?

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 00:24

?Ethics:

• Deontological ethics, coming form Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), formed the modern notion of natural rights

• Utilitarianism

Categorical imperative

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 01:22

?Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)

"An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?" (1784)

"Ideas for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim" (1784)

"Toward Perpetual Peace" (1795)

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 02:28

?Ethics: Theory of what is right or wrong in general

A priori: Knowable and justifiable by reason independent of experience

"There is no possibility of thinking of anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be regarded as good without qualification, except a good will."

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 04:42

The "Right": Not rights, but some rule of association by which citizens in a society are to deal with each other

The "Good": Some ultimate good or value or end the our acts are supposed to maximize

Morality cannot be based on a goal or good (love ,happiness etc.). Acts should in conformity to a rule. Consequences are morally irrelevant.

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 06:34

?The ultimate moral rule must derive from reason alone, most be abstract, capable of application at any time. He understood rationality as the faculty that consume particulars under rules.

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 08:15

Three ways to determine the will in Kant.

• Natural Inclination (desire, natural animal passion)
  

• Reason

• the combination between the two

Kant's hypothetical imperatives: Reason commands the mere conditional necessity of an action intended to achieve an end given by inclination or desire. (Desire gives the goal and reason tells you what to do to achieve the goal.)

Kant's categorical imperatives: Reason alone commands the unconditional necessity of an action, regardless of desire, purposes or consequences. It is unconditionally necessary. (Reason alone says what to do without any inclination or desire involved.)

Spontaneity: will without thinking

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 12:08

?The ultimate moral law must be a categorical imperative that is an unconditionally necessary command of reason alone.

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 12:29

Kant's categorical imperative: Act so that you can will the maxim of your act (your decision stated in general terms) to be universal law

Can I wish all others obey the maxim of my act? (to universalize the maxim)

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 15:23

My will must be "universalizable".

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 17:42

Act so as to treat rational beings as ends in themselves, never solely as means. (You must act out of respect for people.)

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 18:53

?Act only in accord with the idea that every rational will is a universally legislating will. (to treat all human beings as universal moral legislators.)

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 19:60

Kant's ethics is an ethics of duty and respect for person.

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 20:46

?Problem with Kant's View:

• The answer to a moral question depends on how broadly the maxim is formulated.

• The maxim ignores moral consequences.

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 27:04

?Republicanism: closest to Kant's third version of the categorical imperative

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 27:50

?For Kant, Freedom and morality are the same thing. Freedom is autonomy. Rational self giving itself the law and morality is also the rational self giving it self the law. You are free when you act morally.

It is German idea of Freedom as moral self determination.

07 Kant’s Ethics of Duty and Natural Rights P7 - 28:42

?the problem of society: "Unsocial sociability"

federation of all republican states

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 00:31

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

"Invisible hand"

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834): food supply put a permanent limit on social progress

?08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 02:25

Market economy: Neither the tradition nor the state manages wages, prices, and the selection and production of goods and services.

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 03:14

Beneficent order can be the result of unplanned, free activity. (rather than intellectually, morally and rationally designed)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 04:01

?Bernard de Mandeville (1670-1733)

The Fable of the Bees: Or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 05:18

Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet; 1694-1778)

Letters Concerning the English Nation (1733)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 06:39

?Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment

• Francis Hutcheson (1694-1746)

• Adam Ferguson (1723-1816) An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767); to ensure the continuation of martial spirit

• David Hume (1711-1776)

• Adam Smith (1723-1790)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 08:45

?The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Invisible hand driven by selfish interest, may benefit the public even thought the intention was not there.

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 11:06

An?Inquiry?into?the?Nature?and Causes of?the?Wealth of Nations?

benefits and Dangers of free market economy

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 11:25

Mercantilism: View that commerce should be regulated for national ends

Physiocracy: View that national wealth depended on the productivity of labor and that markets should work without government interference

Laissez-faire: "let do"; "let it be"; adopted by physiocracy

Vincent de Gournay (1712-1734)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 12:49

Core mechanisms of free markets:

Impulse to exchange and division of labor(specialization)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 13:23

Supply: Total of what is brought to market

Demand: How many people are willing to buy at the available price

"Natural price": Lowest cost to produce the good or service for a considerable period of time

"Perfect liberty": Conditions of free competition

Rather than poverty, opportunity to develop and acquire more resources ? motives people.

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 16:00

?Smith's "Factors" of Production

• Stock, meaning capital investment, including machinery, which yields a profit

• Labor, whose cost is wages

• Land, whose cost is rent and/or interest

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 16:45

Labor theory of value:

The value of a thing is the quantity of labor required to produce it or bring it to market. (later replaced by marginal utility)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 18:19

Smith's justification for the free market:

It generates universal opulence, namely more production at lower prices. (not based on natural law, liberty or individual rights, but consequences and utilities)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 20:15

?Producers are the great Danger to the free market.

Some social assets, such as provision of justice, military, public works, canal and roads, ?public education, cannot be managed by the market. And banks, financial and insurance companies tend toward monopoly, which requires regulation.

Free market creates equality.

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 21:31

Greatest Danger of the Free Market Economy:

Division of labor will destroy the minds of workers with the numbing uniformity of more and more minute tasks.

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 23:20

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

Increate in food supply: arithmetical

Population growth: geometrical

Population will be checked by mass starvation or the society restricting the production.

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 25:09

Malthusian Trap

Later people found out that agricultural productivity is not arithmetical limited. (hint: improved gear brought by commercial society, population slowed by economic prosperity and education.)

08 Smith and the Market revolution P8 - 26:39

Intellectual impact of the free market economy:

• Order can come from massive numbers of local interactions without centralized coordination (undesigned, spontaneousness contributed to Darwin's ideas)

• Property, education, and opportunity are the commercial version of the "martial spirit" of the people (from civic republicanism to liberal republicanism)

• Self-interest and even avarice are good

• The division of labor vastly increases productive capacity

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 00:34

?Montesquieu (1689-1755)

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 02:21

?Montesquieu's Types of Government

• Republics (aristocratic or democratic forms) (needs virtue, aristocratic republic needs moderation, laws, education)

• Monarchies (needs honor to work well)

• Despotisms (needs fear)

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 04:22

?Montesquieu's Admiration of England:

• Religion

• Commerce

• Liberty

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 05:19

• Executive

• Judiciary

• House of Lords

• House of Commons

• Federal republic:federation of small republics

• Presidential system: The chief executive is popularly elected independent of the legislature

• Parliamentary system: The executive is the product of, and constantly recallable by, the legislature

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 08:14

?French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Continental Congress (1774-1789)

Articles of Confederation (1781)

U.S. Constitution (ratified 1789)

The Federalist Papers

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 10:47

?Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)

Notes of the State of Virginia (1785)

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 14:51

?Jefferson: republican federalist ("radical")

Hamilton and Adams: monarchical federalists

Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787)

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 16:42

?Alexander Hamilton (1755/57-1804)

Report on Manufactures (1791)

19th-Century Americanism: National industrial policy and protectionism

Hamilton's "Great American System"

• The U.S. Mint

• First national bank

• U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

• Army corps of engineers

• Patent Office

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 20:22

?James Madison (1751-1836)

Factionalism

Senate: equal representation of states

House of Representatives: representation proportional to population

09 Montesquieu and the American Founding P9 - 29:48

?Democratic-Republican Party candidate: Jefferson

Federalist Party candidate: Adams

Lousiana Purchase (1803)

Embargo Act (1807)

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 00:27

?Battle of pamphlets

Richard Price, Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1790)

A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)

A Vindication fo the Rights of Woman with Strictures on political and Moral Subjects (1792)

Louis XIV (1638-1714) The Sun King

Louis XVI (1754-1793)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 06:19

?Richard Price (1723-1791)

Discourse on the Love of our Country (1789)

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 07:35

Edmund Burke (1729-1797) rejected Price

Reflections on the revolution in France (1790)

Ideals Put Forth by Burke

• The people want to be ruled, but not by a servant.

• The rights are derived form English traditions and histories rather than natural rights.

• All have equal rights, but "not to equal things"

• If there is a "contract" among the people, it is eternal and unstated, and includes the dead and the yet unborn

"Little platoons"

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 14:14

?Essence of Burke's Conservatism:

• submission can be proud

• Authority, rank, and inequality are good when deserved and legitimate

• Social Life is made possible by softening of the harsh facts of power and nature

• Submission is a virtue, and each finds respect in that unequal relation

• Bourgeois men want to reduce us to animal equality and tear away the drapery that makes life livable and honorable.

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 16:35

?Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

• Rights of Man (1791)

• Common Sense (1776)

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 22:04

?Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1790)

• A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790)

• A Vindication fo the Rights of Woman with Strictures on political and Moral Subjects (1792)

William Godwin (1756-1836)

• An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, and Its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793)

Mary criticized Rousseau's Emile, or On Education (1762)

10 Debating the French revolution P10 - 28:54

Opinions on the French revolution

• Enlightened conservatism (Burke)

• Egalitarian democrat, radical republican, skeptical of traditional authorities, liberalism (Paine)

• Change of government and social change, early ?version of progressivism (Wollstonecraft)

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 02:06

?French theocratic counter-revolutionaries:

• Hugues-Felicite-Robert de Lamennais (1782-1854)

• Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise de Bonald (1754-1840)

Ultramontansim: Accepts superior political authority of the pope; supports restoring the prerevolutionary authority of the Catholic Church

• Joseph-Marie de Maistre (1753-1821)

August decrees

Ancien regime: "Old order"

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 10:55

?Anarchism: Socioeconomic equality without private or state ownership of capital or the means of production

Burke, A Vindication of Natural Society (1756)

Reductio ad absurdum: "Reduction to Absurdity"

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 13:42

?William Godwin (1756-1836)

agreed with Burke' tongue in cheek argument against the state.

Utilitarian (consequentialist): The ultimate moral rule is to promote the good of society

No free decision, no moral goodness.

favored moral Individualism, rejected the notion of social contract

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 16:60

?Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

What is Property? (1840)

Limited property or possession rights: Rights to use land in certain ways for certain purposes for a certain time

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 22:53

?State socialism: state ownership of the means of production

Early (Utopian) Socialists (experimenters):

• Rober Owen (1771-1858)

• Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

• Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

• Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 25:20

?Louis XVIII (1755-1824)

Charles X (1757-1836)

Karl Marx; The Civil War in France (1871)

Mai Soixante-buit (May ' 68)

11 Legacies of the revolution—Right to Left P11 - 28:04

?Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876)

Pyotr Kropotkin (1842-1921)

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910); The Kindom of God is Within You (1894)

Georges Sorel (1847-1922)

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 00:27

?Nationalism: To each people, a state; to each state, one people

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 06:05

?"Standardized, homogeneous, centrally sustained high culture, pervading entire populations and not just elite minorities"— Ernest Gellner

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 07:19

?Nations: Selective reconstructions of the ethno-linguistic resources of some groups, with an official history projected into the past

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 08:19

?Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)

Address to the German Nation

Kultur: culture

Bildung: inner formation of character

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) Romanticism of diversity

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 12:53

?Dividing Line between Nationalist States

• How they define their "people"

• How they treat those who don't satisfy the criteria

Kinds of Nationalism

• "The People": Racial (Nazis); Treatment of others: Aggressive

• "The People": Cultural (France); Treatment of others: Republican, liberal

• "The People": Civic (U.S.); Treatment of others: Republican, liberal

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 14:27

?Yael Tamir

Liberal Nationalsim (1995)

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 21:08

?Raison d'état: Reasons of state; the reason that requires bloodshed can't be subject to normal moral standards

12 Nationalism and a People’s War P12 - 23:41

?Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831)

Real or empirical war: "The continuation of policy by other means"

Pure or ideal war: "An act of force to compel our enemy to do our will" (until disarm)

"Fog of war", unreliability of information