練掌握關(guān)鍵詞技巧

3.先跳過那些困難的題

4.每篇文章花20分鐘足夠了，不要在一篇文章糾結(jié)太久時(shí)間

五、多做練習(xí)

1.要做劍橋雅思真題，最貼近考試題型

2.先保證正確率，在考慮速度