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【簡譯】溫莎城堡(Windsor Castle)

2022-11-30 15:32 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Windsor Castle is located in Berkshire, England, and was built as a motte and bailey castle by William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1087). Converted into stone by Henry II of England (r. 1165-1179), the shell keep tower was rebuilt by Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377). The castle was then added to and modified many times over the centuries.? ?

? ? ? ? ? 溫莎城堡位于英格蘭的伯克郡，由征服者威廉（1066-1087年）建造，是一座城寨城堡(Motte-and-bailey castle，古代歐洲的一種防御工事，它在附近小丘上有一個木制或石頭要塞，旁邊修筑有一個有圍墻的庭院或城寨，周圍環(huán)繞著保護溝和柵欄。)。英格蘭的亨利二世（1165-1179年）將其改建為石制城堡，英格蘭的愛德華三世（1327-1377年）重建了防御圍墻（環(huán)繞在土墩頂部的石頭結構）。幾個世紀以來，溫莎城堡經(jīng)歷了多次改建。

Although experiencing additions and renovations under every new monarch, Windsor Castle still maintains its original plan of a courtyard either side of a central circular tower. Much more than a castle and a palace, the complex includes Saint George's Chapel, the tombs of eleven British monarchs, and a magnificent library and art collection. Windsor Castle is the largest inhabited castle in the world and the official residence of Queen Elizabeth II (1953- ).

? ? ? ? ? 盡管在每一位新君主的統(tǒng)治下都進行了擴建和翻修，但溫莎城堡仍然保持著它最初的規(guī)劃，即中央圓塔兩側的庭院。這座建筑群不僅僅是城堡和宮殿，還包括圣喬治教堂、11位英國君主的墳墓，以及一座宏偉的圖書館及豐富的藝術收藏。溫莎城堡是世界上最大的有人居住的城堡，也是英國女王伊麗莎白二世（1953-2022）曾經(jīng)的官方住所。

中世紀歷史

Windsor Castle is located in the centre of the town of that name in the county of Berkshire, southern England, some 32 kilometres (20 miles) west of London. The first version of the castle was built by William the Conqueror c. 1070 as a motte and bailey castle overlooking the Thames River, conveniently close to both London and forests for hunting deer. The castle was built using earth and wood to create a raised hill (motte) on top of a steep natural chalk escarpment some 30.5 metres (100 ft.) high and an enclosed area around the base (bailey) formed by a wooden palisade which was itself protected by an outer ditch. Windsor Castle was designed with two baileys (aka wards), one lower and one upper, either side of the motte.

? ? ? ? ? 溫莎城堡位于英格蘭南部伯克郡同名城鎮(zhèn)的中心，距倫敦以西約32公里（20英里）。城堡的第一個版本是由征服者威廉在1070年左右建造的，這是一座俯瞰泰晤士河的城堡，離倫敦和狩獵鹿的森林都很近，非常方便。城堡是用土和木頭建造的，在陡峭的天然白堊懸崖上建造了一座高聳的山丘（motte），高約30.5米（100英尺），在山腳下形成了一個封閉的城寨（bailey），由一個木制的柵欄保護，本身有一條外溝。溫莎城堡被設計成有兩個城寨（又稱衛(wèi)兵），一個在下，一個在上，在小山丘的兩邊。

The wooden tower on top of the motte was rebuilt in stone by Henry II in 1170, thus creating a shell keep, which then became known as the Round Tower. The king also built private royal apartments in the Upper Ward and public and ceremonial spaces such as the Great Hall in the Lower Ward. Henry began converting the curtain wall into stone, too, a task completed by Henry III of England (r. 1216-1272), who added three semi-circular towers, including the Curfew Tower, to the Lower Ward's curtain wall.

? ? ? ? ? 1170年，亨利二世用石頭重建了位于小山丘頂部的木制塔樓，從而形成了一個城寨式的堡壘，后來被稱為圓塔。國王還在上區(qū)建造了私人皇家公寓，在下區(qū)建造了公共和禮儀場所，如大禮堂。亨利也開始將幕墻改造成石墻，這項任務由英格蘭的亨利三世（1216-1272）完成，他在下區(qū)的石墻上增加了三個半圓形的塔，包括宵禁塔。

In the 13th century Windsor Castle was besieged during the First Barons' War (1215-1217) by forces loyal to Prince Louis of France (future King Louis IX, r. 1226-1270) who rebel barons wanted to enthrone as a replacement for King John (r. 1199-1216) after he reneged on his promises signed in the Magna Carta. The ultimately unsuccessful siege lasted two months but, in the entire southeast of England, only Dover Castle and Windsor remained in the English king's hands during the war. The castle was besieged again in the same century, but repairs were made by Henry III who made the walls an impressive 7.3 metres (24 ft.) thick in places to better withstand the ever-more-powerful catapults being used in siege warfare. The castle was also equipped with sally-ports and tunnels, which permitted the defenders to leave the castle unseen and surprise attackers from behind. One such sally-port, located beneath the Curfew Tower, survives today virtually intact. Henry III also rebuilt the Lower Ward, adding a bigger chapel there, revamped the Upper Ward's royal apartments - where the apartments for king and queen were separated - and added two more chapels there. As a consequence of all this activity, Henry spent more money on the castle than any of his predecessors.

? ? ? ? ? 13世紀，溫莎城堡在第一次男爵戰(zhàn)爭（1215-1217年）期間被忠于法國路易王子（未來的國王路易九世，1226-1270年）的軍隊圍攻，在約翰國王（1199-1216年）違背了他在《大憲章》中簽署的承諾后，反叛的男爵們想讓路易登基，取代約翰的地位。不成功的圍攻最終持續(xù)了兩個月，但在整個英格蘭東南部，只有多佛爾城堡和溫莎城堡在戰(zhàn)爭期間仍掌握在英格蘭國王的手中。城堡在同一世紀再次被圍攻，但亨利三世對其進行了修繕，他將城墻的部分厚度增加到令人印象深刻的7.3米（24英尺），以更好地抵御攻城戰(zhàn)中使用的越來越強大的投石器。城堡還配備了伸縮口和隧道，允許守軍在無人察覺的情況下離開城堡，并從背后偷襲攻擊者。位于宵禁塔下的一個伸縮口，幾乎完好無損地保存至今。亨利三世還重建了下區(qū)，在那里修建了一個更大的教堂，改造了上區(qū)的皇家居室，國王和王后的居室被分開，并在那里又增加了兩個小教堂。亨利在城堡上花費的錢比他的任何一位前任都多。

Windsor Castle was now well-established as a primary royal residence and hosted a great tournament in 1278, the vast list of supplies for which are recorded in a fascinating medieval record, the Windsor Tournament Roll. Another great medieval tournament, this time involving 200 knights, was held at the castle in 1344.

? ? ? ? ? 溫莎城堡被確立為主要的皇室住所，并在1278年舉辦了一次偉大的錦標賽，其龐大的物資清單被記錄在一份迷人的中世紀記錄中，即溫莎錦標賽卷。1344年，另一場偉大的中世紀錦標賽也在這座城堡舉行，這次涉及200名騎士。

An extensive and wildly expensive building and remodelling project was next overseen by Edward III of England in the second half of the 14th century. The Round Tower was rebuilt, the large double-towered gatehouse was added (1357-1359, and now called the Norman Gateway) as an entrance to the Upper Ward, and the castle generally made more comfortable as a royal residence with private apartments. Built in the Gothic style, the Upper Ward was remodelled around three courts while the Lower Ward was given extra accommodation for members of the king's new chivalric order, the Order of the Garter (see below), and the chapel there, in keeping with the order's patron saint, was renamed Saint George's Chapel. Crenellations were added, but these were now only ornamental, the first such use of military design features in English domestic architecture. The whole project cost Edward a massive 50,000 pounds (over $70 million today), more than any medieval English monarch ever spent on a single building.

? ? ? ? ? 14世紀下半葉，英格蘭的愛德華三世監(jiān)督了一個廣泛而昂貴的建筑和改造項目。重建圓塔，并添加了大型雙塔門樓（1357-1359年，現(xiàn)在被稱為諾曼門），作為通往上層區(qū)的入口，城堡作為皇家住宅與私人公寓變得更加舒適。以哥特式風格建造的上區(qū)圍繞著三個庭院進行了改造，而下區(qū)則為國王的新騎士團成員提供了額外的住所，即嘉德勛章騎士團（見下文），那里的小教堂為了與騎士團的守護神保持一致，被重新命名為圣喬治教堂。還增加了垛口(Battlement)，但這些垛口只是裝飾性的，這是英國國內(nèi)建筑中第一次使用軍事設計特征。整個項目花費了愛德華5萬英鎊（今天超過7000萬美元），比任何一位中世紀英國君主在一座建筑上的花費都要多。 ?

The early 15th century saw the castle receive one of its more famous prisoners, James I of Scotland (r. 1406-1437), captured at sea in 1405 and interned, albeit in relative comfort, in one of the towers for 11 years. During the second reign of Edward IV of England (r. 1461-70 & 1471-1483) the old Saint George's Chapel was converted into a lady chapel (and then converted again into a memorial for Prince Albert by Queen Victoria). The new Saint George's chapel was begun by Edward and completed during the reign of Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509). As the medieval period closed, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547) then added the Lower Ward gatehouse that today bears his name and which stands opposite Saint George's chapel.

? ? ? ? ? 15世紀初，城堡收到了一個著名的囚犯，蘇格蘭的詹姆斯一世（1406-1437），1405年在海上被俘，并被關押，在其中一個塔樓里呆了11年，盡管這里相對舒適。在英格蘭愛德華四世（1461-70年和1471-1483年）第二次統(tǒng)治期間，老的圣喬治教堂被改造成了一個圣母教堂（后來維多利亞女王又把它改造成了阿爾伯特王子的紀念館）。新的圣喬治小教堂由愛德華時期開始建造，并在英格蘭亨利七世（1485-1509年）統(tǒng)治期間完成。隨著中世紀的結束，英格蘭的亨利八世（1509-1547年）增加了今天以他的名字命名的下區(qū)門樓，它矗立在圣喬治小教堂的對面。

圣喬治教堂

Originally built in the 14th century and remodelled in the 15th century in the style known as Perpendicular Gothic, Saint George's chapel is the greatest surviving example of medieval architecture in the castle today and one of the finest castle chapels anywhere. The chapel's east doors were originally made for the now lost King's Chapel built by Henry III in the Upper Ward; the gilded ironwork signed by the smith Gilebertus against the scarlet gesso background makes for a striking entrance. The chapel's most stunning feature, though, is its distinctive fan vaulting ceiling, rendered in stone and added in 1475. Down below, there are the magnificent and intricately carved oak choir stalls (1478-85). The chapel contains the royal tombs within which were interred 11 monarchs, including Henry VIII and Charles I (1625-1649). Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901), on the other hand, lies in her mausoleum at Frogmore House within the castle's grounds. The horseshoe-shaped court of the chapel has cloisters and accommodation for members of its clergy and choir. Saint George's Chapel is a Royal Peculiar, which is to say it is subject to the monarch and is not part of any diocese.

? ? ? ? ? 圣喬治教堂最初建于14世紀，在15世紀以被稱為垂直哥特式的風格進行了改造，是今天城堡中現(xiàn)存的最大的中世紀建筑范例，也是世界各地最好的城堡教堂之一。教堂的東門最初是為亨利三世在上區(qū)建造的現(xiàn)已失傳的國王禮拜堂制作的；在猩紅的石膏背景下，由鐵匠吉斯勒貝爾特簽名的鍍金鐵制品使其成為一個引人注目的入口。不過，教堂最令人驚嘆的是它獨特的扇形拱頂，那是在1475年用石頭鋪設的。在下面，還有宏偉的、雕刻精致的橡木唱詩班席位（1478-85）。教堂里有皇家陵墓，里面埋葬了11位君主，包括亨利八世和查理一世（1625-1649）。另一方面，維多利亞女王（1837-1901年）則躺在城堡內(nèi)浮若閣摩爾宮的陵墓中。教堂的馬蹄形庭院有回廊和神職人員和唱詩班成員的住宿。圣喬治教堂是一個皇家專用教堂，也就是說，它受制于君主，不屬于任何教區(qū)。

騎士團

Around 1348 Edward III created a new chivalric order, The Most Noble Order of the Garter which is the highest order of knighthood in Britain and the most exclusive with traditionally only 24 knights as full members at any one time, along with the reigning British monarch and the Prince of Wales. The order's headquarters and host of its annual gathering is Saint George's Chapel. In the medieval period, and in keeping with chivalric ideals, the castle also hosted 26 'poor knights' who were given free clothes, food, and lodgings there.

? ? ? ? ? 大約在1348年，愛德華三世創(chuàng)建了一個新的騎士團，即最尊貴的嘉德勛章騎士團，這是英國級別最高的騎士團，也是最獨特的騎士團，傳統(tǒng)上任何時候都只有24名騎士是正式成員，還有在位的英國君主和威爾士王子。騎士團的總部和年度聚會的舉辦地是圣喬治教堂。在中世紀時期，為了保持騎士精神的理想，該城堡還接納了26名“貧窮騎士”，他們在那里得到免費的衣服、食物和住宿。

Every year on a Monday afternoon in mid-June (previously on Saint George's Day in April), a magnificent procession of members and retainers in full regalia maintains the traditions of medieval pomp and pageantry as they walk from Saint George's Hall to the Chapel. If there are to be any new knights invested in the order, there is a morning service in the castle's Throne Room. The coat of arms of a member, which may have to be created by the Royal College of Arms if the holder does not yet have one, is hung in Saint Georges' Chapel above that member's private stall.

? ? ? ? ? 每年6月中旬的一個星期一下午（以前是4月的圣喬治日），由成員和家臣組成的華麗的游行隊伍身著盛裝，從圣喬治廳走到教堂，保持著中世紀的盛況和慶典傳統(tǒng)。如果有新的騎士加入騎士團，就會在城堡的王座廳舉行晨禱。成員的紋章，如果持有者還沒有紋章的話，可能需要由皇家紋章學院制作，懸掛在圣喬治禮拜堂該成員的私人座位上方。

后來的歷史

The castle saw many significant changes after the medieval period. William I built his castle on rented land from a fellow Norman noble but the monarchy did finally buy the castle outright in 1546. A century later, the very fact that the castle was a royal property led to the victorious Parliamentarians looting Saint George's Chapel and the royal apartments following the English Civil War (1642-1651). The Upper Ward was used as a prison for royalists and the Windsor Great Park was sold off in parcels, amongst other indignities suffered by the castle. Following the Restoration of the monarchy (1660), Charles II of England (r. 1660-1685) was the next ruler with big building plans, and he added new apartments in the baroque style to the Upper Ward. Charles also created a 4 km (2.5 miles) walk lined with elms from which to admire the castle at a distance.

? ? ? ? ? 城堡在中世紀時期后發(fā)生了許多重大變化。威廉一世在一個諾曼底貴族同伴租來的土地上建造了他的城堡，但君主最終在1546年直接購買了城堡。一個世紀后，城堡是皇家財產(chǎn)這一事實導致了勝利的議會議員在英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)（1642-1651）后搶劫了圣喬治教堂和皇家公寓。上區(qū)被用作?；庶h人的監(jiān)獄，溫莎大公園被分塊出售。在君主政體恢復后（1660年），英格蘭的查爾斯二世（1660-1685年）是下一個有大型建筑計劃的統(tǒng)治者，他在上區(qū)增加了巴洛克風格的新公寓。查爾斯還建造了一條4公里（2.5英里）的步行道，兩旁都是榆樹，從這里可以遠距離欣賞城堡。

In the 17th century, some of the apartments within the castle were opened to the public for the first time, and the very first guide book was published in 1749. In the 19th century, the castle was restored by George III (r. 1760-1820), who notably created the Garter Throne Room and restored Saint George's Chapel. Then George IV (r. 1820-1830) increased the height of the Round Tower by one storey, rebuilt the private apartments in the neo-Gothic style and added the castle's now main entrance, the George IV Gate. Largely completed by 1835, Queen Victoria spent more time at the castle than any other residence. Indeed, one of her popular nicknames was the 'Widow of Windsor' following the death of her husband Prince Albert, whom she had met for the first time at the castle in 1839.

? ? ? ? ? 在17世紀，城堡內(nèi)的一些公寓首次向公眾開放，而第一本導游書也于1749年出版。19世紀，喬治三世（1760-1820年）對城堡進行了修復，特別是創(chuàng)建了吊環(huán)王座廳，并修復了圣喬治教堂。喬治四世（1820-1830年）將圓塔的高度增加了一層，以新哥特式風格重建了私人公寓，并增加了城堡現(xiàn)在的主入口——喬治四世門。到1835年基本完成，維多利亞女王在城堡里呆的時間比任何其他住所都多。事實上，她的一個流行的綽號是“溫莎的寡婦”（在她的丈夫阿爾伯特王子去世后），她于1839年在城堡里第一次見到阿爾伯特王子。

During the First World War (1914-1918) the German links of the British Royal family, then known as the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, were carefully played down, and one notable change was, from 17 July 1917, to adopt the name Windsor, after the castle. Later in the century, King Edward VIII of England (r. Jan-Dec 1936) famously made his abdication speech from the castle. The ex-king's partner Wallis Simpson was made Duchess of Windsor and both would be buried in the royal tombs of the castle. The castle, fortunately, survived the bombings of the Second World War (1939-1945) when many artworks were removed for safekeeping and an air-raid shelter was added to the basement of the Brunswick Tower. Conversely, some treasures were brought to Windsor for safety such as the most precious stones from the Crown Jewels like the Black Prince's Ruby, buried in the castle grounds inside a biscuit tin.

? ? ? ? ? 在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間（1914-1918年），英國皇室（當時稱為薩克森-科堡-哥達家族）與德國的聯(lián)系被小心翼翼地淡化，一個值得注意的變化是，從1917年7月17日起，采用“溫莎”以命名城堡。本世紀晚些時候，英國國王愛德華八世（1936年1月至12月在位）在城堡里發(fā)表了著名的退位演講。這位前國王的伴侶華里絲·辛普森被任命為溫莎公爵夫人，兩人都被埋葬在城堡的皇家陵墓中。幸運的是，該城堡在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)（1939-1945）的轟炸中幸存下來，當時許多藝術品被移走保存，并在布倫瑞克塔的地下室增加了一個防空洞。相反，一些珍寶被帶到了溫莎，以確保安全，如黑王子的紅寶石等王室珠寶中最珍貴的寶石，被藏在城堡內(nèi)的一個餅干罐里。

如今的城堡

Windsor Castle covers some 13 acres (5.2 hectares) and, the official residence of Queen Elizabeth II, it is the largest inhabited castle in the world. The royal court usually stays in the castle from April to June, but more permanent residents, in what resembles more a fortified village than a castle, include the Constable, governor, the knights of Windsor and their families, and a Household Regiment battalion (aka 'the Guards'). Windsor is also home to a huge art collection and the Royal Library. Fine artworks which have their home here include An Old Woman by Rembrandt (c. 1609), Holy Family with Saint Francis by Rubens (c. 1630), Charles I in Three Positions by Van Dyck (c. 1635), as well as numerous works by Canaletto, countless other paintings and a remarkable collection of drawings by such renowned artists as Michelangelo, Albrecht Dürer, and Leonardo Da Vinci.

? ? ? ? ? 溫莎城堡占地約13英畝（5.2公頃），曾是女王伊麗莎白二世的官邸，是世界上最大的有人居住的城堡。女王通常在4月至6月期間呆在城堡里，但更多的永久居民，在這個與其說是城堡不如說是堅固的村莊里，包括警衛(wèi)員、城堡負責人、溫莎騎士及其家人，以及一個家庭團營（又稱'衛(wèi)隊'）。溫莎也是一個巨大的藝術收藏品和皇家圖書館的所在地。收藏在這里的精美藝術品包括倫勃朗的《老婦人》（約1609年）、彼得·保羅·魯本斯的《神圣家族與圣弗朗西斯》（約1630年）、安東尼·范戴克?的《查理一世的三重畫像》（約1635年），以及吉奧瓦尼·安東尼奧·卡納爾（加納萊托）的眾多作品，還有米開朗基羅、阿爾布雷希特·丟勒和達芬奇等著名藝術家的無數(shù)畫作和非凡的繪畫收藏。

On 20 November 1992 tragedy struck when a fire, perhaps caused by a spotlight igniting a curtain, began in the Private Chapel. The fire raged for 15 hours and spread to destroy the north-east corner of the Upper Ward, gutting the Grand Reception Room and Saint George's Hall where state banquets were (and still are) held in alternation with Buckingham Palace. Fortunately, most damaged rooms were empty at the time as they were undergoing rewiring work so that surprisingly few artworks were lost. One of the bright spots of the disaster was the discovery that the two-storey Great Kitchen with its enormous fireplaces, when cleared of several covering buildings, was in fact mostly a 14th-century original and not, as previously thought, a much more modern addition. The building is one of the oldest still-in-use kitchens in the world. Extensive repairs and restoration work were carried out throughout the castle, which was all completed by 1997. The castle then regained its role in state ceremonies and once more faced the international limelight in May 2018 when St. Georges' Chapel hosted the live televised wedding of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and Miss Meghan Markle, Duchess of Sussex.

? ? ? ? ? 1992年11月20日，悲劇發(fā)生了，也許是聚光燈點燃了窗簾，私人禮拜堂起火了。大火肆虐了15個小時，并蔓延到上層房的東北角，燒毀了大接待室和圣喬治廳，在那里，國宴曾經(jīng)（現(xiàn)在仍在）與白金漢宮交替舉行。幸運的是，當時大多數(shù)受損的房間都是空的，因為它們正在進行重新布線工作，所以令人驚訝的是，很少有藝術品丟失。這場災難的一個亮點是，兩層樓高的大廚房及其巨大的壁爐，在清除了幾個覆蓋建筑后，實際上大部分是14世紀的原物，而不是像以前認為的那樣，是一個更現(xiàn)代的附加物。該建筑是世界上最古老的仍在使用的廚房之一。整個城堡進行了廣泛的維修和恢復工作，到1997年全部完成。隨后，城堡重新恢復了其在國家儀式中的作用，并在2018年5月，圣喬治教堂舉辦了蘇塞克斯公爵哈里王子和蘇塞克斯公爵夫人梅根小姐的電視直播婚禮，再次面臨國際社會的關注。